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Aalborg Universitet Education and Ethnic Minorities in Denmark View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by VBN Aalborg Universitet Education and ethnic minorities in Denmark Colding, Bjørg Publication date: 2004 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Colding, B. (2004). Education and ethnic minorities in Denmark. Aalborg Universitetsforlag. Spirit PhD Series No. 2 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? 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Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: December 26, 2020 SPIRIT Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Fibigerstraede 2-97 DK-9220 Aalborg East Phone: +45 9940 7195 Fax: +45 9635 0044 Mail: [email protected] Education and ethnic minorities in Denmark Bjørg Colding SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no. 2 ISSN: 1903-7783 © 2004 Bjørg Colding Education and ethnic minorities in Denmark SPIRIT – Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Denmark SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no. 2 ISSN 1903-7783 Published by SPIRIT & Department of History, International and Social Studies Aalborg University Distribution Download as PDF on http://spirit.ihis.aau.dk/ Front page lay-out Cirkeline Kappel The Secretariat SPIRIT Fibigerstraede 2, room 97 Aalborg University DK-9220 Aalborg East Denmark Tel. + 45 9940 7195 Fax. + 45 9635 0044 E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://spirit.ihis.aau.dk/ Ph.D. Dissertation Education and Ethnic Minorities in Denmark by Bjørg Colding Aalborg University AMID, Academy for Migration Studies in Denmark AKF, Institute of Local Government Studies – Denmark Ph.D. Dissertation Education and Ethnic Minorities in Denmark by Bjørg Colding Aalborg University AMID, Academy for Migration Studies in Denmark AKF, Institute of Local Government Studies – Denmark June 2004 Acknowledgements This dissertation is the final leg of a long journey that started one Saturday morning in 1997 with the GRE exam at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, with subsequent admission to, and two years of mostly excellent graduate courses, at the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of Maryland, College Park, a decision to move back to Denmark, followed by an unexpectedly cumbersome process to obtain funding for the dissertation, and now finally the completion of the research work. My mentor Per Pinstrup-Andersen took it for granted that I would pursue a Ph.D. and thus was instrumental in my setting out on this long and winding road. Thank you for your professional and personal generosity. It was a privilege to work with you and other outstanding researchers at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). I also want to thank you and Birgit for welcoming me into your home and for watching out for me during my years in the US. Thank you to my two dissertation advisers: Eskil Heinesen and Henning Bunzel. Eskil’s door was always open for me to stop by and vent ideas and frustrations. He meticulously read several drafts of each of my papers and his very thoughtful and accurate comments have greatly improved the quality of my work. Henning, although geographically far away, provided guidance in some of the more tricky econometric details and GAUSS code for which I am grateful. A very special thank you goes to my colleague, Leif Husted for his invaluable help with the extremely complicated GAUSS code for my first paper and for always taking time to discuss my model, my code, my results, how to remodel our houses. It was particularly nice with your company on those late evenings when we were both working on our separate deadlines. Thank you also to the Danish Social Science Research Council and AKF, the Institute for Local Government Studies, for funding that made this dissertation possible and to those who supported my application, in particular Hans Hummelgaard and Ulf Hedetoft. Last but not least, thank you to my exceptionally wonderful family, particularly to my parents Hanne and Leif, my aunt Anni, and Tina, for their love and support. My dissertation is dedicated to my beloved grandmother Gurli Toudahl Jacobsen, who passed away much much too soon. Bjørg Colding June 2004 Contents Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Background and summary of main findings 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Immigration to Denmark 2 1.3. The importance of education 4 1.4. Existing literature 6 1.5. Econometric models and the Danish educational system 8 1.6. Summary of main findings 12 1.6.1 Dynamics of Educational Progression: Comparing Native Danes and Children of Immigrants by Bjørg Colding 12 1.6.2 A dynamic analysis of the effect of family background and neighborhood characteristics on educational careers of children of immigrants and native Danes by Bjørg Colding 13 1.6.3 Effects of the sex composition of older siblings and parental bargaining power on the decision to start an upper secondary education among ethnic minorities in Denmark by Bjørg Colding 15 1.7. Policy implications 16 References 18 Chapter 2 Dynamics of educational progression: Comparing native Danes and children of immigrants 20 Abstract 20 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. The educational system 24 2.3. Data 27 2.3.1 Sample characteristics 28 2.3.2 The dependent variable 29 2.3.3 Explanatory variables 30 2.4. Descriptive statistics of educational progression 34 2.5. An econometric model of educational progression 39 2.6. Estimating the model 41 2.6.1 Paths toward model parsimony 42 2.6.2 Unobserved heterogeneity 43 2.6.3 The log likelihood function 44 2.6.4 Model fit 46 2.6.5 Likelihood ratio tests 51 i 2.7. Counterfactual simulations 52 2.7.1 Changing all covariates 52 2.7.2 Changing individual covariates 55 2.8. Conclusion 60 References 62 Appendix 1 The GAUSS code and estimation of the models and tests 65 Appendix 2 Parameter estimates and standard errors of selected transitions for women by ethnic group 71 Chapter 3 A dynamic analysis of the effect of family background and neighborhood characteristics on educational careers of children of immigrants and native Danes 83 Abstract 83 3.1. Introduction 84 3.2. The educational system 87 3.2.1 A model of the educational system 89 3.3. Data 90 3.3.1 Sample characteristics 91 3.3.2 The dependent variable 92 3.4. Descriptive analysis of educational progression 92 3.4.1 Simplifying assumptions 92 3.4.2 Descriptive analysis of educational progression 94 3.5. Explanatory variables 101 3.6. The model 105 3.6.1 The likelihood function 107 3.6.2 Model fit 109 3.7. Results 112 3.7.1 Marginal effects of individual explanatory variables on transitions from grade school 112 3.7.2 Marginal effects of individual explanatory variables on dropping out 116 3.7.3 The joint marginal effect of family characteristics on educational choices 120 3.7.4 Counterfactual simulations: changing all covariates 122 3.8. Conclusion 126 References 130 ii Chapter 4 Effects of the sex composition of older siblings and parental bargaining power on the decision to start an upper secondary education among ethnic minorities in Denmark 133 Abstract 133 4.1. Introduction 134 4.2. Data 137 4.2.1 Sample characteristics 138 4.2.2 The two dependent variables used 140 4.3. A descriptive analysis of the effect of sex composition 141 4.3.1 Explanatory variables 148 4.4. Empirical specification 148 4.5. Multivariate analyses 152 4.5.1 The binary model 153 4.5.1.1 Model fit 153 4.5.1.2 Results 154 4.5.1.3 Marginal effects 159 4.5.2 The multinomial analysis 160 4.5.2.1 Results 161 4.5.2.2 Marginal effects 167 4.5.3 Existing studies 169 4.6. Bargaining power 170 4.7. Concluding remarks 177 References 179 Chapter 5 Sammenfatning af hovedresultater 182 5.1. Formål 182 5.2. Sammenfatning af hovedresultater 182 5.2.1 Dynamics of Educational Progression: Comparing native Danes and Children of Immigrants af Bjørg Colding 182 5.2.2 A dynamic analysis of the effect of family background and neighborhood characteristics on educational careers of children of immigrants and native Danes af Bjørg Colding 183 5.2.3 Effects of the sex composition of older siblings and parental bargaining power on the decision to start an upper secondary education among ethnic minorities in Denmark af Bjørg Colding 185 Referencer 186 iii List of tables Table 1.1 The distribution of the total Danish population by ethnic group in 2001 and population projections to the year 2021 4 Table 1.2 Educational attainment of immigrants from third-countries and native Danes of working age1 by sex, 1999 5 Table 2.1 Means of explanatory variables (standard deviation in parenthesis) 33 Table 2.2 Number of models and transitions by sex and ethnic group 41 Table 2.3 Log likelihood function values, total number of estimated parameters, and pseudo R2 by ethnic group and sex 46 Table 2.4 Predicted and actual transition probabilities for selected transitions by ethnic groups and sex (standard deviation
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