TINJAUAN DENOMINASI MAYOR DALAM KONSEP KETUHANAN HINDU Oleh Ida Bagus Wika Krishna Sekolah Tinggi Agama Hindu Mpu Kuturan Singaraja Email:[email protected]

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TINJAUAN DENOMINASI MAYOR DALAM KONSEP KETUHANAN HINDU Oleh Ida Bagus Wika Krishna Sekolah Tinggi Agama Hindu Mpu Kuturan Singaraja Email:Wikakrishna@Gmail.Com GENTA HREDAYA Volume 4 No 2 Oktober 2020 P ISSN 2598-6848 E ISSN 2722-1415 TINJAUAN DENOMINASI MAYOR DALAM KONSEP KETUHANAN HINDU Oleh Ida Bagus Wika Krishna Sekolah Tinggi Agama Hindu Mpu Kuturan Singaraja Email:[email protected] ABSTRACT Discussion of God, that the terminology is called Theology, being debated, particularly in the Hindu. Some claimed that Hinduism cannot be equated with the theology, because the term is associated with the Western Catholic Christiahity. However, if the Godhead as a concern, each denomination within Hinduism has its own concept, including the proceduresfor conducting rituals, codes of ethics, prayer rooms and others. These concepts may be lent theological terms. In this article is discussed about the divinity of several Hindu denominations briefly. Among the many denominations, this work just to show the tradition of Saiva, Vaishnava, Sakta, Smarta, and Tantra, because, these tradition are still practiced and each of them has a great follower. Each denomination has its uniqueness in view God as well as a process to reach Him. Keywords: Godhead, Hindu, denomination I. PENDAHULUAN sedikit orang yang mampu menjangkau- Kata 'teologi' berasal dari bahasa Nya. Tuhan yang bersifat Nirguna atau Yunani theologia yang berasal dari suku achintya berada di luar gambaran atau kata “theos” artinya "Tuhan," dan “logia” jangkauan manusia. Sesuatu yang tak artinya "penyampaian, bahasan, terjangkau oleh pikiran itu tidak bisa pengetahuan (Bauer, dkk, 1979: 476). Kata dibayangkan, sehingga Tuhan yang Nirguna ini kemudian secara luas digunakan pada telah dengan sempurna di dalam diri-Nya. abad pertengahan berhubungan dengan Aspek Saguna Brahma atau Tuhan perkembangan agama Kristen di Eropa. yang beratribut atau bersifat akan langsung Namun, penggunaan kata 'teologi' dalam dapat bermanfaat bagi manusia karena perkembangannya tidak hanya menyangkut manusia bisa membayangkan Tuhan Kredo agama Kristen saja, melainkan juga melalui sebuah gambaran atau wujud, telah digunakan oleh agama-agama lain, sehingga mereka mudah melakukan termasuk Hindu. Secara Umum kajian yang pemujaan clan kontemplasi kehadapan dibahas dalam Teologi adalah God's Being Tuhan. Gambaran tentang Tuhan ini beserta dah God's Acting. God's Being artinya hubungannya dengan alam semesta dan keberadaan tentang Tuhan, mengenai Siapa manusia merupakan kajian utama dalam dan Apa itu Tuhan, apa sifat Tuhan, serta Teologi. Sehingga dengan demikian, dapat apa atribut yang menyertai Tuhan. dikatakan bahwa Teologi Hindu berbicara Sementara God's Acting adalah apa yang mengenai gambaran pemeluk Hindu dilakukan-Nya, apa hubungan-Nya dengan terhadap Tuhannya sebagaimana yang ciptaan beserta segala isinya. dinyatakan oleh kitab suci Veda. (Untara & Keberadaan Tuhan dalam Hindu, Suardika, 2020) dinyatakan dalam dua kategori, yakni Ada hal pokok yang membedakan Nirguna Brahma dan Saguna Brahma. antara Teologi Hindu dan Teologi agama Nirguna Brahma artinya Tuhan tanpa lainnya di dunia. Sebagian besar agama- atribut, tanpa sifat, tak terpikirkan agama yang ada di dunia memiliki satu (achintya). Aspek Tuhan yang Nirguna gambaran Tuhan yang bersifat absolut yang Brahman ini menurut Bhagavad-gita tidak tidak ada atau tidak boleh ditambahkan atau bisa dijadikan objek pemujaan dan hanya dikurangkan. Sementara di dalam Hindu, 112 gambaran tentang Tuhan sangat bervariasi, Manava Dharmasastra XII.109 satau dengan yang lainnya bisa kelihatan Terjemahannya: saling bertentangan. Tentu hal ini Brahman a itu harus menjadikan Teologi Hindu menjadi sangat dipertimbangkan sebagai Sista unik. Orang menyebut bahwa belajar yang sesuai menurut dharma, telah tentang Ketuhanan Hindu secara tekstual itu mempelajari Veda bersama dengan tidak ubahnya seperti memasuki hutan lampiran-lampiran tambahannya belantara yang, jika tidak hati-hati dalam dan dapat mengemukakan bukti- melangkah dan menghayatinya bisa tersesat bukti yang terkihat oleh indria yang dan tidak menemukan jalan keluarnya. ditunjuk oleh kitab suci Kitab-kitab Banyak juga yang menyebut bahwa belajar Itihasa dan Purana tentu merupakan teologi Hindu itu sangat gulit karena satu cara untuk melengkapi Veda dengan yang lainnya saling bertentangan. khususnya diperuntukkan kepada Namun, walaupun demikian, banyak pula para wanita dan masyarakat pada dari mereka yang menemukan umumnya. keindahannya serta larut di dalam ruang- Melalui Itihasa dan Purana, Veda ruang misteri di dalamnya. akan diperkuat, untuk itu Veda takut pada II. PEMBAHASAN orang-orang yang tidak berpendidikan Permasalahan Teologi Hindu pada sehingga Veda menghindarinya (Winternitz prinsipnya tidak terlepas dari denominasi- dalam Titib, 2004: 51). Lebih lanjut denominasi yang ada, sebab di dalamnyalah dikatakan dalam Kitab Mahabharata penggambaran-penggambaran serta (I.2.645) bahwa Itihasa dan Purana hubungan-hubungan erat antara manusia merupakan suplemen dari kitab suci Veda. dengan Tuhan itu memungkinkan. Dalam Ramanuja, seorang tokoh filsafat perjalanan sejarah, Hindu memiliki banyak Vedanta mengatakan untuk memperoleh sekali denominasi-denominasi dan semua pengetahuan tertinggi, pengetahuan tentang itu ada yang berkembang sangat luas dan Brahman , hanya Veda yang dapat dalam kurun waktu yang sangat lama, dan membantunya, dan kitab-kitab Itihasa bahkan terus bertahan sampai sekarang ini, Purana mengantarkan hanya untuk ada juga denominasi yang pernah mencapai kesucian (penyucian diri) dari berkembang dalam kurun waktu tertentu berbagai dosa yang telah dilakukan. Kitab- tetapi mengalami kemunduran dan akhirnya kitab Purana menurut Ramanuja merupakan hilang. Di Bali sendiri menurut Goris buku-buku suci yang kedua, hal ini mudah pernah berkembang sampai 9 (sembilan) untuk dijelaskan karena kitab-kitab Purana jenis denominasi yang kemudian melebur aslinya bukanlah terbatas merupakan menjadi sebuah agama yang berkembang kepustakaan para orang suci belaka. Suta dan berlangsung sampai sekarang. atau juru cerita tidak diragukan lagi Kitab-kitab Ithiasa dan Purana merupakan para penyunting dan para merupakan sumber ajaran Agama Hindu penyebar yang menceritakan syair-syair yang tidak hanya berasal dari Veda, tetapi Purana kuno seperti cerita kepahlawanan. juga dari sumber lainnya yaitu berdasarkan Menurut Vayu dan Padma Purana, memang persepsi perasaan, bahkan hasil observasi merupakan tugas bagi para Suta untuk dari orang-orang suci seperti Maharsi Vyasa memelihara kelangsungan cerita para dewa, yang mampu berbicara dengan para dewa. silsilah para rsi dan raja-raja terkemuka. Hal Kitab-kitab Ithiasa dan Purana merupakan ini ditunjukkan oleh kenyataan bahwa cara untuk melengkapi Veda. hampir pada setiap Purana, selalu Dharmenadhigato yais tu disebutkan Suta Lomaharsana atau putranya vedah sah pari brmhanah Ugrasrava muncul sebagai Sauti, yakni te sistha Brahman a jneyah putra seorang Suta tampil sebagai juru sruti pratyaksa hetavah cerita. 113 Kitab-kitab purana dapat dikatakan Menurut Sri Sankara, Kitab-kitab sebagai sarana mentransmisi, sebagai Itihasa dan Puraana sesungguhnya glosari, ensiklopedi dan bahkan dapat membuktikan eksistensi perwujudan para dikatakan sebagai kompedium kitab suci devata, sebab kitab-kitab Itihasa dan Purana Veda dan bila dikaitkan dengan sumber tidak hanya bersumber dari Veda, tetapi hukum (dalam hukum Hindu) yaitu: 1) Sruti bersumber dari persepsi perasaan, yakni merupakan sumber tertinggi; 2) Smrti dari observasi orangorang suci seperti adalah kitab-kitab Dharmasastra; 3) Sila Maharsi Vyasa yang berbicara dengan adalah tingkah laku yang baik; 4) Acara dewa-dewa. Shakuntala Jagannathan adalah tradisi yang baik dimasa lalu dan menjelaskan tentang kitab-kitab Purana yang terakhir; 5) Atmanastuti merupakan bahwa setelah Sruti, Smrti dan Itihasa, ada musyawarah dari hati yang suci buku ke-4 yakni kitab-kitab Purana. Kitab- (dipresentasikan lewat majelis seperti kitab Purana ini terdiri dari 18 macam, yang Parisada) (Untara & Somawati, 2020). paling popular adalah Bhagavata, Visnu, A. Konsep Ketuhanan dalam Purana dan Markandeya Purana dan 18 Purana Kata Purana berasal dari akar kata kecil (Upapurana). Purana tidak untuk pura yang berarti kuno atau jaman kuno, mereka yang cerdik pandai dan kaum dan ana berarti mengatakan. Jadi Purana intelektual, meskipun ceritranya bersumber adalah sejarah kuno. Purana isinya dari kebenaran filsafat dalam kitab suci menceritakan cerita dewa-dewa, raja-raja Veda dan Dharmasastra yang disusun dalam dan rsi-rsi kuno. Purana juga berarti cerita berbagai episode dan ceritra pendek, yang kuno, penceritra sejarah, koleksi ceritra. diceritrakan untuk masyarakat yang awam, Setiap ceritra Purana intinya mengandung masyarakat desa yang sederhana dan para ajaran agama. Kata pura dalam Purana petani yang buta huruf. Imajinasi yang mengandung dua pengertian, yaitu: yang terdapat dalam ceritra-ceritra ini memiliki lalu dan yang akan datang. Panditapandita bentuk dasar pendidikan agama dan yang kurang memahami rahasia ini menjadi kebiasaan masyarakat dan membantunya heran begitu membaca ceritra-ceritra raja- secara sederhana tetapi mendasar kepada raja (pemimpin dunia) di masa yang akan kebenaran dalam agama dan moralitas, serta datang dijelaskan di dalam kitab-kitab petunjuk hidup, benar, salah dalam Purana (Mishra dalam Titib, 2004: 14). bertingkah laku (Untara & Supastri, 2020) Kitab Purana merupakan salah satu Terkait dengan ruang lingkup, dapat susastra Veda (Hindu) yang di dalamnya ditelusuri dari pengelompkan puraana itu penuh dengan cerita keagamaan, memberi sendiri. Disebutkan ada dua kelompok tuntunan bagi hidup
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