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Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report Similarity Found: 7% Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report Similarity Found: 7% Date: Sunday, April 26, 2020 Statistics: 4606 words Plagiarized / 65308 Total words Remarks: Low Plagiarism Detected - Your Document needs Optional Improvement. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VEDANTA & METODE PEMAHAMAN FILSAFAT HINDU Sanksi Pelanggaran Pasal 72 Undang-undang No. 19 Tahun 2002 tentang Hak Cipta (1) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak melakukan perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1) atau Pasal 49 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara masing-masing paling singkat 1 (satu) bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp 1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah), atau pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 5.000.000.000,00 (lima miliar rupiah). (2) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan, mengedarkan, atau menjual kepada umum suatu Ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran Hak Cipta atau Hak Terkait sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah). Penerbit PÀRAMITA Surabaya VEDANTA & METODE PEMAHAMAN FILSAFAT HINDU Oleh: Ni Kadek Surpi Aryadharma Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Surabaya: Pàramita, 2019 xvi+288 hal ; 155 mm x 235 mm ISBN: 978-602-204-699-8 Penerbit & Percetakan : “PÀRAMITA” Email: info@penerbitparamita. com http://www. penerbitparamita. com Jl. Menanggal III No. 32Telp. (031) 8295555, 8295500 Surabaya 60234 Fax : (031) 8295555 Pemasaran “PÀRAMITA” Jl. Letda Made Putra 16BTelp. (0361) 226445, 8424209 DenpasarFax : (0361) 226445 Cetakan 2019 Penerjemah : Ni Kadek Surpi Aryadharma Layout : Agung Surya Cover : Hasan VEDANTA & METODE PEMAHAMAN FILSAFAT HINDU VEDANTA & METODE PEMAHAMAN FILSAFAT HINDU v KEMENTERIAN AGAMA REPUBLIK INDONESIA DIREKTORAT JENDERAL BIMBINGAN MASYARAKAT HINDU Jln. M.H. Thamrin No. 6 Lantai 14-15 Jakarta Pusat Telp/Fax 021-3521324, 3920558, 3920550,3812232 KATA SAMBUTAN DIRJEN BIMAS HINDU O? Svastyastu Rasa syukur dan penghargaan saya sampaikan selaku Direktur Bimbingan Masyarakat Hindu maupun sebagai Promotor Disertasi Ni Kadek Surpi Aryadharma, atas terbitnya buku ini. Saya merasa bersyukur karena semakin banyak generasi muda Hindu yang mau belajar dengan tekun, terlebih pada bidang ilmu Filsafat yang selama ini dianggap bidang yang menantang. Buku-buku, dan tulisan dalam berbagai bentuk sangat penting untuk terus demi upaya mencerdaskan umat Hindu sekaligus berkontribusi dalam pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Masyarakat yang terpelajar, akademisi, kaum Cendekiawan hendaknya memberikan teladan dengan terus berkarya tanpa harus terikat dengan hasilnya, sebagaimana diajarkan dalam Bhagavad Gita. sakta? karma?y avidva?so yatha kurvanti bharata kuryad vidva?s tathasaktas cikir?ur loka-sa?graham Bhagavad Gita III.25 “Sebagaimana orang-orang yang tidak terpelajar melaksanakan tugas kewajibannya karena terikat pada hasil, seperti itu pula hendaknya orang terpelajar bekerja, wahai Bhrata (Arjuna), tetapi tanpa pamrih dan semata-mata dengan keinginan untuk memelihara kesejahteraan umat manusia.” na buddhi-bheda? janayed ajñana? karma-sa?ginam jo?ayet sarva-karma?i vidvan yukta? samacaran vi “orang-orang bijaksana hendaknya tidak mengacaukan pikiran orang-orang bodoh yang terikat terhadap hasil atau pahala dari perbuatan-perbuatan yang dilakukan. Orang-orang bijaksana hendaknya melaksanakan tugas kewajiban dengan baik dan mengajak mereka untuk melaksanakan tugas kewajiban dengan baik. “ Saya meyakini, semakin banyak hasil karya dan buku- buku yang berkualitas akan mampu mencerdaskan umat sekaligus meningkatkan indeks literasi di Indonesia. Selain itu, sangat penting untuk mendorong Perguruan Tinggi Hindu Negeri maupun Swasta untuk terus mengembangkan kultur akademik, meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran demi membangun masyarakat Hindu yang literat. Juga pembelajaran filsafat sangat penting demi membangun pola pikir yang tajam dan intelek yang tinggi. Gerakan intelektual yakni berupa meningkatkan intelek sesungguhnya sudah diamanatkan dalam Veda, sebagaimana dinyatakan pada mantra berikut. Medham me varu?o dadatu medham agni? prajapati? medham indrasca vayusca medham dhata dadatu me Yajurveda XXXII.15 “Semoga dewa:Varu?a Air/Samudera), Prajapati Pencipta), (Dewa Angin) Dhata (penopang alam semesta) melimpahkan intelek kepada kami Veda mengamanatkan mengembangkan intelek merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Kecerdasan para Dewa harus dimiliki demi membangun masyarakat dan umat manusia. Salah satu tujuan dalam filsafat adalah mengembangkan intelek dan kecerdasan murni sehingga terlahir manusia-manusia unggul yang cerdas, berkarakter dan mampu berkarya. Sekali lagi, saya memberikan penghargaan yang sangat tinggi atas upaya dan kerja keras dari penulis mewujudkan buku ini. Buku-buku Filsafat atau Hindu tergolong di vii padahal sejumlah perguruan Tinggi Hindu memiliki jurusan atau Prodi Filsafat. pula Hindu mata dari satu hingga program Doktor. Saya merekomendasikan agar buku ini digunakan referensi bidang dan Hindu/ India pada Perguruan Tinggi Hindu di Indonesia, serta dapat dibaca oleh siapa saja yang tertarik mempelajari Filsafat Hindu. Saya berharap kedepan semakin banyak terlahir penulis-penulis Hindu produktif karyanya menginspirasi menjadi karya yang terbaik. Semoga pikiran yang baik datang dari segala penjuru. O? santi santi santi o? Jakarta, 29 Maret 2019 Direktur Jenderal Bimbingan Masyarakat Hindu Prof. I Ketut Widnya, M.A, M.Phil.P.hD NIP. 19620610 198903 1 002 viii KEMENTERIAN AGAMA REPUBLIK INDONESIA INSTITUT HINDU DHARMA NEGERI DENPASAR Jl. Nusantara Kubu Bangli Telp. (0366) 93788 Jl. Ratna No. 51 Denpasar, Telp. (0361) 226656 website : http://www.ihdn.ac.id email : [email protected] KATA PENGANTAR REKTOR INSTITUT HINDU DHARMA NEGERI DENPASAR Om Swastyastu, Menulis dan mengembangkan ilmu merupakan tugas seorang cendekiawan, termasuk Akademisi Hindu. Dosen bukan hanya sekedar seorang pengajar, melainkan juga seorang penulis dan peneliti. Olehnya, sesungguhnya merupakan kewajiban dari seorang dosen untuk menulis buku demi kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan. Selaku Rektor dan sekaligus Ketua Parisadha Hindu Dharma Provinsi Bali, saya menyambut baik buku yang terlahir dari dosen IHDN Denpasar ini yang secara khusus telah menulis buku bidang Filsafat Hindu. Karya-karya hebat bisa terlahir apabila seseorang mampu mengasah buddhi, vijñàna, kecerdasan mengarahkan keberadaannya dan berpaling kepada àtman, pengetahuan sejati. Sebagaimana seorang guru yang sudah mencapai tujuannya, telah melihat kebenaran, dapat membantu jiwa yang sedang mencari.Keberadaan bukan saja harus diperlihatkan tetapi juga harus disampaikan. Sedikit mudah untuk memperlihatkan kebenaran, tetapi dia hanya bisa disampaikan oleh dia yang telah terpikir, menginginkan dan merasakan kebenaran, melalui tulisan. Hanya seseorang gurulah yang dapat memberikannya dengan sifat yang nyata. Dia yang memiliki guru akan mengerti, àcàryavàn puruûo veda. Hanya saja sang guru ini haruslah guru yang sesungguhnya yang mencerminkan kebenaran dan tradisi. Sastra menyatakan hanya mereka yang mempunyai nyala api dalam tubuhnyalah yang bisa menghidupkan api pada orang lain. Inilah esensi penting dari buku ini. ix Dia yang mengerti yang benar akan menjadi yang benar brahma- vid brahmaiva bhavati . Dia adalah satyam, jñànam . Pengetahuan intelektual adalah gerakan yang terpatah-patah dan berserakan dari satu yang tidak terbatas dan tidak bisa dibagi yang memiliki semuanya dan selalu di puaskan. Mengerti secara naluriah tidak dikungkung oleh pembagian ruang, urutan-urutan waktu atau rangkaian dari sebab dan akibat. Gambaran intelektual kita adalah bayangan yang dibuat oleh pengetahuan yang integral yang memiliki obyek itu sesungguhnya dan dengan amannya. Upaniûad-upaniûad membedakan antara aparà vidyà, pengetahuan yang lebih bawah dan parà-vidyà, pengetahuan kearifan yang lebih tinggi. Sedang yang pertama memberikan kepada kita pengetahuan tentang Veda dan pengetahuan ilmiah, yang belakangan membantu kita memperoleh pengetahuan tentang Yang Tidak Musnah. Taittirìya Upaniûad menurunkan tingkat pengetahuan Veda sampai pada kedudukan yang rendah dengan memasukkannya ke dalam diri mano-maya (buatan-pikiran) yang harus di atas sebelum kebenaran dicapai. Olehnya, Hindu sangat menghargai mesin kecerdasan manusia dan agama tidak boleh mematikan nalar, justru membuat intelek dan nalar manusia semakin berkembang. Para penulis menganjurkan kepada kita untuk melepaskan kesombongan dari belajar, pàóðitya. Bahkan ketika kita melihat disiplin intelektual untuk mengertikan dunia secara teoritis, kita memiliki disiplin moral dan rohani untuk mengertikan kebenaran secara langsung. Sama halnya seperti kita yang tidak mengerti cara berenang hanya dengan berbicara mengenai hal tersebut dan baru mempelajarinya kalau kita sudah masuk ke dalam air dan melatih berenang, demikian juga tidaklah cukup berapapun jumlahnya pengetahuan teoritis sebagai ganti dari memperaktekkan kehidupan dari jiwa. Filsafat mengajarkan kecerdasan, kekritisan dan pemikiran yang benar. Namun demikian kita harus memupuk sifat agama yang bajik. Sebab Tuhan hanyalah menunjukkan diri kepada mereka yang percaya bahwa Dia ada. Olehnya, filsafat harus memasukkan semangat bhakti. Dalam Hindu bahkan terbentuk cabang Filsafat Bhakti-Vedanta yang diulas cukup dalam dalam buku ini. Kecenderungan rohani adalah penting untuk pencarian kehidupan rohani. Dalam Båhad-àraóyaka Upaniûad Yàjñavalkya menawarkan untuk membagi
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