DOCSLIB.ORG

Molecular Characterization of Spinach (Spinacia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Molecular Characterization of Spinach (Spinacia MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SPINACH (SPINACIA OLERACEA) MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ITS INTERACTION WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE CONDITIONS Gabriela Lopez-Velasco Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Food Science and Technology Monica A. Ponder, Committee Chair. Renee R. Boyer, Committee Member. Joseph O. Falkinham III, Committee Member. Gregory Welbaum, Committee Member. Robert C. Williams, Committee Member. March 31, 2010 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: spinach, microbial diversity, bacterial interaction, microbial community. Copyright © 2010, Gabriela Lopez-Velasco unless otherwise stated MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SPINACH (SPINACIA OLERACEA) MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ITS INTERACTION WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE CONDITIONS Gabriela Lopez-Velasco ABSTRACT Leafy greens like lettuce and spinach are a common vehicle for foodborne illness in United States. It is unknown if native plant epiphytic bacteria may play a role in the establishment of enteric pathogens on leaf surfaces. The objective of this study was to characterize the bacterial communities of fresh and packaged spinach leaves and to explore interactions with E. coli O157:H7. We assessed the bacterial diversity present on the spinach leaf surfaces and how parameters such as spinach cultivar, field conditions, post-harvest operations and the presence of E. coli O157:H7 affected its diversity. Differences in bacterial population size and species richness were associated with differences in plant topography; flat leaves had smaller bacterial populations than savoy leaves, which correlated with larger number of stomata and trichomes in savoy leaves. During spinach growing season shifts in environmental conditions affected richness and population size of the spinach bacterial community. Decreases in the overall soil and ambient temperature and increased rainfall decreased richness and bacterial population size. Fresh spinach richness and composition assessed by parallel pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA elucidated 600 operational taxonomic units, with 11 different bacterial phyla. During postharvest operations diversity indexes and evenness tended to decrease, likely attributed to storage at low temperature and time of storage (4°C and 10°C), that promoted the dominance of -Proteobacteria. Bacteria isolated from fresh spinach elicited growth inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 in vitro, which was associated with nutrient competition. In contrast growth enhancement produced by epiphytes was associated to low correlations in carbon source utilization and the ability of E. coli O157:H7 to rapidly utilize carbon resources. In packaged spinach, E. coli O157:H7 altered the composition of the bacterial community and its growth was promoted on packaged spinach when a disinfection and temperature abuse occurred, removal of the epiphytic bacteria resulted in significant increases in numbers of E. coli O157:H7 at 10°C and was associated with increased expression of E. coli O157:H7 virulence and stress response genes. The large diversity present on the surface of spinach leaves significantly impacted the ecology of enteric pathogens like E. coli O157:H7 on the phyllosphere. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Monica Ponder for all your guidance and support. I learned a lot from you and with you. Thank you for sharing your experience with me and for giving me the opportunity of being your student. To my committee: Dr. Joe, Dr. Greg, Dr. Renee and Dr. Rob. Thank you for always being available to talk and discuss my project, for all your support and guidance. I really enjoyed all the moments we shared. To my lab mates: Heather Totty, Heather Tydings, Phyllis Carder, Peter Ziegler, Twyla Smith and Megan Shepherd. It was a great experience to work with each one of you. Thank you for your friendship and support. To the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACyT) that provided financial support for my postgraduate education. To all students, staff and professors from the Department of Food Science and Technology and the Fralin Life Institute, thank you for the great environment that made my graduate studies a great experience. I would like to thank to Dr. Marcy, Dr. Sumner, Jennifer, Julie, Joell, Trina, Kim and Walter for all your help and support. To all my friends in Blacksburg, Umesh, Elaine, Tyler, Roberto, Seba, Heather, Gabi, Laurita, Agustin, Naiara, Hedie, Marianne, Chucho, Zara, Jose, David, Andrea, Fulvia and Gulden. This would not have been possible without your friendship. I love you very much. To my family in Mexico, Alma, Gonzo, Jorge, Miri, Margarita, Rafael, for all your love and support. iv DEDICATORY To Jose Manuel, I do not have words to thank you all what we have lived together here. Thank you for being always so supporting, for sharing with me this great experience, for your patience and for your love. I love you very much. v ATTRIBUTIONS Dr. Monica Ponder was the principal advisor in the development of this research project, providing advice, guidance and resources. Dr. Joseph Falkinham III provided important input and guidance in the development of techniques to screen bacterial interactions with E. coli O157:H7 and spinach phyllosphere as well and provided his expertise in microbial ecology. Dr. Gregory Welbaum provided his expertise in horticultural crops and assistance in spinach production and analysis of spinach anatomical features. Dr. Renee R. Boyer and Dr. Robert C. Williams provided guidance and assistance in the experiments associated with bagged spinach and the behavior of E. coli O157:H7 and provided their expertise in food safety. Brinkley Benson actively participated in the production of spinach during Fall of 2007 and Spring of 2008. Dr. Glenda Gillaspy provided her expertise and assistance in the utilization of DIC microscopy. Dr. Jose Herrera-Alonso and MS. Roberto Franco collaborated with spinach harvest and irrigation operations during the spinach production. MS. Gabriela Marquez, MS. Sebastian Arriola and MS. Ciro Velasco provided advise in statistical analysis. Mss. Heather Tydings was involved in the collection and screening of isolates from spinach during the summer of 2008 as undergraduate intern. She actively participated in the media preparation and packaging of spinach. vi Dr. Mane Shrinivasrao, Dr. Monica Ponder and Dr. Clive Evans provided their expertise in the analysis of sequencing obtained from 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA microbiomes gene amplicons from spinach, by providing guidance and assistance in metagenomic analysis. vii Table of contents Page Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv Dedicatory v Attributions vi Table of contents viii List of tables xiii List of figures xvi Chapter 1. Introduction and Justification 1 References 2 Chapter 2. Literature review 4 Produce as part of a healthy diet 4 Trends in produce consumption 4 Produce and food safety 5 Outbreaks associated with the consumption of produce items 5 E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks 9 Consequences of foodborne illnesses 9 The reality of food safety 10 E. coli O157:H7 as human pathogen 11 Mechanisms of pathogenicity of EHEC 11 Emergence of recently recognized foodborne pathogens 13 Changes in transmission vehicles associated with microbial adaptation 13 Societal factors associated with emergence of foodborne pathogens 14 Globalization of the food supply 14 viii Factors that contribute to the increased emergence of E. coli O157:H7 as foodborne 15 pathogen Contamination of produce with Escherichia coli O157:H7during pre-harvest operations 16 Animal Manure 18 Irrigation Water 19 Contaminated soils 20 Wild life and other sources of produce contamination 21 Ecology of foodborne pathogens on plant surfaces 21 Persistence of foodborne pathogens on edible plants surfaces 22 Establishment of foodborne pathogens on edible plants 23 Plant surface as environment for bacterial growth 23 Factors that contribute to plant colonization and fitness of the phylloepiphytic bacteria 25 and enteric pathogens 26 Survival strategies of phylloepiphytic bacteria on leaf surfaces under environmental stress conditions 28 Overlapping mechanisms for survival and establishment of enteric pathogens on plant surfaces Interactions of enteric pathogens with the phyllosphere members 30 34 Biodiversity of the phyllosphere Study of microbial communities 34 38 Fingerprinting techniques to study microbial communities: Denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis Phyla specific amplification through real-time PCR 39 ix Pyrosequencing 40 Studies of diversity on the phyllosphere 41 Studies of population dynamics on the phyllosphere 46 Spinach as vegetable crop 47 Botany and production requirements 47 Harvest and post-harvest of spinach 49 49 Spinach cultivars Spinach production in United States 50 Trends of spinach consumption 51 Produce post-harvest and implications in food safety 51 Strategies to reduce microbial load and microbial growth on post-harvested produce 55 Preventive strategies to minimize the risk of produce contamination with foodborne pathogens 60 References 62 Chapter 3. Phylloepiphytic microbial community structure on spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 91 leaves at harvest as affected by cultivar and environment Abstract 91 Introduction 93 Materials and Methods 94 Results 99 Discussion 101 Acknowledgements 104 References 105 Chapter 4. Growth of E. coli O157:H7 is influenced by interactions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • 'USDA Red' Spinach
    HORTSCIENCE 54(11):2070–2072. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14308-19 cultivars. It has a monoecious flowering habit and produces smooth seeds. Compared with other varieties, it has moderate resistance to ‘USDA Red’ Spinach bolting. Beiquan Mou Field evaluations. ‘USDA Red’ was planted in a field at the experiment station U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, of the USDA in Aug. 2015, Aug. 2016, Aug. 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 2017, and Aug. 2018 in Salinas, CA, to Additional index words. antioxidant capacity, betacyanin, nutritional value, red leaf, Spinacia evaluate its horticultural and nutritional traits. A green-leaf spinach cultivar, Polar oleracea Bear (Rijk Zwaan, De Lier, Holland), and two red-veined cultivars, Bordeaux and Red Spinach has always been known as a green that attack proteins, lipids, and DNA, conse- Deer (Rijk Zwaan), were included in the leafy vegetable. Although there are some quently leading to damage and dysfunction of trials. The experiment design was a random- plants called ‘‘red spinach,’’ they are usually enzymes, cell membranes, and genetic mate- ized complete block with four replications. red-leaf amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) or other rial (Stintzing and Carle, 2004). Betacyanin Each plot consisted of 50 plants of a geno- species (e.g., Blitum rubrum), not true spinach has been shown to significantly reduce oxi- type, with 30 cm between plants and 35 cm (Spinacia oleracea). There are currently some dative stress in patients and may help in between rows on 1-m wide double-row beds. ‘‘red’’ true spinach cultivars on the market, but preventing chronic pathologies, inflamma- Ten plants were randomly selected from each the red coloration is limited to the veins of the tion, and cancer (Stintzing and Carle, 2004; plot to measure petiole length, spread (di- leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae/ Amaranthaceae): Implications for Evolution and Taxonomy
    Fruit and Seed Anatomy of Chenopodium and Related Genera (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae/ Amaranthaceae): Implications for Evolution and Taxonomy Alexander P. Sukhorukov1,2*, Mingli Zhang1,3 1 Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, 2 Department of Higher Plants, Biological Faculty, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia, 3 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Abstract A comparative carpological study of 96 species of all clades formerly considered as the tribe Chenopodieae has been conducted for the first time. The results show important differences in the anatomical structure of the pericarp and seed coat between representatives of terminal clades including Chenopodium s.str.+Chenopodiastrum and the recently recognized genera Blitum, Oxybasis and Dysphania. Within Chenopodium the most significant changes in fruit and seed structure are found in members of C. sect. Skottsbergia. The genera Rhagodia and Einadia differ insignificantly from Chenopodium. The evolution of heterospermy in Chenopodium is discussed. Almost all representatives of the tribe Dysphanieae are clearly separated from other Chenopodioideae on the basis of a diverse set of characteristics, including the small dimensions of the fruits (especially in Australian taxa), their subglobose shape (excl. Teloxys and Suckleya), and peculiarities of the pericarp indumentum. The set of fruit and seed characters evolved within the subfamily Chenopodioideae is described. A recent phylogenetic hypothesis is employed to examine the evolution of three (out of a total of 21) characters, namely seed color, testa-cell protoplast characteristics and embryo orientation. Citation: Sukhorukov AP, Zhang M (2013) Fruit and Seed Anatomy of Chenopodium and Related Genera (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae): Implications for Evolution and Taxonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Comparative Analysis of Chinese Chamaesium Species Revealed by the Complete Plastid Genome
    plants Article Phylogeny and Comparative Analysis of Chinese Chamaesium Species Revealed by the Complete Plastid Genome 1 1, 2 1, 1, Xian-Lin Guo , Hong-Yi Zheng y, Megan Price , Song-Dong Zhou * and Xing-Jin He * 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; [email protected] (X.-L.G.); [email protected] (H.-Y.Z.) 2 Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.-D.Z.); [email protected] (X.-J.H.) Equal contributions to this work. y Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 28 July 2020; Published: 30 July 2020 Abstract: Chamaesium H. Wolff (Apiaceae, Apioideae) is a small genus mainly distributed in the Hengduan Mountains and the Himalayas. Ten species of Chamaesium have been described and nine species are distributed in China. Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics have revolutionized our understanding of Chinese Chamaesium taxonomy and evolution. However, an accurate phylogenetic relationship in Chamaesium based on the second-generation sequencing technology remains poorly understood. Here, we newly assembled nine plastid genomes from the nine Chinese Chamaesium species and combined these genomes with eight other species from five genera to perform a phylogenic analysis by maximum likelihood (ML) using the complete plastid genome and analyzed genome structure, GC content, species pairwise Ka/Ks ratios and the simple sequence repeat (SSR) component. We found that the nine species’ plastid genomes ranged from 152,703 bp (C.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Genome of Spinach and Transcriptome Diversity of 120 Spinacia Accessions
    ARTICLE Received 20 Jun 2016 | Accepted 7 Mar 2017 | Published 24 May 2017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15275 OPEN Draft genome of spinach and transcriptome diversity of 120 Spinacia accessions Chenxi Xu1,*, Chen Jiao2,*, Honghe Sun2,*, Xiaofeng Cai1, Xiaoli Wang1, Chenhui Ge1, Yi Zheng2, Wenli Liu2, Xuepeng Sun2, Yimin Xu2, Jie Deng3, Zhonghua Zhang3, Sanwen Huang3, Shaojun Dai1, Beiquan Mou4, Quanxi Wang1, Zhangjun Fei1,2,5 & Quanhua Wang1 Spinach is an important leafy vegetable enriched with multiple necessary nutrients. Here we report the draft genome sequence of spinach (Spinacia oleracea,2n¼ 12), which contains 25,495 protein-coding genes. The spinach genome is highly repetitive with 74.4% of its content in the form of transposable elements. No recent whole genome duplication events are observed in spinach. Genome syntenic analysis between spinach and sugar beet suggests substantial inter- and intra-chromosome rearrangements during the Caryophyllales genome evolution. Transcriptome sequencing of 120 cultivated and wild spinach accessions reveals more than 420 K variants. Our data suggests that S. turkestanica is likely the direct progenitor of cultivated spinach and spinach domestication has a weak bottleneck. We identify 93 domestication sweeps in the spinach genome, some of which are associated with important agronomic traits including bolting, flowering and leaf numbers. This study offers insights into spinach evolution and domestication and provides resources for spinach research and improvement. 1 Development and Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China. 2 Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. 3 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
    [Show full text]
  • An Illustrated Key to the Amaranthaceae of Alberta
    AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE AMARANTHACEAE OF ALBERTA Compiled and writen by Lorna Allen & Linda Kershaw April 2019 © Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen This key was compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Douglas et. al. (1998a [Amaranthaceae], 1998b [Chenopodiaceae]) and the Flora North America Associaton (2008). Taxonomy follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). Please let us know if there are ways in which the key can be improved. The 2015 S-ranks of rare species (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016). AMARANTHACEAE Amaranth Family [includes Chenopodiaceae] Key to Genera 01a Flowers with spiny, dry, thin and translucent 1a (not green) bracts at the base; tepals dry, thin and translucent; separate ♂ and ♀ fowers on same the plant; annual herbs; fruits thin-walled (utricles), splitting open around the middle 2a (circumscissile) .............Amaranthus 01b Flowers without spiny, dry, thin, translucent bracts; tepals herbaceous or feshy, greenish; fowers various; annual or perennial, herbs or shrubs; fruits various, not splitting open around the middle ..........................02 02a Leaves scale-like, paired (opposite); stems feshy/succulent, with fowers sunk into stem; plants of saline habitats ... Salicornia rubra 3a ................. [Salicornia europaea] 02b Leaves well developed, not scale-like; stems not feshy; plants of various habitats. .03 03a Flower bracts tipped with spine or spine-like bristle; leaves spine-tipped, linear to awl- 5a shaped, usually not feshy; tepals winged from the lower surface ..............
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Species Level Tree of the Globally Diverse Genus
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (2012) 359–374 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae) ⇑ Susy Fuentes-Bazan a,b, Guilhem Mansion a, Thomas Borsch a, a Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem und Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany b Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), La Paz, Bolivia article info abstract Article history: Chenopodium is a large and morphologically variable genus of annual and perennial herbs with an almost Received 21 March 2011 global distribution. All subgenera and most sections of Chenopodium were sampled along with other gen- Revised 28 September 2011 era of Chenopodieae, Atripliceae and Axyrideae across the subfamily Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae), Accepted 11 October 2011 totalling to 140 taxa. Using Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the non-coding trnL-F Available online 24 October 2011 (cpDNA) and nuclear ITS regions, we provide a comprehensive picture of relationships of Chenopodium sensu lato. The genus as broadly classified is highly paraphyletic within Chenopodioideae, consisting of Keywords: five major clades. Compared to previous studies, the tribe Dysphanieae with three genera Dysphania, Tel- Chenopodium oxys and Suckleya (comprising the aromatic species of Chenopodium s.l.) is now shown to form one of the Chenopodioideae Chenopodieae early branches in the tree of Chenopodioideae. We further recognize the tribe Spinacieae to include Spina- TrnL-F cia, several species of Chenopodium, and the genera Monolepis and Scleroblitum.
    [Show full text]
  • FLORA of BEIJING Jinshuang Ma and Quanru Liu
    URBAN HABITATS, VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 • ISSN 1541-7115 FLORA OF BEIJING http://www.urbanhabitats.org Jinshuang Ma and Quanru Liu Flora of Beijing: An Overview and Suggestions for Future Research* Jinshuang Ma and Quanru Liu Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11225; [email protected]; [email protected] nonnative, invasive, and weed species, as well as a lst Abstract This paper reviews Flora of Beijing (He, 1992), of relevant herbarium collections. We also make especially from the perspective of the standards of suggestions for future revisions of Flora of Beijing in modern urban floras of western countries. The the areas of description and taxonomy. We geography, land-use and population patterns, and recommend more detailed categorization of species vegetation of Beijing are discussed, as well as the by origin (from native to cultivated, including plants history of Flora of Beijing. The vegetation of Beijing, introduced, escaped, and naturalized from gardens which is situated in northern China, has been and parks); by scale and scope of distribution drastically altered by human activities; as a result, it (detailing from worldwide to special or unique local is no longer characterized by the pine-oak mixed distribution); by conservation ranking (using IUCN broad-leaved deciduous forests typical of the standards, for example); by habitat; and by utilization. northern temperate region. Of the native species that Finally, regarding plant treatments, we suggest remain, the following dominate: Pinus tabuliformis, improvements in the stability of nomenclature, Quercus spp., Acer spp., Koelreuteria paniculata, descriptions of taxa, and the quality and quantity of Vitex negundo var.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Classification
    Entry prepared by Sarah Mortati „08 in College Seminar 235 Food for Thought: The Science, Culture, & Politics of Food Spring 2008 SPINACH SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION AND ENTYMOLOGY Scientific Classification Spinach, or “roundleaf spinage”, is a staple of the Kingdom Plantae early American vegetable gardens. It is a Phylum Magnoliophyta relatively quick-growing vegetable and easy to Class Magnoliopsida maintain. Spinach is in the classification system Order Caryophyllales Family Amaranthaceae. spinacia oleraceae being its Family Amaranthaceae official scientific classification name. Within Genus Spinacia Amaranthaceae there are about 102 genera and 1400 Species s. oleraceae species world wide. It is within the family of leafy http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome1 green vegetables, referred to as „greens‟ or „potherbs‟, because they were historically cooked before eating. Spinach ranges in color from light to dark green and comes in two general types: the crinkle leaf variety and the smooth leaf variety, although there are varieties that contain characters of both, known as “semi- Savoy Spinach”2 The word “spinach” is derived from the Persian word “ispanai” which means „green hand‟, which later became „spanachia‟ in late Latin, and ultimately „spinage‟ and then „spinach‟ in English.3 4 1 USDA, United States Department of Agriculture http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome 2 Kenneth F. Kiple. Cambridge World History of Food. (United Kingdom: Cambridge, 2002) 1857 p 288 3 UGA Horticulture, Spinach University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Horticulture. Vegetable Crops http://www.uga.edu/vegetable/spinach.html 4 Flickr.com (Creative Commons) HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE Spinach is native to southwestern Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Investigations of Spinacia Oleracea : an Important Leafy Vegetable Used in Indian Diet
    Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Central European Journal of Experimental Biology , 2015, 4 (1):1-4 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN: 2278–7364 Phytochemical Investigations of Spinacia oleracea : An important leafy vegetable used in Indian Diet Pramod C. Mane, Deepali D. Kadam, Ravindra D. Chaudhari *, Kanchan A. Varpe, Sunita D. Sarogade, Vrushali T. Thorat, Siddhi S. Said and Shabnam A. R. Sayyed Zoology Research Centre, Shri Shiv Chhatrapati College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Junnar, Dist. Pune (M.S.), Savitribai Phule Pune University, India. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The nutritional and medicinal benefits of vegetables provide a better support for human wellbeing. There are several edible vegetables which are used in day to day kitchen in different forms. The usages of green leafy vegetables are limited to a specific geographical location. In the present work, we have investigated phytochemicals of Spinacia oleracea, one of the most important vegetable used in India. The presence of phytochemicals including phytosterols, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and tannins, proteins, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, quinones, coumerin, terpenoids, anthocyanins and emodins were determined in the Spinacia oleracea. The extract of Spinacia oleracea exhibits the presence of phytosterols, proteins, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, quinones, and terpenoids. It was concluded that
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Row Spacing and Frequency of Cuttings on Spinach (<Em>Spinacia Oleracea</Em>) Production
    Journal of Bioresource Management Volume 3 Issue 1 Article 9 Influence of Row Spacing and rF equency of Cuttings on Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Production Daud Ahmad Awan CABI Central and West Asia, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Faheem Ahmad COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan, [email protected] Madeeha Imdad CABI Central and West Asia, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm Part of the Biodiversity Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Awan, D. A., Ahmad, F., & Imdad, M. (2016). Influence of Row Spacing and rF equency of Cuttings on Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Production, Journal of Bioresource Management, 3 (1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35691/JBM.6102.0047 ISSN: 2309-3854 online This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Bioresource Management by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Influence of Row Spacing and rF equency of Cuttings on Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Production © Copyrights of all the papers published in Journal of Bioresource Management are with its publisher, Center for Bioresource Research (CBR) Islamabad, Pakistan. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source is appropriately cited. Journal of Bioresource Management does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website. In other words, all other rights are reserved. For the avoidance of doubt, you must not adapt, edit, change, transform, publish, republish, distribute, redistribute, broadcast, rebroadcast or show or play in public this website or the material on this website (in any form or media) without appropriately and conspicuously citing the original work and source or Journal of Bioresource Management’s prior written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • EPPO Reporting Service
    ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN ET MEDITERRANEENNE PLANT PROTECTION POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES ORGANIZATION EPPO Reporting Service NO. 2 PARIS, 2019-02 General 2019/027 New data on quarantine pests and pests of the EPPO Alert List 2019/028 EPPO report on notifications of non-compliance Pests 2019/029 First report of Spodoptera frugiperda in China 2019/030 First finding of Euwallacea fornicatus in Poland 2019/031 First report of Halyomorpha halys in Turkey 2019/032 First report of Oligonychus perseae in Morocco 2019/033 First report of Penthimiola bella in Morocco 2019/034 Dead beetle of Popillia japonica found in trap at Schiphol airport (NL) 2019/035 Studies on the native range of Agrilus planipennis 2019/036 Studies on host plants of Scirtothrips dorsalis in the Palm House at Kew Gardens (United Kingdom) 2019/037 First report of Globodera pallida in Estonia 2019/038 First report of Meloidogyne fallax in Sweden 2019/039 First report of Achatina fulica in Italy Diseases 2019/040 Studies on pine needle blight pathogens in Europe and USA 2019/041 First report of Lecanosticta acicola in Sweden 2019/042 First report of Dothistroma pini in Germany Invasive plants 2019/043 First report of several new cactus species from Gran Canaria (ES) 2019/044 First report of Mahonia lomariifolia in South Africa 2019/045 First report of Euphorbia serpens and Euphorbia glyptosperma in Romania 2019/046 First report of the casual occurrence of Handroanthus heptaphyllus in Sicily (IT) 2019/047 Update on the exotic plant species of continental Portugal 2019/048 Joint ESENIAS and DIAS Scientific Conference and 9th ESENIAS Workshop (Republic of Macedonia, 2019-09—03/06) 21 Bld Richard Lenoir Tel: 33 1 45 20 77 94 Web: www.eppo.int 75011 Paris E-mail: [email protected] GD: gd.eppo.int EPPO Reporting Service 2019 no.
    [Show full text]