Environmental Impact Assessment – Solar PV Park Nagalamadike Hobli, Pavagada Taluk, Tumkur
February 2016
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Table of Contents I. Introduction ...... 4 A. Background - India’s Solar Program ...... 4 B. Project Overview ...... 4 C. Approach to Environmental Study ...... 5 D. Structure of Report ...... 7 II. Project Description ...... 0 A. Electricity generation using PV technologies ...... 0 B. Fundamental Terminology ...... 1 1. Insolation, Irradiance and Irradiating ...... 1 C. The proposed PV plant ...... 2 III. Proposed Layout Plan ...... 6 A. Site / Layout Alternatives ...... 6 B. Water supply pipelines / Drainage System ...... 7 C. Access Roads ...... 8 D. Transmission Lines ...... 8 E. Waste Storage Areas ...... 9 F. Warehouse and Construction Camps ...... 9 IV. Legal Requirements...... 10 A. State Pollution Control Board Regulations ...... 10 B. Indian Labour Laws ...... 11 C. Land Availability / Procurement for Sub-projects ...... 12 1. Karnataka State Solar Policy 2014- 2021 ...... 12 2. Land Reforms Act – Karnataka ...... 12 D. World Bank Group Safeguard Requirements ...... 13 1. World Bank Safeguard Requirements ...... 13 E. IFC Performance standards ...... 14 1. Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks & Impacts ...... 15 2. Labour and Working Conditions ...... 15 3. Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention ...... 15 4. Community Health, Safety and Security ...... 15 V. Public Participation Process ...... 16 A. Identification of Key Stakeholders ...... 16 B. Public Participation Process Adopted ...... 16 1. Initial Consultations – Fixing of Lease Rentals ...... 16
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C. Consultation and Public Involvement ...... 16 D. Key Issues identified during field visits / consultations...... 19 VI. Baseline Description of the Study Area ...... 23 A. Biophysical Environment ...... 23 1. Location ...... 23 2. Climate ...... 23 3. Geology ...... 25 4. Topography ...... 25 5. Agricultural Potential ...... 26 6. Ground water resources (Hydrogeological) ...... 26 7. Surface Water ...... 29 8. Flora and Fauna ...... 29 9. Soil Characteristics ...... 30 B. Archaeological and Cultural Resources ...... 31 C. Social Environment ...... 31 1. Population, Gender and Age ...... 31 2. Land Ownership Status ...... 32 3. Employment ...... 33 4. Land Use classification for 10 kms zone ...... 35 5. Land use classification for selected villages ...... 36 VII. Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 38 A. Construction Phase Impacts ...... 38 1. Water Resource Impacts – Surface Water ...... 38 2. Water Resource Impacts – Ground Water ...... 39 3. Vegetation Clearing and grubbing Operations ...... 39 4. Lighting ...... 40 5. Proposed Access Roads and Existing Road Network ...... 40 6. Waste ...... 40 7. Noise ...... 41 8. Air Quality ...... 41 9. Terrestrial Ecology ...... 41 10. Other Construction Impacts ...... 42 11. Social Impacts ...... 42 B. Operation Phase Impacts ...... 42 1. Water Resource Impacts (surface and ground water) ...... 42
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2. Site Impact Assessment ...... 42 3. Access Roads ...... 43 4. Waste Generation ...... 43 5. Noise ...... 43 6. Air Quality ...... 43 7. Social Impacts ...... 43 C. Retro-fitting / Decommissioning Phase ...... 43 1. Water Resource – Surface and Ground Water ...... 43 2. Air Quality ...... 43 3. Noise Quality ...... 43 4. Site Impacts...... 44 5. Waste generation ...... 44 6. Terrestrial Impacts ...... 44 VIII. Environmental Management Plan ...... 45 IX. Insitutitional Arrangements for Implemenation fo EMP ...... 49 X. Annexures – Soil Bearing Capacity Calculation ...... 50 XI. Annexure - NOC from State Forest Department ...... 51 XII. Annexure - Meeting Minutes – Lease Rent Finalization ...... 52
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I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background - India’s Solar Program The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) is a major initiative of the Government of India to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge with active participation from the states. It will also constitute a major contribution by India to the global effort to meet the challenges of climate change. The objective of the Mission is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy, by creating the policy conditions for its large scale diffusion across the country as quickly as possible. The Mission had set a target, amongst others, for deployment of grid connected solar power capacity of 20,000 MW by 2022 to be achieved in 3 phases (1000 MW in first phase up to 2012-13, 9000 MW in second phase from 2013 to 2017 and 10,000 MW in the third phase from 2017 to 2022). Currently, the Government of India is considering to substantially scaling up targets of solar capacity additions in the country to 100 GW by year 2022. The mission aims at reducing the cost of solar power generation in the country and to achieve grid tariff parity by year 2022 through (i) long term policy measures; (ii) large scale deployment goals; (iii) aggressive R&D; & (iv) domestic production of critical raw materials, components and products. Currently the mission is in Phase - 2 (2013 – 2017) of its implementation. Phase-I of JNNSM (2010-13) has generated huge interest in the solar sector wherein Gird connected and off-grid projects were commissioned throughout the country. Achievements of Phase-I have exceeded the target set for the period. The Phase-2 of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission focuses more on a state-led solar power growth through setting up of solar ultra-mega power projects, solar parks & facilities, and promoting new financing models for implementation through private sector participation. The success of JNNSM and state solar policies will proceed on the basis of the technology advancements and cost reduction, which will be necessary for achieving the target of 20,000 megawatts of grid-connected solar power. World Bank (WB) - India intends to partner in the efforts of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India (GoI) to rapidly scale-up the solar installations in the country through a long term engagement in the program. India is endowed with vast solar energy potential. About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is incident over India’s land area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sqm per day. Hence both technology routes for conversion of solar radiation into heat and electricity, namely, solar thermal and solar photovoltaic, can effectively be harnessed providing huge scalability for solar sector projects in India. Solar also provides the ability to generate power on a distributed basis and enables rapid capacity addition with short lead times. From an energy security perspective, solar is the most secure of all sources, since it is abundantly available. Theoretically, a small fraction of the total incident solar energy (if captured effectively) can meet the entire country’s power requirements. It is also clear that given the large proportion of poor and energy un-served population in the country, every effort needs to be made to exploit the relatively abundant sources of energy available to the country. While, today, domestic coal based power generation is the cheapest electricity source, future scenarios suggest that this could well change.
B. Project Overview The Government of Karnataka (GoK) through Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL) has identified about 12000 acre land falling under five revenue villages in Pavagada Taluk (Tumkur District) for development of a 2000 MW solar park. The Pavagada Taluk has been declared as amongst the most backward taluk’s of Karnataka as per the findings of the Dr. Nanjundappa's Report, 2014). The proposed solar park in Pavagada Taluk may prove to be helpful in overall development of the region.
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Development of Solar Park at Pavagada Taluk in Tumkur District shall be undertaken by a JV company “M/s. Karnataka Solar Power Development Corporation Ltd (KSPDCL)” which has been formed by KREDL and Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd. (SECI). After signing of the consent letters and lease agreements with land owners, turnkey tenders will be floated by KSPDCL for creating infrastructure like Road, Water, Layout along with 8 Nos. of 220/66 kV pooling stations to evacuate the power generated by the solar developers. The work will be executed through eligible EPC (Engineering, Procurement & Construction) contractor. It has been envisaged to develop 40 blocks of 50MW capacity each. Plots will be allotted through bidding to eligible solar developers for installing their panels under plug and play model and generate power. The power generated at the Solar Park will be evacuated to the Central Grid by M/s Power Grid by constructing 400/220kV station. The LTA (Long Term Access) and Grid connectivity applications have been submitted by KSPDCL to M/s Power Grid for according approval to evacuate the power generated at Solar Park to CTU (Central Transmission Utility) grid. The project intends to transform the existing fallow land / rain fed agricultural land parcels to accommodate the proposed solar power park, associated infrastructure and services. Map (Refer: Figure 1) below shows the location and regional linkages of the proposed solar park site.
Figure 1: Regional Settings for the proposed solar PV park site
C. Approach to Environmental Study Solar projects in India do not require a prior regulatory environmental clearance. However, it is also understood that large-scale projects like these will definitely have some environmental and social impacts and these impacts need to be avoided as far as possible. In case, unlikely to be avoided, such impacts need to mitigated or managed.
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M/s Knight Frank (India) Private Limited (KFIPL) was appointed by World Bank for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study for the proposed project. The scope of the work for the current ESIA study is limited to 600MW Solar-PV Park being developed by (National Thermal Power Corporation) NTPC. The blocks allocated to NTPC are from B27 till B38 (as per the revised layout). The proposed blocks fall under two villages i.e. Thirumani and Rayacharlu. The socio-economic questionnaire surveys and public consultations conducted under the study were limited to households likely to be impacted due to the project falling under the above mentioned two villages. The study approach adopted by the team is presented in the below self-explanatory flow chart below (Refer: Figure 2)
Figure 2: Approach adapted to EIA Study
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D. Structure of Report Chapter-1 provides a brief about the India’s solar program and proposed project context. A broad approach to the EIA study is also presented above in the chapter; Chapter 2 provides a brief on the technology aspects of Solar PV Park along with the basic requirements for setting up a solar PV park. Chapter 3 provides the details about the proposed layout plan for the solar PV Park and the changes that were undertaken by KSPDCL during the course of EIA study to address technical concerns. Chapter 4 provides an insight into the national and state regulatory provisions along with WB Group compliance requirements for the proposed Solar PV Project. Chapter 5 elaborates on the stakeholder identification process adopted and a brief of the public consultations under taken to capture the local residents / stakeholders perceptions. Chapter 6 describes the baseline social and environmental conditions for the proposed solar PV park site and its immediate vicinity. Chapter 7 identifies the potential adverse environmental impacts due to the proposed project during the various stages of project along with its severity levels. Chapter 8 provides details of the proposed mitigation measures along with the responsible agency for implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.
Page 7 of 65 II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. Electricity generation using PV technologies In photovoltaic technology the power conversion source is via photovoltaic modules that convert light directly to electricity. Solar panels produce direct current (DC) electricity, so solar parks need conversion equipment to convert this to alternating current (AC), which is the form transmitted by the electricity grid. This conversion is done by inverters. PV systems produce energy by converting solar irradiation into electricity. A PV system consists of PV panels that encase the solar cells. Solar cells are solid-state semiconductor devices that convert light into direct-current electricity. The top layer of the silicon portion of a solar panel is made from a mixture of this silicon and a small amount of phosphorous, which gives it a negative charge. The inner layer, which constitutes the majority of the panel, is a mix of silicon and a little bit of boron, giving it a positive charge. The place where these two layers meet creates an electric field called a junction. When light (or photons) hits the solar cell, before it gets to the silicon crystal to make electricity it passes through a glass cover on the panel and an anti- reflective coating, which stops photons from reflecting off of the panel and being lost. The photons are absorbed into the junction, which pushes electrons in the silicon out of the way. If enough photons are absorbed, the electrons are pushed past the junction and flow freely to an external circuit. To convert the Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) an inverter will be used. The AC energy can then be used to power anything that uses electricity. In fact, they are just larger versions of the cells used in solar calculators. The front surface of the solar panel is toughened glass with an anti-reflective coating to maximise the light captured by the solar cells and reduce glare back towards the atmosphere. The PV panels are predominantly black in appearance – when viewed directly from the front; however, from close-up, a grid of silver contacts is clearly visible. Panels are framed with anodised aluminium, and will be mounted as sub-arrays on frames of anodised aluminium and hot-dipped galvanised steel. Figure 3 depicts the operational solar PV panels at the Pavagada project office installed on the roof-top by KSPDCL.
Figure 3: Solar PV Panels operating on rooftop
In simplified terms it can be stated that the operation of a PV park entails the production of power through the conversion of solar energy to electricity. The PV power generation process is primarily self-sufficient and is not in need of constant supervision or management attention. The input requirements for PV power generation include: I. Solar radiation II. Water for cleaning operations III. Equipment to convert / transfer solar energy to electricity The outputs to be generated include:
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I. Electricity power II. Solid waste generation from administrative / temporary housing / construction camps III. Liquid waste / effluent (non-hazardous) IV. Waste water from washing of PV panels Operation of the facility will entail the regular maintenance of the site and infrastructure, management of waste facilities and the replacement of consumable items and/or damaged equipment to ensure that the plant operates optimally. This maintenance will as far as possible should be scheduled to times that the plant is not operational to improve productivity. Unscheduled repairs and maintenance will likely occur as a result of breakdowns and emergency situations.
B. Fundamental Terminology 1. Insolation, Irradiance and Irradiating
When considering PV technology, it is important to understand the fundamental terminology. Insolation is a general- purpose word for “incident solar radiation”. It is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface during a given time, typically in kWh/m2/day or kWh/m2/year. Sun rays can be scattered by vapour or dust particles in air before reaching the Earth’s surface, this is known as diffuse irradiation. Only the parallel sun rays normal to the receiving surface can be concentrated, and this is the portion known as Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI), which has the SI unit of W/m2. In the solar power industry, irradiation with time duration (typically in the form of Wh/day or kWh/year per unit area) is often used interchangeably with irradiance. For consistency to international preference, DNI in this document will refer to Direct Normal Irradiation, with the unit of kWh/m2/day or kWh/m2/year, the same with insolation for measuring energy. The solar radiation map (Refer Figure 4) depicting the average annual DNI values for the proposed solar park location is depicted below as per the NREL database:
Figure 4: Annual DNI value for the proposed site
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C. The proposed PV plant The proposed 2000MW solar park will be developed in multiple lots of 250 or 500MW capacities each which will help reduce the project implementation duration. For each 250MW solar power capacity block, one pooling sub-station of 66/220Kv is proposed in which 2 x 150MW step-up transformers are considered. 250MW block is further sub-divided into 50MW sub blocks. The park is likely to have fixed axis (inclined at latitude) facing south PV panels with a tilt angle of 150 due South. The annual Global solar irradiance is 2008 kWh/m2 for the proposed site as per the DPR. The average block size would be 250 acres. The total number of PV modules for 50MW is estimated at 166,668 units for “Canadian Solar-CS6X-300P” and 499,995 units for “FS-3100” solar PV models respectively. The total area of 12,000 acres is approximately divided into 40 blocks and ancillary infrastructure. The solar park facility will also include ancillary infrastructure in support of the power plant including water abstraction / bore wells, waste management systems, power lines, roads, warehouse and storage facilities, administration & operations building, temporary housing facilities, construction labour camps and sub-station / switching station. For setting up a utility level solar park facility, the key requirements include: land availability, water, connectivity and accessibility, meteorology and favourable global irradiance, shadow free area and required infrastructure. A brief of the above stated basic requirements is stated in the subsequent sub-sections. a) Land The total land (approximately 12000 acres) required for setting up of the proposed 2000MW solar park is being undertaken on long term lease (for duration of 28 years) from private land owners at an annual rental of ₹ 21,000/- with an escalation of 5% every two years. Consultations with the majority of land owners reveal willingness to lease land parcels mainly due to erratic rainfall and loss in agricultural production over the last few decades. The details on the public consultations are presented in Chapter “V” of the report. Site visits reveal presence of a very few scattered tree cover within the proposed site which needs to be integrated in PV plant design to minimize shading losses without any tree cutting. The site layout has been subdivided into 40 rectangular blocks (50MW each) for maximum efficiency as depicted in the proposed layout plan. b) Water The proposed site falls under the region where rains are uncertain and erratic, cyclic semi dry conditions are very common. The DPR document states water for construction stage can be met from nearby tanks after necessary approvals from the panchayat. For construction and operations stages of the project adequate availability of water need to be ensured. For dusty areas like these, permanent water supply either on site or adjacent to site need to be ensured to prevent losses on account of soiling during O&M stage. The O&M stage water requirements are mainly intended for cleaning of PV surfaces and site office requirements. Modules are generally cleaned manually by spraying water and wiping dust / bird dropping from the surface. Review of the secondary information available reveals consumption of 3.5 to 5 litres of water per m2 for cleaning of solar PV surface panel area. Table 1 presents the approximate figures for water requirement during the O&M stage for one-time cleaning. The frequency of cleaning may vary during different seasons and need to be established based on the climatic conditions.
Table 1: Calculation of Water Requirements for Solar PV panel cleaning
Technology options Module Area Water-Minimum required Water-Maximum required Requirement Multi Crystalline 1,27,92,280 m2 4,47,72,980 Litres 6,39,61,400 Litres
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Technology options Module Area Water-Minimum required Water-Maximum required Requirement Thin Film 1,43,99,840 m2 5,03,99,440 Litres 7,19,99,200 Litres
As per the DPR document, it has been estimated that a 50MW capacity solar PV power plant comprising of (multi crystalline – 3,19,807 m2 or thin film – 3,59,996 m2) solar PV module area will need to be cleaned at least twice in a month. Considering the proposed area as a water scarce region with uncertain and erratic rainfall, adequate alternative means need to be ensured including rain water harvesting / creation of additional tanks or increasing the storage capacity of the existing tanks, etc to meet the O&M demands. The available technology options for reduction of water requirement during the O&M stage may also need to be considered. c) Project Costs The DPR consultants have divided the project in two phases as depicted in Table 2. It may be noted that the DPR consultant has estimated the land cost with 2% escalation instead of 5% escalation every two years.
Table 2: Cost Estimates as per DPR
Capital Cost Components Units Cost Cost
Total Solar park Cost ₹ in Crore (Phase 1) (Phase 2)
Land Cost ₹21,000 Per acre per year with 29.73 30.1 2% escalation on base year (escalation after every two years) Site Development 17.5 16.6
Roads & Drainage system 21.6 5.1
Street light 3.39 0.69
Water Supply system 5.85 5.72
Pooling substation 187.08 187.08
Transmission line cost 10 10
Admin Building 11 0
Total Hard Costs ₹ in Crore 286.15 255.29
Total Hard Costs (P1+ P2) ₹ in Crore 541.44
The actual lease rentals for 12,000 acres of land for a period of 28 years with 5% escalation every two years is ₹9,87,77,10,522.35/- (Rupees Nine Billion Eight Hundred Seventy Seven Million Seven Hundred Ten Thousand Five Hundred Twenty Two). d) Power Evacuation The voltage would be stepped up to 220kV at the solar project pooling station and again stepped up to 440kV at the proposed 440kV grid sub-station at Power Grid. The 440kV substation at solar project is proposed to be connected to Power Grid’s 765kV station at Madhugiri (located at an aerial distance of 70 kms).
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e) Proposed Layout Figure 5 depicts the layout of the proposed blocks. The proposed blocks from 1 to 26 are along the main access road connecting the villages (MDR road) whereas blocks 27 to 40 are proposed to the east of the Thirumani village settlement. Many of these land owners have already given their consent for a 28-year term lease of their land for setting up of proposed Solar Park. Land owners in the vicinity of the proposed site have also expressed their interest in giving land on lease for solar power plant, which was confirmed during the consultations. The proposed layout of the blocks which was initially into eight blocks for 250MW each was re-organized into 40 blocks of 50MW each. This change in layout has been done to avoid certain survey numbers falling under old blocks 7 & 8 with slopes higher than 15-20%. However revised block layout is likely to have adverse impacts on the surface drainage and runoff which would require adequate mitigation measures.
Figure 5: Revised Layout of the proposed solar PV Park f) Site Connectivity Major components of the proposed solar park would reach the site through ports / railways / airport, therefore proximity to such transport nodes in vital. The proposed solar PV park site is well connected with Bengaluru via NH-7 (AH-43) which would be advantageous for movement of heavy machinery and equipment’s to the proposed site. The last leg of road connectivity is through the Major District roads / State Highway as depicted in the map (Refer Figure 6). The MDR / SH connecting the site are single lane roads with very less traffic volume. Assessment of access roads from construction, O & M stage requirements revels that there are two connecting links to proposed site; the road via the state of Andhra Pradesh is a bit longer but in a better condition for movement of heavy machinery. The link 2, via Pavagada Taluk although a bit shorter but due to poor road surface conditions, the travel time is longer at present.
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Figure 6: Map showing existing site road linkages from AH-43 (NH-7)
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III. PROPOSED LAYOUT PLAN
The location of the proposed solar PV Park has been essentially identified by KREDL which is a state nodal agency of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India. The preliminary site investigations were under taken from the point of view of solar PV technologies, appropriate design approach and effective project implementation. While selection of site, all ineligible areas were ruled out i.e. biodiversity rich areas, military facilities, existing human settlements, archaeological restrictions etc. KREDL during the initial stage of the project adopted the following criteria for selection of site:- I. The availability and accessibility of primary resources required for the operation of the power plant, such as sun (i.e. the required Direct Normal Insolation) and water; II. Availability of land to locate the site and associated infrastructure; III. The availability and accessibility of infrastructure for the provision of services, manpower and social structure for the construction and operation of the power plant; IV. The ease of integration of the proposed solar park with central grid; and V. General environmental acceptability in terms of social impacts, water utilisation, general ecology, etc. In order to overcome the hurdles and processes involved in the land acquisition, KREDL opted for the long term lease model wherein land would be taken on lease for 28-year duration from the land owners. The lease can be extended in future on mutually agreeable terms.
A. Site / Layout Alternatives The original site layout was modified by KSPDCL to address certain technical concerns before the start of the bid process. The changes in the proposed layout are expected to address certain technical issues as was informed by KSPDCL. Figure 7 below presents the layout as per the DPR document.
Figure 7: Layout of proposed blocks as per DPR document
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KSPDCL, on 11th-Feb-2016 has uploaded a revised layout plan for the proposed solar park on their website (www.kspdcl.in). As per the revised layout plan the proposed site has been sub-divided into 40 blocks of 50MW each whereas the previous plan demarcated division of site in 8 Blocks of 250 MW each (with further sub-division in 5 sub- blocks of 50 MW each). In the revised layout there has been a shift in the land to be allocated to NTPC under Phase 1 as compared to the previous layout plan. Blocks 5 (partial), 6 & 7 were originallly proposed for NTPC which as per the revised layout (Refer Figure 8), blocks 27 till 38 have been allotted to NTPC. It may be noted that the revised layout does not differ much as far as Blocks 1 to 6 are concerned, however there is a noticeable variation as far as Blocks 7 & 8 are concerned.
Figure 8: Revised Layout of Blocks as notified on 11-02-2016
As part of the agreement between KSPDCL and the private developer, KSPDCL shall develop common infrastructure in the Solar Park like Internal Transmission System, Water Supply, Road Connectivity, Drainage System and Weather Stations, Street Lighting for the MDRs etc. Developer shall at its own cost construct and maintain arterial roads with street lighting to and from MDRs.
B. Water supply pipelines / Drainage System As part of the proposed drainage system, KSPDCL plans to provide drainage channels on both sides of the proposed 7-meter and 3.75 meter wide roads. This is going to have serious adverse impacts on the existing natural drainage unless a detailed hydrological modelling is undertaken to access the required length and number of cross drainage / parallel drainage structures. (Refer Figure 9 below) O&M stage, water requirements for cleaning of PV panels / administrative buildings etc. will be met by installation of bore wells or from surface water bodies as per the DPR document.
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C. Access Roads The anticipated impacts due to access roads would be more permanent in nature. With the revised layout, the village settlement “Achchammanahalli” is surrounded on three sides by the proposed solar PV Park limiting access. The proposed road cross-sections are presented below. The roads proposed include a 7-meter wide road for all main roads and 3.75 meter road as internal block roads. The approximate length of 3.75 meter road (10/15 RoW) within the NTPC blocks is approximately 12 kms and of the proposed 7 meter road (40 meter RoW) is approximately 9 kms. Map below (Figure 9) of the proposed NTPC blocks depicts the alignment of the proposed roads along with typical cross- section details.
Figure 9: Proposed Access roads as per revised layout (NTPC Blocks)
D. Transmission Lines The proposed transmission lines is largely along the proposed 7-meter wide road having 65-metre (both sides) and 40- meter corridor (one side) as per the revised layout. KSPDCL through EPC Contractor is establishing 8 Nos. of 220/66 kV Pooling Sub-stations; Construction of 220kV AC line for a distance of 18 kms; 220kV DC line for a distance of 6 kms; 220 kV multi circuit line for a distance of 14 kms from the proposed 220/66kV substation, in solar park to Power Grid station in solar park. Power Grid is establishing 400/220 kV Grid Sub-station at Survey Nos. 56/1, 62 and 63 of Kyataganacharlu village for facilitating evacuation of 2000MW power from Pavagada Solar Park. The above length is for the complete 2000 MW solar PV Park and not just limited to the NTPC blocks.
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E. Waste Storage Areas There are no designated waste storage areas as per the proposed layout. The responsibility of the storage, transportation of waste from site to safe disposal site rests with the developer. Each developer has to designate an area within its own allotted blocks for temporary storage of waste and its final safe disposal.
F. Warehouse and Construction Camps The location of the warehouses and sub-stations are marked on the proposed layout. However the location of storage areas and camp site has not been identified at this stage by KSPDCL. The developer shall be responsible for setting up of the labour camps and materials storage as per the guidelines provided in the EMP.
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IV. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
There is a need to integrate the environmental and social consequences of the development activities and for planning suitable measures in order to ensure sustainable development of the region. The environmental considerations in any developmental process are necessary for achieving sustainable development. Solar Ultra Mega Power Project (Solar UMPP) are not covered under the ambit of EIA Notification 2006 and does not require prior EIA clearance but these projects would still require consent to establish and operate under the Air and Water Acts from the State Pollution Control Board ensuring that the site development does not have any adverse impacts. The withdrawal of ground water and tree cutting if any would attract additional regulatory clearances for the proposed project. The applicable policy and regulatory framework applicable for the proposed solar PV Park is elaborated in the following sections:
A. State Pollution Control Board Regulations The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) notification dated June 02, 2014 classifies solar renewable power projects of all capacities under the green1 category of industries. The evacuation related activities (responsible for laying power evacuation line, connectivity to national grid and NOC from relevant departments) would need to be considered separately for environmental and social impacts. Table 3 below presents a checklist of the likely to be applicable legislations. An NOC clearance from the Forest Department stating that no forest area is being impacted due to the proposed solar park has already been undertaken by KSPDCL. However for trees cutting (if any) within the proposed site, requisite clearance would need to be undertaken by KSPDCL.
Table 3: Checklist of Applicable legislations
Acts/Rule/Policy Year Objective Applicability to this Responsible Agency Project Environmental 1986 To protect and improve the All environmental MoEFCC, GoI; CPCB; State (Protection) Act overall environment. legislation is covered Pollution Control Board in this umbrella Act National Forest Policy 1952/1988 To maintain ecological NoC has been issued Forest Department, Karnataka (Revised) stability through preservation by Forest Deptt; and restoration of biological For Trees Cutting (if diversity. any), clearance would be required Water (Prevention and 1974 To control water pollution by NOC for Karnataka State Pollution Control of Pollution) Act controlling discharge of establishment and Control Board pollutants as per the operation during prescribed standards. construction required Air (Prevention and 1981 To control air pollution by Yes, if generators are Karnataka State Pollution Control of Pollution) Act controlling emission of air used during Control Board pollutants as per the construction stage; prescribed standards. NOC for establishment and operation during construction required Batteries (Management 2001 The Act defines the Yes, if batteries are Karnataka State Pollution and Handling) Rules requirements for disposal of used for storage of Control Board used batteries for bulk users. power before being
1 The industries or projects have been classified in three broad categories viz. Red, Orange and Green in decreasing order of severity of pollution.
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Acts/Rule/Policy Year Objective Applicability to this Responsible Agency Project The developers in sub- supplied to the central project would be likely bulk grid. users. The Electricity Act 2003 Laws relating to generation, The national grid Power Grid transmission, distribution, connectivity is being trading and use of electricity, undertaken as a promotion of efficient and separate project and environmentally benign not covered under policies. this ESIA scope. Permission for storage of Applicable in case of storage Construction stage Developer hazardous chemical from and Import of Hazardous (Prior to initiation of CPCB Chemical any work) Permission for extraction Applicable for construction Construction & Developer for of Ground water and operations stage Operations stage construction/operations stage (Prior to initiation of installation of Bore wells and abstraction of water from such source) Or Use of Surface water Applicable for construction Operations stage to Developer for sources for and operations stage meet the O&M construction/operations stage construction/operation requirements stage Acts and Regulations governing LA & Social Issues Right to fair 2013 Fair compensation for Yes, if private land KSPDCL compensation and acquisition of immovable need to be acquired transparency in land assets; Resettlement of for solar park. acquisition, rehabilitation displaced population due to and Resettlement Act LA and economic Under the current rehabilitation of all those who arrangement land is are affected due to land being taken on lease acquisition. only. Karnataka G.O. on Land 2014 The GO aims to facilities the Yes KSPDCL Reforms / Land Lease transfer and conversion of agricultural land for Solar PV projects on long term lease basics Seventy Third 1992 The Act enables participation Yes, for any sub Department of Panchayati Raj, Constitution Amendment of Panchayat level project located in State Government Act, institutions in decision- panchayat area making. Panchayats at the village level will be involved for preparation and implementation of the project.
B. Indian Labour Laws All the workers are governed by the relevant Indian labour laws as stated below Table 4. The Developer shall undertake the requisite license from Labour Commissioner prior to initiation of any works onsite. KSPDCL shall ensure that the necessary approvals and licenses have been undertaken by the developer prior to the start of the construction & operations stage. Some of these are directly relevant during the construction stage of the proposed sub-projects.
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Table 4: Applicable Labour Laws
Applicable Acts Coverage Provisions Minimum Wages Act 1948 The act ensures minimum wages for each category of workers Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 Prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age The Labour Act 1988 Ensure health and safety of construction workers The Factories Act, 1948 Ensures Health and safety considerations of workers Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 Ensure fair compensation in case of injury by accidents during the course of employment Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, Ensure basic welfare measures to be made available to the 1970 contract workers by the employer The Building and other Construction Workers Act, Ensure safety measures at construction work site and other 1996 welfare measures such as canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the Workplace etc
C. Land Availability / Procurement for Sub-projects If any private land need to be acquired during the course of the project, the same shall be procured within the framework of “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013” (LA Act 2013) and the state policies on procurement of private land to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on the owners whose land is being procured under the project. For the proposed solar PV park project, a long term lease model has been adopted wherein private land parcels are acquired on a 28 year lease by KSPDCL which would be sub-leased to the developer for generation of solar power. For this the state of Karnataka has modified the Land Reforms Act and formulated a policy to facilitate the setting up of a solar UMPP / Park.
1. Karnataka State Solar Policy 2014- 2021
Under this policy, it is proposed to meet the solar power capacity addition targets through different segments which are Grid connected utility scale projects and grid connected roof top projects. The following are the key features relevant to the current baseline study: I. As per the policy document, GoK contemplates to facilitate the conversion of land for solar projects by amending section-95 of the Land Reforms Act. II. GoK contemplates time bound permissions and for vesting Deputy Commissioners with full powers to approve purchase of agricultural lands u/s 109 of Land reforms Act for Development of Solar projects. III. As per the policy, developers will be allowed to start project execution without waiting for formal approval on filing application for conversion of agricultural land for setting up of solar power projects on payment of specified fees. IV. Solar PV projects shall be exempted from obtaining clearances of pollution control board as per the Karnataka Solar Policy 2014 – 2021.
2. Land Reforms Act – Karnataka
The Karnataka Land Revenue (Amendment) Act, 2015 (12th August 2015) states that “(10) If any occupant of any agriculture land assessed or held for the purpose of agriculture wishes to divert such land or part thereof for the purpose of setting up of solar power generation in accordance with Karnataka Solar Policy 2014-21 issued in G.O EN 21 VSC 2014 dated 22.05.2014 which has been approved by State and Central Government and which has been approved by
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the Competent Authority, the permission applied for conversion of such land shall be deemed to have been granted for that purpose so long as they use for purpose for which permission is granted subject to payment of the conversion fine and all such other fees payable if any, in this regard." If the government revenue land is recorded as forest land with small and minor trees in the revenue records or it is defined as a forest land as per Revenue Department, then the applicant will have to take permission, as per provisions of Forest Conservation Act 1980, from concerned authorities.
D. World Bank Group Safeguard Requirements
1. World Bank Safeguard Requirements
The implementation of the World Bank Operational Policies seek to avoid, minimize or mitigate the adverse environmental and social impacts, including protecting the rights of those likely to be affected or marginalized by the proposed project. Based on the information collated by the consultants during the study, following OP’s are triggered and would require adequate measures to address the safeguard concerns. World Bank Objective Applicability Safeguard Safe Guard Requirements Policies OP 4.01 The objective of this policy is to The environmental issues will EIA and/or EMP are Environmental ensure that Bank financed be addressed adequately in being prepared to Assessment projects are environmentally advance. An integrated mitigate residual impacts. sound and sustainable. Environmental Screening and Environmental Assessment (EA) with Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be developed to manage environmental risks and maximize environmental and social benefits wherever it is applicable. OP/BP 4.12 The objective of this policy is to There will be need for limited The project does not Involuntary avoid or minimize involuntary land acquisition resulting in: envisage any involuntary Resettlement resettlement where feasible, relocation or loss of shelter, resettlement. The land is exploring all viable alternative loss of assets or access to being taken on a long project designs. Furthermore, it assets; loss of income term lease for 28 years. intends to assist displaced person sources or means of All owners have given in improving their former living livelihood. consent. standards; community participation in planning and This policy applies to all implementing resettlement; and components of the project to provide assistance to affected that result in involuntary Resettlement Action Plan people, regardless of the legality resettlement, regardless of in consultation with the of title of land the source of financing community and project including projects that are authorities carried out, or planned to be carried out, contemporaneously with the project. OP/BP 4.11 This policy aims at assisting in This policy may be triggered Application to be Physical the preservation of cultural by sub-projects where submitted to ASI in case Cultural property, historical, religious and cultural property, historical, any impact is envisaged Resources unique natural value-this includes religious and unique natural due to the project remains left by previous human value-this includes remains including chance finds.
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World Bank Objective Applicability Safeguard Safe Guard Requirements Policies inhabitants and unique left by previous human environment features, as well as inhabitants and unique The impact on such in the protection and environment features may be features have been enhancement of cultural affected due to project. integrated with EIA / properties encountered in Bank- EMP financed project.
E. IFC Performance standards As per the proposed implementation arrangements under the project, the private developer shall play a lead role in the success of the project implementation and shall be undertaking the setting up of infrastructure for energy generation. The IFC performance standards apply to private sector projects and provide instruments to manage the operations of projects in an environmentally and socially acceptable manner. The performance standards are designed to help avoid, mitigate, and manage risks and impacts as a way of doing business in a sustainable way, including stakeholder engagement and disclosure obligations of the client in relation to project-level activities. The following performance standards are applicable:
Table 5: Applicable Performance Standards
Performance Standards Applicability Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks & Impacts / PS 1 ● Yes ○ No Labour and Working Conditions / PS 2 ● Yes ○ No Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention / PS 3 ● Yes ○ No Community Health, Safety, and Security / PS 4 ● Yes ○ No Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement / PS 5 ○ Yes ● No Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources / PS 6 ○ Yes ● No Indigenous Peoples / PS 7 ○ Yes ● No Cultural Heritage / PS 8 ○ Yes ● No
Performance Standard 1 establishes the importance of
(i) Integrated assessment to identify the environmental and social impacts, risks, and opportunities of projects; (ii) effective community engagement through disclosure of project-related information and consultation with local communities on matters that directly affect them; and (iii) Client’s management of environmental and social performance throughout the life of the project.
Performance Standards 2 through 8 establish objectives and requirements to avoid, minimize, and where residual impacts remain, to compensate/offset for risks and impacts to workers, Affected Communities, and the environment. While all relevant environmental and social risks and potential impacts should be considered as part of the assessment, Performance Standards 2 through 8 describes potential environmental and social risks and impacts that require particular attention.
Where environmental or social risks and impacts are identified, the client is required to manage them through its Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) consistent with Performance Standard 1.
Performance Standard 1 applies to all projects that have environmental and social risks and impacts. Depending on project circumstances, other Performance Standards may apply as well. KSPDCL is encouraged to apply the ESMF to all their solar PV sub-project activities, regardless of financing source.
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The sub sections below provide a brief the objectives of each of the performance standards:
1. Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks & Impacts
The objectives of the performance standard 1 are: i. Identify and assess environmental and social impacts in the project’s area of influence. ii. Avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts. iii. Ensure that affected communities are engaged on issues that may affect them. iv. Promote improved environmental and social performance through effective management systems
2. Labour and Working Conditions
The objectives of the performance standard 2 are: i. Establish, maintain and improve the worker-management relationship. ii. Promote fair treatment and equal opportunity for workers, in compliance with national laws. iii. Protect workforce by addressing child labour and forced labour. iv. Promote safe working conditions and protect / promote the health of workers
3. Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention
This Performance Standard outlines a project-level approach to resource efficiency and pollution prevention and control in line with internationally disseminated technologies and practices. The objectives of the Performance Standard 3 are: i. To avoid or minimize adverse impacts on human health and the environment by avoiding or minimizing pollution from project activities. ii. To promote more sustainable use of resources, including energy and water. iii. To reduce project-related GHG emissions.
4. Community Health, Safety and Security
While acknowledging the public authorities’ role in promoting the health, safety, and security of the public, this Performance Standard – 4 addresses the client’s responsibility to avoid or minimize the risks and impacts to community health, safety, and security that may arise from project related-activities, with particular attention to vulnerable groups. The objective of Performance Standard 4 is: i. Avoid or minimize the risks to, and impacts on, the health and safety of the local community over the project life cycle, from both routine and non-routine circumstances. ii. Ensure that the safeguarding of personnel and property is carried out in a legitimate manner that avoids or minimizes risks to the community’s safety and security. .
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V. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS
KREDL/KSPDCL has ensured participation of the land owners and other stakeholders from the project initiation stage and this has helped gain confidence of the locals and their active participation in the consultation process. The process involved procurement of land on lease and not acquisition which has also led to wider acceptance and participation of the village land owners.
A. Identification of Key Stakeholders For setting up a 2000 MW solar PV park, an estimated area required would be to the tune of 12,000 acres (5 acres per MW of solar PV generation). A cluster of five villages (i.e. Thirumani, Balasamudra, Vollur, Kyathaganacherlu, Rayacharlu) falling under Pavagada tehsil have been selected by KSPDCL. The land owners and the landless labourers working in the agricultural parcels falling under these five villages are the key stakeholders. The proposed NTPC blocks fall under two villages i.e. Thirumani and Rayacharlu. The current study focused on the active participation of the stakeholders from the above mentioned two villages.
B. Public Participation Process Adopted 1. Initial Consultations – Fixing of Lease Rentals
A general meeting was held on 28-09-2015 presided by the Deputy Commissioner of Tumkur District. The key participants included: Minister of Petroleum; Chitradurga MLA; Local MLA (Urgappa); District Panchayat Members (Tumkur); Taluk and Gram Panchayat Members; District Commissioner, Tumkur; Development Officers – KREDL; Madhugiri Sub-Division Officers; Joint Director of Agriculture Department; Executive Engineer – KPTCL; Assistant Director, Horticulture Department; Administrative Officer, KREDL; Tahsildar, Pavagada and Landowners from the five villages. The participants were made aware about the proposed project, to set up a 2000 MW solar PV park in the area falling under the five revenue villages. The land would not be acquired instead would be taken on lease for 28 years after getting the necessary consent from land owners. Participants expressed their willingness to offer their land parcels on lease. The consultation process resulted in the following pronouncements:
1. The lease rent was fixed at ₹21,000/acre as annual rentals after dialogue with all the participants. 2. Graveyard and other important structures shall be protected. 3. If land has a bore well or any valuable tree, extra compensation shall be provided. 4. Escalation of 5% in annual rent every 2 years. 5. Registration Cost to be borne by the KSPDCL. 6. Lease Period of 30 years. 7. All approvals shall be taken by the KSPDCL. The details of the proceedings are attached as Annexure XII to this report for reference. The market value of the land in this area is estimated at ₹35000/- per acre at the time of these consultations.
C. Consultation and Public Involvement In addition to the socio-economic surveys being conducted under the current EIA study, separate focus group discussion with various stakeholders, informal discussions were conducted by the team to gauge general perception
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about the project and other social / demographic issues associated with the proposed project. Figure 10 below shows a snapshot of the questionnaire surveys being undertaken by the team along with informal consultations.
Figure 10: Snapshot of the socio economic surveys
Prior to the start of the socio-economic surveys, local enumerators were selected for field work, meeting with people. Local enumerators are selected to have similar dialect of language of PAP and enumerators. This also helped to make the participation of local people in the process of survey. Resource persons were identified in each adversely affected village to facilitate consultation. These resource persons informed local people about the project and project related information to the affected people. As mentioned above, consultations were held with the people living in the affected villages. Individual consultations were also done with the PAPs during the socio-economic surveys. The following (Table 6) FGD’s were undertaken by the team during the last week of Jan 2016. This was conducted to generate awareness regarding land lease process, compensation for assets & lease rent and record any concerns/issues of stakeholders. (Refer Figure 11 below).
Figure 11: Snapshot of the FGD's
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Table 6: FGD proceedings held during the course of study
Date of Address and No. of Project brief, Concerns and suggestions and their view for FGD Location Participant social issued the project in favour or not in favour s discussed 05.02.201 Near Canara Bank 10 Discussed 1. People were aware about the project. 6 Thirumani about solar 2. Majority of respondents were aware of the project and its project benefits to them, mainly annual rent advantages and other indirect benefits. 3. The participants did not have any concerns ./ issues due to the project. 4. General observation: The people felt it was good to have the solar park in the village, as it is a backward area. With the solar park village will become economically better. 5. The people were explained about vulnerability assistance. 05.02.201 Near Sri Anjeneya 10 Discussed 1. The people were in support of the project. 6 Temple, Thirumani about the 2. Everyone is aware of the project. merits and de 3. Meeting about project was held in village merits about 4. Overall people were looking for the project employment opportunities so that the village develops economically. 5. People were explained about the vulnerability benefits. 05.02.201 Bus stand road , 12 1. People 1. 60% of the people are in favour of the 6 Thirumani mentioned project 40% are not in favour. about political 2. 90% of the people are aware of the injustice project. 3. People want development for the village. The water in the village has fluoride content. People want pure drinking water. 05.02.201 New colony, 9 1. Mainly 1. People are in favour of the project. 6 Thirumani looking for 2. 40 % knew of the project. jobs. 3. 50% of the people are aware of the project benefits due to the meeting held in the village. 4. The people said last year there was drought due to which there is high level of unemployment. If the project helps them with jobs it will help the economic situation of the people. 05.02.201 Dr. B R Ambedkar 14 1. Discussed 1. Because of the drought the whole area has 6 Colony bout the suffered, that is why they are supporting the fluoride project, in hope of jobs. With jobs the people content in the hope the area will improve. water. 2. Not everyone is aware of the project or the project benefits. 3. 80% of the people are on favour of the project. 05.02.210 Near Govt. 16 1. Overall everyone knew about the project 6 Primary school, and the project benefits. Thirumani Commonly everyone was looking for job opportunities
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Table 7: FGD focusing women stakeholders held during the study
Date of FGD Address and No. of Project brief concerns and suggestions and their Location Participants provided / social view for the project in favour or not in issued discussed favour 05.02.2106 Behind pre 10 1. Discussed 1. The women were for the project. metric boys about job 2. Non land losers were looking for jobs hostel, opportunities as those working as agricultural Thirumani within the area labourers will lose work within the project area. 3. Vulnerability benefits were discussed 05.02.2016 Near Bus 12 1. People were 1. People know about the project as a stand, mostly talking meeting was held in the village about it. Thirumani about the high fluoride content in 2. Overall they know about the benefits. the water and 3. Since the area is dry and drought asked for safe prone people are looking for drinking water employment opportunities. 4. People are in favour of the project 05.02.2016 ST Colony, 12 1. Discussed 1. People are in favour of the project Thirumani about need for and they are aware of the project regular power and employment opportunities 05.02.2106 Behind 11 1. Discussed 1. Women said the economic condition Govt. about fluoride of most is poor. Everyone is looking for hospital, content in water jobs. Thirumani and employment 2. 50% of the people are not aware of opportunities the project. Public consultations for Rayacharlu are to be included …..
D. Key Issues identified during field visits / consultations The key issues / observations are presented below pictographically showing the location within the blocks. Maximum number of existing structures both pucca and semi-pucca was observed in Block 5 (DPR layout) during the field visits as depicted below in the figures. One sensitive receptor (school) and a private orchard (banana plantations) were also observed to be falling within the proposed block boundary-5. However with the revised layout, majority of these structures are no longer within the proposed solar PV Park.
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VI. BASELINE DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
A. Biophysical Environment 1. Location
The proposed project site is located in the eastern part of Karnataka State between North Latitude 14013’ to 140 20’ and East Longitude 770 23’ to 770 30’; falling under five villages (i.e. Thirumani, Balasamudra, Vollur, Kyathaganacherlu and Rayacharlu) of Pavagada Taluk in Tumkur District. The site is covered by SoI toposheet D43L7 & D43L8 Open Series. It is 150 kms from state capital of Bengaluru. Uttara Pinakini River flows through Pavagada Taluk. The proposed site is located at a distance of approximately 30 km from the Taluk headquarters, Pavagada and is connected by a Major District Road (MDR). There is no rail connectivity currently available for Pavagada Taluk. The nearest railway link is available at a distance of 100 kms at Anantpur (Andhra Pradesh) and 140 kms at Bellary Junction (Karnataka). Table 8 below provides a brief description of the project site:
Table 8: Project Site Description
Particular Description Project Site Villages: Kyathaganacherlu, Balasamudra, Vollur, Rayacharlu, Thirumani Hobli / Tehsil / District / Nagalamadike / Pavagada / Tumkur (Karnataka State) Location coordinates Latitude 14o13’ to 14o20’ North ; Longitude 77o23’ to 77o30’ East Road Accessibility Linked by MDR to Taluk Headquarters; SH to Tumkur Nearest Airport Bengaluru Airport (200 kms) Land Available 12,000 Acres on long-term lease (28 years) Proposed Capacity 2000MW park (including 600MW to be developed by NTPC) Daily Average Solar 5.35 kWh/m2 Radiation Climate Warm & Humid Technology Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
The current environmental and social assessment study focusses on 600MW Solar PV component being developed by NTPC as part of the 2000 MW Solar Park. The villages falling under the proposed blocks 5 (partial), 6 and 7 being developed by NTPC are Rayacharlu and Thirumani. 2. Climate
The climate of the district is semi-arid tropical. The district on the whole receives an average annual rainfall of 687.9 mm in 45 rainy days. The rainfall gradually decreases from the eastern parts of the district to the northern and western portions. The district can be further sub divided into three rainfall zones, Pavagada receives the least rainfall under the category 550-650mm. nearly 45-50% of the rainfall is received during June to September (South –west monsoon), 25-30% during October to November (north east monsoon) and 1.5 – 3% during December to February (cold weather period). The remaining 15 – 25% rainfall received in April and May (hot weather period) is useful in preparatory tillage of the land. However the rainfall is uncertain, erratic and cyclic semi-dry conditions are very common. Winters are generally mild while summers are quite warm with temperatures rising up to 380C during April and May.
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The proposed site location is suitable for solar PV installations due to availability of good sunlight for maximum time of the year (annual GHI >1900 KWh/m2), gentle sloping land with minimal tree cover / shadow areas. The winds are predominantly south-westerly during summer monsoon and north-easterly during winter monsoon. The table 9 depicts the baseline metrological data for Tumkur station. The table below provides details of the mean maximum & minimum temperatures, humidity and rainfall for Tumkur station.
Table 9: Mean Maximum & Minimum Temperature, Rainfall & Humidity
Ma Jan Feb Mar Apr y Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Mean annual monthly rainfall 36. 107. 135. mm (1931-1970) 2.8 6.1 7.4 1 96 85.9 2 1 174 151 57.6 7.6 867.7 Mean number of rainy days 0.3 0.6 0.4 2.6 5.8 5.9 8.2 9.2 8.7 7.8 3.9 0.7 54.1 Mean Monthly Max temp ˚C (1973- 28. 31. 33. 35. 79) 9 1 8 8 33.5 29.8 27 28.8 28.5 28.4 27.5 27.3 29.5 Mean Monthly Min 18. 17. 23. temp ˚C 16 1 3 2 21.9 20.6 20.2 20.9 19.6 19.6 18.6 16.8 19.4 Mean Monthly 22. 24. 25. 29. temperature ˚C 5 6 6 3 27.7 25.2 23.6 24.9 21.1 24 23.1 22.1 24.5 Mean Monthly relative humidity % 53. 52. 46. (1973-1975) 7 6 5 53 65.1 71.4 76.8 72.9 76.2 73 59.4 55.9 63 Source: India Meteorological Department, Bangalore; Bureau of Economics & Statistics, Karnataka The tables 10 gives the seasonal average rainfall (in mm) for Tumkur district, in the last 5 years during the different seasons:
Table 10: Average Rainfall in MM – Tumkur District
Cold Weather Period Hot Weather Period South-West Weather North- East Weather Annual Year (January - February) (March - May) (June- September) (October - Dec) (January - Dec) 2010 5 159 403 274 841 2011 2 149 234 164 549 2012 0 146 215 112 473 2013 4 93 380 107 584 2014 2 133 354 201 690
The tables 11 give the seasonal average rainfall (in mm) for Pavagada Taluk in the last five years during different seasons:
Table 11: Average Rainfall in MM - Pavagada Taluk
Cold Weather Hot Weather South-West Weather North- East Weather Annual (January - (March - May) (June- September) (October - Dec) (January - Dec) Year February) 201 0 151 363 209 723 0 201 0 102 149 69 320 1
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Cold Weather Hot Weather South-West Weather North- East Weather Annual (January - (March - May) (June- September) (October - Dec) (January - Dec) Year February) 201 0 130 219 120 469 2 201 11 43 340 111 505 3 201 0 104 202 173 479 4
As per the available statistics, Pavagada Taluk received only 320 mm rainfall during year 2011 thereby seriously affecting the agriculture activities. Year 2006 and 2012 were declared as drought years (approved calamity) in Pavagada Taluk by the state government due to poor monsoon season. 3. Geology
The predominant geological formations for Tumkur district as a whole include Archean Complex (Granite, Gneisses and Schists). The rock types met in the area are of the older metamorphic rocks (biotite schists, hornblende granulites, pyroxenites and amphibolites), peninsular Gneissic complex (branded biotite gneiss, migmatite, and grey biotite granite), equivalents of Dharwar Super Group (Hornblende schist, Hornblende granulite, chlorite schist and banned ferruginous quartzite) and younger intrusive (pink granite, gabbro, pegmatite and quartz vein, dolerite dyke/prophyrite/porphyritic and Anorthosite-dyke and quartz reefs. The older metamorphic rocks (equivalents of Sargur group) occur as enclaves of varying shapes and sizes within the peninsular gneissic complex. The peninsular gneissic complex occupy majority of the area constituting the rock type in the plains with sparse outcrops and occasionally forming isolated tors. The grey biotite granite component constitutes hill ranges in the eastern part bordering the schistose terrain. The alluvial patches are generally seen along the major streams as narrow discontinuous patches particularly in granite country. It comprises medium to coarse grained sand with silt and clay at many places and is largely controlled by topography of the basement crystalline in the area. The entire area is a semi-arid condition. The project site is having weathered loamy red soil. Quartzite, granite, gneisses, dyke and schist rocks are present. The allowable bearing pressure, T/m2 is 25 T/m2 for depth of 1 meter below ground level as per the field test results conducted in Thirumani village. The electrical resistivity tests reveal that the project site is a natural ground and contains loamy red soil, fine to medium grained soil. The resistance is medium up to 2m depth and is recommended to consider for the solar power project based on the findings of the soil investigations undertaken by Department of Civil Engineering (Bangalore University) for KSPDCL. The detailed test results are attached in Annexure XI.: The proposed site falls under Zone-II as per the latest earthquake zoning map. Zone –II is associated with the lowest level of seismicity. 4. Topography
The proposed site is reasonably flat for majority of the area with slopes less than 10% except for a few parcels within blocks 7 & 8 locations. Considering large chunks of proposed land under prior agriculture use, the impacts due to soiling would be significant during the initial years of operations till adequate ground cover could be established to control dust pollution. No underground service networks are present in the proposed site as per the available secondary information.
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5. Agricultural Potential
Major crops grown in the proposed site and its vicinity include Ragi, Groundnut, Paddy, Maize, Cotton, Sunflower, Red Gram, Castor, and Horse Gram (Refer Figure 12). Agricultural activities in the area are predominantly rain-fed. The main sources of irrigation are surface water tanks and bore-wells, which are being used only by very few well to do farmers. The chemical test reveals that the soil is not aggressive to corrosion. 6. Ground water resources (Hydrogeological)
The area exhibits undulating topography controlled by the granite structures viz residual hills, insel bergs etc. The ground water occurs in the valley fills, and multi mural joint intersected places. The approximate yield of the wells in the study area is 800 GPH to 1000 GPH (4000 Litres per hour). The average life of the bore wells is 1-2 years. As the area receives only 400 mm of average rainfall hence the recharge is also less. The bore wells are sustained only where the continuous recharge is available like tanks and ponds.
Figure 12: Agricultural practices / crops cultivated in the study area
In general major parts of Tumkur District have depths to water levels 2 to 5 mbgl and 5 to 10 mbgl. The decadal mean pre-monsoon & post monsoon data (2001 –2010) reveals a rise in water level by 0-2 m in most of the study area (Refer Figure 13). In Tumkur district the pre-monsoon depth to water table (2011) ranges from 1.17 – 31.70 mbgl whereas the post-monsoon depth to water level (2011) ranges from 0.26 – 25.84 mbgl. The long term water level trends (2002 – 2011) reveals mostly rising trend as per the CGWB data published in the Septembers 2012 report. Sustainability of ground water resource and its judicious use should be given prime importance while planning for Solar Park. In critical and over exploited areas artificial recharge and rainwater harvesting measures are recommended to augment the ground water resources. The study area has been identified as over exploited with regards to ground water utilization as per CGWB report (March 2009). The current stage of ground water development is at 74% for Pavagada Taluk. The unit area annual recharge is in the range of 0.07m in Pavagada Taluk. The low value in Pavagada Taluk is mainly due to the low rainfall in the Taluk when compared with other taluks within Tumkur district.
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Figure 13: Decadal Ground Water Fluctuation Map (2001- 2010) Ground water in younger granites has more fluoride content than the gneisses. The fluoride content increases with depth in same aquifer. The shallow aquifers are having comparatively low concentration of fluoride. In order to reduce or control the problem, it is recommended to recharge ground water by way of artificial recharge structures like percolation tank, desilting of silted tanks, check dams, nalla bunds, farm ponds etc. High concentration of nitrates, chloride and fluoride is observed in northern and central parts of Pavagada as per the CGWB findings. As per the CGWB data, high chloride concentrations are observed in central parts of Pavagada; high concentrations of fluoride is observed in northern part of Pavagada and high concentration of nitrates in major parts of Pavagada. Figure 14 depicts the selected villages are impacted by high nitrate contents and over exploitation of ground water for majority of the areas. In such scenarios the withdrawal of ground water through bore wells to meet the O&M demand for proposed Solar Park would lead to adverse impacts on the already deteriorating ground water conditions.
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Figure 14: Ground Water Status & Contamination for Selected Villages Ground water is a major source of drinking and irrigation purposes. About 90% of the drinking requirements and 86% of irrigations requirements are met from ground water. a) Water Sampling Tests Water sampling from two surface water bodies and one ground water sample within the proposed project area and its testing was done an accredited laboratory to establish the baseline scenario. Below is a brief analysis, the test reports are attached in Annexure -xxxxxxxxx The analysis of the ground water sample (Refer Figure 15) reveals high concentration of Sodium, Fluoride and alkalinity parameters. Water is not potable as Fluoride content in water is above desirable (1.0 mg/l) and permissible (1.5 mg/l) limit. Alkalinity is found to be above desirable limit of 200 mg/l and below permissible limit of 600 mg/l as per Drinking water standard IS:10500:2012 and its Amendment No. 1. pH value observed was 7.8, dissolved oxygen 7.4 mg/l. Water can be used for bathing after treatment so that BOD level comes down from 5 mg/l to 3 mg/l as per primary water quality criteria for bathing water Table 1 of The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, CPCB June 2010. As per Schedule VI, General standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants, water can be used for irrigation purposes. The ground water sample analysis reveals that water is not potable but can be used for irrigation. Two surface water samples were collected within the study area. The sample collected from water body in vicinity of Balasamudra village has high fluoride content more than desirable limit but less than permissible limit. Water was found to be turbid in both the surface water samples. Surface water body samples fall under category D as per classification of surface water in India by Central Pollution Control Board.
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Figure 15: Location of sampling points
7. Surface Water
The study area is dotted with interconnected water bodies which act as a lifeline of the local residents providing water for various household uses and irrigation purposes. The drainage pattern in the area can be classified as semi dendritic to dendritic (Refer Figure 16). Overall the area is gently sloping towards north and is well drained. The area is drained by north flowing Pennar river tributary. The river is not perennial in nature. Although while demarcation of the proposed blocks, all major surface water bodies have been excluded however adequate precautionary measures has been built in the EMP to ensure no changes in the drainage occurs due to the proposed project. 8. Flora and Fauna
As the rainfall is low in Tumkur district, diversity of flora is not much and the species are restricted to Xerophytic type. The vegetation here is shrubby, thorny and stunted. Accacia (Jali) and Taddy trees are commonly found in alkaline soils. Ficus species such as Peepal and Banyan are found in forest as well as in the farms. Same is the case with Tammarind, Neem, Jack, Pongamia trees. As the area lies in the plains of the Deccan Plateau, bordering Andhra Pradesh, the wildlife found here is related to the drier areas like monkey, wild cat, wolf, squirrel, bats, fox, deer, rabbit, wild pig, wild lizard, variety of snakes, frogs and fishes, peacock, sparrow, crow, eagle, etc. The sighting of wild pigs, deer in vicinity of the village settlement area has also been confirmed during the public consultations with the village residents.
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Figure 16: Drainage Network map for the proposed project site
The forest type in the 10 km area falls under the category of dry deciduous forest types with scrub jungle. The nearest reserved forest at an approximate aerial distance of 2 kms from the edge of the proposed solar PV park is “Ramagiri “West Forest Range (Andhra Pradesh State). No adverse impacts are envisaged due to the proposed solar project. The forests are open and consist of mixed species varying from dry deciduous to thorny bushes. The common species found in the area includes Shorea talura (Jalari), Anogeissus latifolia (Dindigal), Pterocarpus marsupium (Honne), Terminalia tomentosa (karimatti), Terminalia chebusa (Alale), Terminalia arjuna (Tormatti), Tamarindus indica (Hunise), Tectona grandia (Tega), Santalum album (Gandha), Albizzia labbeck (Bage), Boswellia serrata (Dhupa), Hardwickia binata (Mummara), Acacia Catechu (kaggali), Wrightia tinctoria (pale), Canthium pervijlorum (kare), Dodonia viscoss (bandre), cassia agriculate (thangdi), Cassia Fistula (Kakke), Albizzia amera (chujjalu). Underground vegetation and grasses are very scanty. Regeneration in dry tract is very poor. Casuarina species are grown in farm forestry in uplands and gravelly soils.
9. Soil Characteristics
The eastern part of the Tumkur District is characterized by red sandy soil and red loamy soil. These types of soils are generally severe to moderately erosion prone. Red sandy soils are suitable for the growth of Ragi, Jowar, Millets and Oil Seeds under rain fed conditions. The irrigated areas of red loamy soils are favourable for Paddy, Sugarcane and Vegetables. Map below (refer Figure 17) depicts the soil classification map of the study area villages. The soil samples from three different locations within the proposed site (Refer Figure 15) were collected. The analysis of the soil samples reveals, mildly alkaline soil type, deficient in organic matter. Electrical Conductivity in the soil was observed to be normal in all three samples. The soils can be categorized as red sandy and loamy with shallow depth. The detailed physical and chemical analysis of the soil samples is attached in Annexure - xxxxxxxx
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Figure 17: Soil classification map.
B. Archaeological and Cultural Resources The field visits conducted to the proposed NTPC project site revels that there are no evident archaeological and cultural heritage sites within the proposed site and in its immediate vicinity. During the field visits, it was found that a temple is under renovation which is falling within B35 block located at geographic coordinates 14.247222°N; 77.484722°E. The survey number of the land parcel is 226 (Rayacharlu) and is under government ownership. If during construction any archaeological remains are found, the EMP elaborates on the procedures to be adopted by the developer / civil works contractor.
C. Social Environment 1. Population, Gender and Age
The proposed project extent is spread across the jurisdiction of five revenue villages. As per Census 2011, there were a total of 2417 households and the population of 10,294 with an average household size of 4. The average sex ratio in these villages is 941, which ranges from 897 to 1015 across these five villages. The Literacy Rate is quite low at 55.35% and during the consultations in the villages, it has been found that even amongst the literates, the level of literacy is quite low with hardly 1% of the population having a graduation degree. The village-wise details are given in Table below.
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Name of Village Number of Population Average HH Sex Ratio Literacy Rate Household Size
Thirumani 515 2,193 4.26 897 62.79
Balasamudra 165 914 5.54 928 61.49
Vollur 590 2448 4.15 905 53.27
Kyathaganacherlu 611 2380 3.90 1015 50.67
Rayacharlu 536 2359 4.40 953 52.95
Total 2,417 10,294 4.26 941 55.35
Over 40% of the population falls under the marginalised section of the society with nearly 22% falling under the category of Scheduled Caste and 18% under the category of Scheduled Tribe as shown in Table below.
Name of Village SC Population % of SC ST Population % of ST
Thirumani 402 18.33 358 16.32
Balasamudra 284 31.07 156 17.07
Vollur 663 27.08 289 11.81
Kyathaganacherlu 465 19.54 693 29.12
Rayacharlu 446 18.91 415 17.59
Total 2,260 21.95 1,911 18.56
During the consultations in the project villages, it has been found that though there is nearly 18% and ST population is very minimal and fall under the category of marginal and small farmers including the landless. These sections are predominantly dependent on the agriculture labour requirements in the land belonging to large land owners. The ST population in the project villages are a part and parcel of the dominant society / culture and does not practice any traditional lifeway’s / systems. 2. Land Ownership Status
The total geographical area of the five villages in the project is about 10,333 Ha. As per the discussions with the local people, about 20% falls under the non-agricultural use including abadi, water bodies, roads, community facilities and amenities etc; and the balance area is under agriculture use, with only about 5% of the total area is being irrigated by tanks / bore well. The proposed site area of about 4994 Ha, comprising of about 4811 Ha private land and about 183 Ha of government land has been included in the project as shown in Table below. The land included under the project is nearly 50% of the total land under these villages that measures about 10,333 Ha. The break-up of land-holdings under the five categories as per the Karnataka classification of land holding sizes for farmers clearly shows that the land holding of
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marginal and small farmers is merely 15%, whereas the number of land owners under these categories account for nearly 45% as shown in subsequent Table giving the break-up of number of owners under the five categories.
Name of Village Land Holding
Marginal Small (1 to 2 Semi- Medium (4 Large Private Land Government Total Land (Below 1 Ha) medium (2 to10 Ha) (Above 10 in Ha Land in Ha in Ha Ha) to 4 Ha) Ha)
Thirumani 34.68 90.48 155.76 381.19 539.12 1201.24 139.59 1340.83
Vallur 16.63 55.90 187.97 440.12 106.33 806.94 0 806.94
Balasamudra 68.93 169.02 240.52 211.68 32.51 722.65 14.78 737.43
Rayacharlu 57.17 160.44 392.72 629.58 303.96 1543.87 28.45 1572.32
Kyathaganacherlu 23.51 26.18 42.97 86.64 357.38 536.68 0 536.68
Total 200.93 502.01 1019.93 1749.21 1339.30 4811.39 182.81 4994.20
Percentage 4.18 10.43 21.20 36.36 27.84 100.00
There are approximately 1422 landowners whose land is getting impacted under the proposed 2000 MW solar PV Park. The actual number of land owners (approximately 629 land owners) whose land is getting impacted by the NTPC blocks is provided in table below:
Village Name Number of Land owners
Marginal Small Semi-Medium Medium Large Total (Below 1 Ha) (1 to 2 Ha) (2 to 4 Ha) (4 to10 Ha) (Above 10 Ha) Thirumani 90 87 85 81 48 391 (49.81 Ha) (125.97 Ha) (221.81 Ha) (487.43 Ha) (718.90 Ha) (1603.94 Ha)
Rayacharlu 71 63 49 50 5 238 (38.08 Ha) (92.50 Ha) (139.81 Ha) (329.51 Ha) (70.52 Ha) (670.43 Ha)
Total 161 150 134 131 53 629
Percentage 26% 24% 21% 21% 8% 100%
Land owners from Thirumani and Rayacharlu villages have already given their consent and land lease agreements are being currently being prepared by KSPDCL. 3. Employment
The Work Force Participation Rate in these villages is 54.32%, with male and female participation rate of 60.56% of 47.70% respectively, as per Census. It is important to highlight here that the main workers are only about 80% of the total workers, whereas the balance over 20% are marginal workers.
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Name of Village Work Force Participation Rate Main Workers as % of Total Workers
Total Male Female Total Male Female
Thirumani 49.66 60.29 37.80 98.99 99.43 98.21
Balasamudra 55.80 56.33 55.23 93.33 95.51 90.95
Vollur 52.08 56.11 47.64 59.45 66.30 50.54
Kyathaganacherlu 56.30 62.32 50.38 79.78 88.86 68.71
Rayacharlu 58.41 65.48 51.00 78.81 83.44 72.57
Total 54.32 60.56 47.70 79.88 85.31 72.56
The distribution of workers given in Table below clearly shows that nearly 86% of the total workers are dependent on agriculture out of which only about 40% are cultivators whereas the remaining 46% are dependent on agriculture labour workers:.
Name of Village Cultivators Agriculture Labour HH Industry and Other Services
Thirumani 30.03 51.79 18.18
Balasamudra 73.14 25.10 1.76
Vollur 41.33 49.18 9.49
Kyathaganacherlu 37.54 45.07 17.39
Rayacharlu 38.24 47.68 14.08
Total 40.36 46.14 13.50
During the consultations in these villages, it has been confirmed that a very large percentage of population is working as agriculture labour on the land belonging to the medium and large farmers with male and the female labour getting Rs. 200 and Rs. 150 per day respectively. One of the critical issues would be the impact of the project on the agriculture labour/ landless and especially on the marginalised sections of the society including the SC and ST population.
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Figure 18: Informal Public consultations at village level
4. Land Use classification for 10 kms zone
Area in Ha. Land cover (GIS Database) % Agriculture, Crop land 50480.200 62.81% Agriculture, Plantation 526.696 0.66% Wastelands, Barren rocky 2320.853 2.89% Wastelands, Gullied/Ravinous Land 661.007 0.82% Wastelands, Scrub Land 19096.541 23.76% Wastelands, Salt Affected Land 291.051 0.36% Mining area 51.791 0.06% Built-up, Rural 904.950 1.13% Forest 2129.462 2.65% Surface Water Bodies 3905.835 4.86% 80371.831 100.00%
The land use / land cover (year 2011-12) classification for the 10 kms buffer (Refer Figure 19) revels that majority of the area falls under agricultural land and a quarter of total land is classified as waste lands. Designated forest areas constitute just 2.6% of the total area followed by surface water bodies constituting another 5% of the total area.
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Figure 19: Land use / land cover classification for 10 kms buffer along proposed site
5. Land use classification for selected villages
The Land use / land cover data for year 2011-12 reveals that 80% of the total land falling under the five villages falls under the agricultural crop land. Approximately 10% of the total village area falls under the Barren land of various kinds as depicted in Figure 20 below. The land use / Land cover areas for the five selected villages as per the GIS database is depicted below: Area in Ha Percentage Land Use / Land Cover Classification (GIS Database) Distribution Agriculture, Crop land 8226.180 80.36% Agriculture, Plantation 169.555 1.66% Barren/uncultivable/Wastelands, Barren rocky 2.920 0.03% Barren/uncultivable/Wastelands, Gullied/Ravine Land 559.918 5.47% Barren/uncultivable/Wastelands, Scrub Land 538.177 5.26% Barren/uncultivable/Wastelands, Salt Affected Land 43.148 0.42% Built-up, Rural 132.384 1.29% Wetlands/Water Bodies, Reservoir/Lakes/Ponds 486.924 4.76% Wetlands/Water Bodies, Rivers/Stream/Canals 73.454 0.72% Total Area 10,236.10 100%
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Figure 20: Land Use / Land Cover Map for the selected villages
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VII. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The impacts due to the proposed project can be classified as pre-construction stage impacts, during construction stage and post construction i.e. operation stage impacts. The proposed project is expected to have a life span of 25 -28 years, post which either the operations continue with upgrades/ repairs else rehabilitation of the site would be required to regain its old status. The following sub section is structured according to the main issues and effects resulting from the proposed project activities across the following project phases: 1. Construction Phase Impacts: this shall involve all activities related to planning and actual civil works on site prior to the commissioning of the plant operations 2. Operations Phase Impacts: this shall involve the commissioning stage and the power generation stage 3. Retrofit or Decommissioning phase Impacts: Post the completion of 28 year land lease tenure, determination as to whether the project would be retrofitted to operation for next 25-30 years tenure. If retrofitting doesn’t turn out to be feasible, then decommissioning activities would need to be undertaken including safe disposal / recycling of defunct PV panels. The anticipated impacts during the decommissioning stage are similar to construction stage impacts.
A. Construction Phase Impacts The impacts during the constructions stage of the project would be inherently temporary in nature but may have long lasting impacts e.g. pollution of water bodies that may last long after construction is over. Construction stage impacts would potentially include: i. Impacts on surface and ground water sources ii. Disturbance of flora and fauna during to clearing and grubbing operations iii. Increase in traffic volume in the vicinity of the construction site iv. Windblown dust / exhaust emissions v. Increased Noise pollution due to movement of heavy machinery on-site vi. Litter / waste pollution and disposal vii. Increased inflow of people / man power A comprehensive EMP has been prepared and presented in subsequent chapter to regulate, mitigate and minimize the impacts during the construction / operation / decommissioning phase. 1. Water Resource Impacts – Surface Water
The infrastructure facilities (substation, transmission lines, warehouse etc) of the proposed solar PV along with the proposed solar PV block layout would have an impact on the surface water bodies. Although the proposed block layout has excluded all large water bodies, however certain non-perennial drainage channels feeding these surface water bodies could be altered during to clearing and grubbing operations. The topographic alterations particularly in NTPC blocks B31, B34, B37 and B38 (refer Figure 21) could lead to adverse impacts on the surface runoff. Similarly the proposed road connecting proposed blocks B31 to B40 is cutting across non-perennial drainage channels. KSPDCL shall ensure that the adequate number, type and location of needed culverts are constructed so as to ensure that the surface runoff to the water bodies is not adversely impacted. The water requirements during the construction stage shall be mainly for civil works and temporary labour camp sites being setup. The DPR states that the water requirements for construction stage shall be fulfilled from the nearby surface water bodies after taking due approvals from the village panchayat. The reduction / alteration of surface water runoff are considered as a significant adverse impact from the proposed project and permanent in nature.
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Figure 21: Map highlighting impacted drainage due to proposed block layout
2. Water Resource Impacts – Ground Water
As described in the baseline, the study area has been identified as over exploited with regards to ground water utilization as per CGWB report (March 2009). The current stage of ground water development is at 74% for Pavagada Taluk. The unit area annual recharge is in the range of 0.07m in Pavagada Taluk. The low value in Pavagada Taluk is mainly due to the low rainfall in the Taluk when compared with other taluks within Tumkur district. Considering the current stressed ground resources and deteriorating water quality, any further dependence on the ground water resources would have adverse impacts. Requisite permissions need to be obtained before withdrawing ground water from bore well s/ tube wells. Additionally KSPDCL should work with the local villagers to enhance the existing ground water sources and assist in building artificial ground water recharge structures. The extraction of ground water is considered as a significant adverse impact from the proposed project and permanent in nature. 3. Vegetation Clearing and grubbing Operations
All of the above components of the proposed development will require the clearing of vegetation to a certain extent. Only taller vegetation would need to be cleared for installation of PV panels in the proposed block layout. Vegetation removal could result in windblown dust which could constitute an indirect visual impact. The underground wiring and pipeline would require a trench to be excavated along the PV panel modules resulting in disturbance and potential erosion of the substrate. The creation of the working right of way for machinery and the excavation of a trench would result in the clearing of all vegetation. Surrounding areas and species present in the direct vicinity of the study area could be affected by indirect impacts resulting from construction and operation activities. The proposed site for solar park is a mix of agricultural land / barren
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rocky parcels and parcels with minimal tree and bushes. The internal layout of the solar PV panels shall be undertaken by the developer.
The developer will ensure that no trees are required to be cut while installation of solar PV panels. If any tree is still required to be cut, adequate approvals from the state forest department need to be undertaken along with compensatory plantation as per the guidelines issued by the state forest department. The developer shall ensure compliance to the EMP provisions to adequately mitigate and reduce the impacts due to earthwork related activities.
The impacts due to vegetation clearing and grubbing operations are expected to be of medium impact significance and semi-permanent in nature. 4. Lighting
The solar PV parks would be operational during daylight hours; however solar PV park facilities would include exterior lighting around buildings, parking areas, and other work areas, as well as security and other lighting around and on support structures (e.g., the sub-station/ warehouse building). The proposed solar PV Park is located in rural settings where there would be little or no lighting. Visible lighting at night would also discourage the wild animals coming in close proximity to the solar park facility. The impacts due to lighting are expected to be low impact significance. 5. Proposed Access Roads and Existing Road Network
The likely potential impacts related to construction of access roads is the physical disturbance of substrate and vegetation, and the creation of a physical barrier across a drainage feature that could potentially affect the hydrological and ecological functionality of the surface water feature. It should be ensured that no additional access roads other than those proposed as per the block layout are created which may disturb the ground cover leading to increased dust suspension and soil erosion. The proposed access roads do cut cross several non-perennial drainage channels and would require construction of adequate number of cross-drainage structures to mitigate the adverse impacts on the surface runoff. A detailed hydrological modelling study may be required to access the impacts on surface drainage and for identification of the precise location and number of CD structures. Traffic is expected to increase to a certain degree due to the nature of activities that will take place such as the transport of equipment and materials to and from the site through the surrounding road network. Additional traffic load will be evident at certain times during the day, especially if there are slow moving heavy vehicles transporting material to and from the site. Vehicle traffic can cause congestion on road networks around and within the site and thereby leading to potential accidents. The impacts could be mitigated with prior sharing of information with the local residents / restricting access to the certain road stretches during the movement of heavy machinery and equipment. The impacts due to construction of access roads are considered as a significant adverse impact from the proposed project and permanent in nature. 6. Waste
The construction stage activities will involve movement of materials / goods and machinery. The storage of construction materials / PV panels / and machinery on-site will also generate waste in terms of damages in transit, spills and maintenance of machinery including minor on-site repairs. Improper management of waste (both hazardous and non-hazardous) during construction stage may lead to impacts on soil, surface water bodies, visual environment in addition to the health and safety of workers. Non-hazardous waste
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would include wood, metal scrap, glass packaging materials etc. Hazardous waste would include batteries, metal drums, chemical containers, waste oil from machinery lubricants etc. The labour camps to be constructed on-site would also have household category waste being generated which would require separate disposal practices. Domestic wastewater generated at site will be collected in septic tanks. These shall be transported to the nearest approved municipal wastewater treatment facility and solid wastes shall be disposed in a secured area for trash. The developer shall ensure that the mitigation measures proposed as part of the EMP shall be implemented ensuring low impacts significance and temporary in nature. 7. Noise
The solar PV park construction activities i.e. earthworks – site clearing / levelling / trench digging; construction of access roads; construction of buildings of any type; construction camps; water pipeline / water storage reservoir construction are likely to increase the noise levels in the project site and its vicinity. The closest community to the project site would be the residents of the village “Achchammanahalli” which is surrounded on three sides by the proposed NTPC solar PV park blocks. In addition to these staff working on the site would be prone to increased noise levels. The developer shall ensure compliance to the occupational health and safety measures proposed under the EMP. However the impacts due to increase noise levels are significantly low and localized. This can be reduced further if the public are made aware of the construction time schedules. The developer shall comply with the construction schedule and timelines as specified in the EMP. 8. Air Quality
The construction stage activities, mainly movement of heavy machinery across dirt / unpaved roads and site clearing & grubbing activities (excavation works, grading) will lead to increased level of dust.
Exhaust emissions of SOx, NOx, CO, CO2 and PM will be mainly contributed during the construction stage due to operation of construction machinery and road vehicles. The impacts are temporary in nature and of low significance. The emissions will be limited to the project area and dispersed rapidly. The project developer shall be committed to control dust from such operations through the proposed dust emission control procedures as described in the EMP included in this report. 9. Terrestrial Ecology
The activities anticipated during the construction phase will include earthworks, excavations, grading, site levelling, asphalting, paving, construction of building (temporary & permanent structures) and the operation of construction machinery and equipment. However as per the baseline description, the project area does not have any critical habitats / nature reserves etc thereby no significant impacts are envisaged. Construction activities are not anticipated to pose any risks on the terrestrial ecology within or in the vicinity of the project site. The construction activity would also lead to reduction in spotting of wild pigs / deer in vicinity of the village settlement /agricultural fields due to increased noise levels. The nearest reserve forest area falling within the state of Andhra Pradesh is at an aerial distance of 2 kms approximately from the edge of the proposed site and no adverse impacts are anticipated due to the proposed solar PV Park. There may be temporary disturbance to the local fauna due to noise, dust and particulate emissions which are likely to be re-established post the construction stage. The developer shall ensure adequate measures to ensure that no illegal poaching of wild animals is being done by construction workers. The developer shall ensure compliance to the EMP measures for setting up of the labour camp sites etc. The impacts are of low significance and temporary in nature.
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10. Other Construction Impacts
The labour camps to be set up will need to have adequate provisions for water supply else uncontrolled interaction of construction workers with the existing surface water bodies could lead to pollution of these water bodies e.g. dumping of construction waste into these water bodies, washing of the construction machinery/ equipment etc. The lack of provision of adequate sanitary facilities may lead to direct or indirect faecal pollution of surface water resources. Inadequate soil stabilization measures in cleared areas could lead to erosion that could cause the loss of riparian vegetation and siltation of nearby drainage channels/ surface water bodies. The developer shall ensure that the mitigation measures proposed as part of the EMP shall be implemented ensuring low impacts significance and temporary in nature. 11. Social Impacts
The project is likely to bring in positive benefits either from short term job opportunities during construction stage, or long term job opportunities during operations stage. It is important that local people are targeted for skilled and semi- skilled tasks wherever feasible. The implementation of the solar PV power projects will also create off-site infrastructure (hotels, restaurants, canteens, guest houses, water tankers, vehicles etc) in the vicinity. Additionally KSPDCL in collaboration with vocational training centres could impart training to local residents on several relevant topics that will enable the local community to not only find employment opportunities within the solar PV park, but to other income generation activities. The proposed solar project would also bring about an up-gradation in the economic status of the local community in addition to the potential increase in land prices and improvement in welfare conditions in the long run.
B. Operation Phase Impacts Given the long term nature, operation phase impacts would require adequate mitigation measures to minimize predicted impacts. In general, solar power generating facilities need to occupy a very large area in comparison to other types of power generation facilities relative to the level of power output generated. This is an important component of the visual aspect of solar power plants as they can occupy large parts of a landscape, especially when viewed from an elevated position. 1. Water Resource Impacts (surface and ground water)
The water requirements during the operation phase would be limited to cleaning operations for PV panels and other office building requirements including administrative buildings etc. The DPR document suggests bore wells or surface water sources as alternative for fulfilling water requirements. However the area is over exploited and the water quality is also not good, alternative measures for water recycling / conservation of rain water facility etc. need to be integrated into the block layout plan. The impacts can be medium significance and more permanent in nature. 2. Site Impact Assessment
The impacts on the soil are limited to accidental spillage of lubricants / fuel and other chemicals that may potentially cause soil contamination. The repair works of underground pipeline / cable network may lead to increased soil erosion in that localized pocket. The impacts would be of low significance and temporary in nature. Any unforeseen impacts due to modification of the slope and existing drainage channels may lead to increased runoff or waterlogging is some sections of the proposed solar park. Such unforeseen impacts could be significant in nature
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leading to permanent adverse impacts. The adverse impacts could lead to lesser inflow of water to the adjoining surface water bodies which act as a lifeline for the local residents. 3. Access Roads
No significant impacts are envisaged from the newly built access roads during the operations phase. KSPDCL and Developer shall ensure that the road infrastructure including built-up drainage channels are adequately maintained and kept free of debris and other such obstructions. 4. Waste Generation
The impacts during the operation stage would be limited to waste water generation from maintenance and cleaning activities in addition to the domestic waste being generated from the workers domestic activities and administrative building. The impacts are of low significance and temporary in nature. 5. Noise
No significant noise generating activities are anticipated during the operations phase. As a result no impacts are envisaged. 6. Air Quality
No emissions are expected due to the operation of the Solar PV Park. The solar PV panels do not release any greenhouse gas emissions or any other toxic pollutants. As a result no impacts are envisaged. 7. Social Impacts
The DPR document estimates requirement of 8-10 technical manpower for each 50MW capacity and more than 25 people for regular cleaning and security. Hence there will be around 400 technical manpower; however around 1000 semi-skilled jobs will be created in the solar park for cleaning applications and post commissioning services. The developer shall ensure that adequate facilities for workers need to be provided at the site towards accommodation and health during operations stage.
C. Retro-fitting / Decommissioning Phase 1. Water Resource – Surface and Ground Water
The decommissioning activities which are likely to have adverse impacts are dismantling of the built up structures, access roads and other infrastructure facilities within the solar park. The impacts would be similar to the construction stage. The developer shall ensure that debris and other waste materials are not disposed in the surface water bodies. The impacts are medium significance in nature and would be semi-permanent in nature. 2. Air Quality
The decommissioning of the solar PV Park is expected to generate dust and exhaust emissions due to the dismantling, disassembly of the various components of solar PV park facility. The site needs to be restored to its near original state before being handed over the original land owners. 3. Noise Quality
The decommissioning activities of dismantling the solar power plant and removing the ancillary facilities are associated with potential increased noise levels.
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The developer shall ensure compliance to the occupational health and safety guidelines during this stage. However the impacts will be within the solar park area and of temporary nature. 4. Site Impacts
The decommissioning activities are likely to have marginal impacts on soil erosion due to demolition activities. Therefore, proper environmental protection measures should be followed to prevent or control the occurrence of adverse incidences. The impact is medium significance and permanent in nature. Parcels of land under permanent structures e.g. roads / buildings / warehouse etc. need to be restored by the developer to its near original state by re-laying of the topsoil. 5. Waste generation
The decommissioning of the solar PV Park will involve potential generation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. The hazardous waste would be generated from the disposal of PV panels since the project developer will opt for recycling PV panels of the facility. The impact is medium significance and temporary in nature. 6. Terrestrial Impacts
The temporary phase would not result in any adverse impacts on the flora and fauna within or around the proposed project site, provided dust suppression measures and other procedures are followed. The impact is of low significance and temporary in nature.
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VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
KSPDCL is committed to ensuring compliance to the national and state level regulatory requirements and mitigating potential adverse environmental impacts resulting from the proposed project activities. The proposed EMP aims at ensuring the implementation of proposed mitigation and monitoring measures along with the responsible agency for implementation. Although the EIA process does not reveal any significantly high adverse impacts due to the proposed project, the following sub-sections provides mitigation measures that further reduce the severity of identified adverse impacts on land and environment due to the proposed activities.
Stage Key Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibility Performance Indicator Reporting of Impact / to KSPDCL Project Activity
Ensuring no Surface & The Developer 1. Percentage of land Weekly encroachments in the Ground Water shall ensure parcel wherein basics surface water bodies Resource that detailed clearing & grubbing during the to be allowed. assessment is operations have construction Impact on Detailed hydrological undertaken for been undertaken. stage of the natural software modelling to the block/s 2. Layout plan of the project drainage be conducted to allotted. roads and other channel access the number of permanent Impact on CD structures. structures surface A detailed assessment 3. Number of Bore water of the available wells constructed bodies resources and consent and withdrawal rates Conflicts of the local panchayat with for withdrawal of water existing from existing surface users due water sources shall be to scarcity taken of If ground water is resource withdrawn, adequate base approvals from the GWB / SPCB department need to be undertaken before setting up bore wells
Site Construction facilities The Developer 1. Number of Weekly Preparation – to be placed 200 shall ensure complaints received basics Soil Erosion meters from water compliance by KSPDCL / during the bodies, natural flow Developer and construction paths; complaints stage of Minimize cut & fill addressed. project operations. 2. Number of Trees cut Any disruption of / damaged due to socially sensitive construction activity. areas with regard to human habitation and areas of cultural significance will be avoided.
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Stage Key Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibility Performance Indicator Reporting of Impact / to KSPDCL Project Activity The existing slope and natural drainage pattern on the site should not be altered. Trees on private lands are felled or damaged during construction operations, compensation shall be paid to the owner as determined by the forest/horticulture departments. The contractor shall ensure that site preparation activities do not lead to disruption of activities of the local residents.
Site Construction The developer 1. Measures Weekly Preparation – machinery shall be shall ensure undertaken to basics Dust properly maintained to compliance control dust pollution during the Generation minimize exhaust like construction emissions of CO, SPM segregation/covering stage of and Hydrocarbons. of dust generating project Dust generated as a areas result of clearing, 2. Water sprinkling levelling and site undertaken / grading operations frequency shall be suppressed using water sprinklers.
Site Construction activity The developer 1. Provision of PPE for Weekly Preparation – shall be restricted to shall ensure workers basics Noise daytime as far as compliance during the Pollution possible to avoid construction disturbance to stage of surrounding areas. project Wherever required, personal protective equipment such as ear plugs, earmuffs etc. should be provided to the persons working in high noise areas, to minimize their exposure to noise.
Health & Prevent entry of The developer 1. Fencing of site Monthly Safety unauthorized shall ensure parameters basics to Concerns personnel and proper compliance. 2. Display of routes / KSPDCL control of hazardous information for during the materials on site. drivers of heavy machinery
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Stage Key Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibility Performance Indicator Reporting of Impact / to KSPDCL Project Activity The site shall be 3. Signage’s erected construction secured by fencing and phase manned at entry points. The movement of heavy machinery and equipment’s shall be restricted to defined routes. Proper signage’s to be displayed at major junctions Vehicular movement to be controlled near sensitive locations viz. schools, colleges, hospitals identified along designated vehicular transportation routes
Base Camp / Alternate arrangement The developer 4. Location of camp Monthly Labour Camps for fuel wood, heating shall ensure site basics to Construction and cooking should be compliance. 5. Facilities provided KSPDCL made to meet fuel during the wood requirement of construction the labour phase Work force should be prohibited from disturbing the flora, fauna including hunting of animals. Wildlife hunting, poaching, tree felling. Adequate facilities ensuring sanitation for labour camps. Treated Water will be made available at Site for Labour drinking purpose. Adequate accommodation arrangements for labour
Waste Preparation of a waste The developer 6. Waste generated on Monthly Management management plan covering shall ensure a weekly basics basics to the following aspects compliance 7. Type of waste – KSPDCL Land and water hazardous and non- during the pollution due to Construction and hazardous construction indiscriminate commissioning of solar 8. Disposal practices phase waste disposal park Temporary adopted by accommodation developer facilities for labour
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Stage Key Potential Mitigation Measures Responsibility Performance Indicator Reporting of Impact / to KSPDCL Project Activity Waste generation from equipment maintenance / vehicles on-site. The scrap material generated from erection of structures and related construction activities will be collected and stored separately in a stack yard and sold to local recyclers. Hazardous waste viz. waste oil etc will be collected and stored in paved and bounded area and subsequently sold to authorized recyclers.
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IX. INSITUTITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR IMPLEMENATION FO EMP
The overall responsibility for implemenation of the EMP measures rests with the KSPDCL through the developer. An “Environmental and Social Specialist” working with KSPDCL and reporting directly to the CEO shall ensure coordination and implemention of the EMP measures. “Environmental and Social Specialist” shall be overall responsible for EMP and RAP Implementation, coordinating and liaising with government organization as well as the World Bank with respect to different social and environmental issues. He will also be responsible for progress monitoring of Environmental and social safeguards during project construction and execution stage and submission of annual report on EMP compliance to the funding Agency.
The roles and responsibilities of the Social and Environmental Expert shall be: I. Participate in and facilitate consultations with stakeholders II. Participate in project meetings and report on the issues related to environmental management and social safeguards to provide for any mid-course corrections that may be required based on situation on the ground III. Assist PAPs to resolve their grievances IV. Coordinate on the training and capacity building initiatives V. Review contract documents to ensure that EMP provisions related to works are included in the contract documents VI. Act as a resource person in trainings based on experience on implementing this project and previous relevant work VII. Oversee and report to CEO on implementation of EMP provisions included in the works contract for each sub-project in the state VIII. Prepare TOR for any studies required and qualitative dimensions to the implementation of RAP; IX. Liaison with state administration for land acquisition and implementation of RAP X. Report progress, highlighting social issues not addressed, to provide for mid-course correction. XI. Develop rapport with PAFs and between PAFs and project XII. Assist PAFs in approaching the grievance redressal mechanism XIII. Carry out other responsibilities as required from time to time
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X. ANNEXURES – SOIL BEARING CAPACITY CALCULATION
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XI. ANNEXURE - NOC FROM STATE FOREST DEPARTMENT
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XII. ANNEXURE - MEETING MINUTES – LEASE RENT FINALIZATION
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