Index

Note: page numbers in italics refer to adhesins 231, 245–6 immuneimmunmmu response 438–9 fi gures and boxes, those in bold refer to adhesion molecules 289 interbacterialinter antagonism 243–4 tables. adolescents invasionin 248 palatal implants 1286–7 leukotoxins 214, 216, 248, 294, 438, Aae protein adhesin 217, 237 periodontal tissue breakdownown 1243 440 abortion, spontaneous 161–2, 480 plaque removal 1243 382 abrasive agents 740–1 prosthetic oral implantant anchoragea orageMATERIAL forfo metronidazole with amoxicillin abscess orthodontics 1283–4 combination 889 periapical see also pubertyy oral cavity colonization 217 diabetes mellitus 309 adrenal functionon disorders, surgerysurgsu peri-implant infection 272–3, 274 drainage 851, 852 contraindicationaindicationindication 800 history 276–7 see also advanced fl ap procedure, root periodontal infection 213, 214, 215– absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) 1093 coverage 972, 975–8097 17, 243 abutments advancedancednced glycation end-productse periodontal lesions in diabetes 310 angulated 1198–9 (AGEs) 310,3103 311, 487 polymicrobial microbiota 226 ceramic 1233 afferentent nerve fi bers 109 prevalence in periodontal disease implant-supported restorations 1225– age 331 6, 1227, 1231 aggressiveaggressiv periodontitis 447–8 serotypes 216–17 Zirconia 1233 attachmentattachmattach loss 144 smoking association 319 access therapy 783–820 chronicchroch periodontitis risk 424 subgingival peri-implant distal wedge procedures 794–7–7 implantim patient 639–40 infections 639 periodontal pocket surgeryy necrotizing periodontal disease 470 suppression 883 techniques 783–94 periodontal disease 143–4 transmission 236, 237 periodontal surgery periodontal support loss 1307 virulence 243 guidelines 797–812812 see also adolescents; children 331–2, 428–52 outcome 812–20200 Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans age at onset 447–8 accessory canals 507–8, 510, 5115 145–6, 148, 149 A. actinomycetemcomitans 438–40, 441, acellular freeze-driede-dried dermal matrixm aggressive periodontitis 438–40, 441, 448, 449–51 (ADM)M) allografallografts 966–7966 448, 449 alveolar bone loss 450–1 acetylsalicylicicylic acid burnbu 396 elimination 449–51 antibodies 441, 445, 449 aciclovirvirr 3793 antibiotics 450–1 associated medical conditions 446 Actinobacillusinobacillusnobacillus actinomactinactinomycetemcomitans see local delivery 893 attachment loss 429, 433, 446, 448, AggregatibacterAggregatiba microbiologic tests 890 450–1 actinomycetemcomitansactinomytin susceptibility 886–7 bacterial etiology 437–41 Actinomycesctinomyces synergism 887 candidate genes 444–5 biofifiCOPYRIGHTED lm composition 238, 239 systemic 889 classifi cation 429–31 colonizationon 246 antibodies in aggressive clinical diagnosis 445–8 peri-implant infections 273 periodontitis 445 clinical syndromes 429–31 plaque formation 185, 186, 212 antibody response 217 crevicular fl uid prostaglandin E2 Actinomyces naeslundii antibody titers 303–4 levels 449 biofi lm on implant surfaces 268–71 association studies 438 dentition coaggregation 246 bacteriocin production 244, 247 permanent 432–3 Actinomyces viscosus 212 cardiovascular disease 157, 158 primary 432 active threshold determination 115, carotid endarterectomy 157 diabetes mellitus 446 117 clonal subset 216 diagnosis 445–9 acute necrotizing ulcerative connective tissue invasion 440 differential diagnosis 447 (ANUG) 210, 211 diabetes mellitus 245 drug-induced granulocytopenia 446 etiology 212 elimination by extraction of all environmental factors 445, 446 microbial invasion 294 teeth 274 epidemiology 431–3 smokers 317 growth inhibition factors 243, 247 etiology 437–41 spirochetes 221 HIV infection 244 familial aggregation 447 i2 Index aggressive periodontitis (continued) orthodontic loading 363–5 horizontal 1091–2 forms 428 osteoclast activity 41 regeneration 1084 furcation involvement 657–67 osteoporosis 89–91 soft tissue grafts 1089 generalized 428, 429, 430, 431, 440, patient examination 583 vertical 1092 441, 447 radiographic analysis 576, 583 extraction sockets 1089–90 genetic diagnosis 449 regrowth 542 healed following tooth loss 1063 genetic factors 441–5 remodeling 42 preservation 1088–9 heritability 331–2 renewal 40, 41 alveolar ridge, edentulous 50–67 HIV infection 446 repair 94–5 atrophy following tooth loss 1060–1 host defense evaluation 448–9 resorption 41, 42, 66, 67 augmentation 1011–17, 1018–19, 1020, host response to bacterial periodontitis 440 1021–3 pathogens 440–1 pulpal infl ammatory response 506, bone gain 53 host susceptibility 441–5 508 bone loss 53 hypophosphatasia 446 turnover with orthodontic bone marrow 67 implants 661 loading 364 63, 64 planning 680–2 alveolar bone proper 3, 4, 5, 36, 38, 42 classifi cation of remaining bonene 535 inheritance 442–5 lamellar bone 37 defect correction 1010–11 leukemia 446 periodontal ligament 28 deformed 1008–17, 1018–19–19, 1020,102 leukocyte adhesion defi ciency 446 fi bers 30, 32, 33, 42 1021–3 local infl ammatory responses 441 resorption 63 extra-alveolar processesessess 62–6 localized 140–1, 213, 215–17, 428, 429, Sharpey’s fi bers 38, 42 free graft proceduresuresres 1013–17,1013–1 1018–10 430–1, 437–41, 447 tooth attachment 37 19, 1020, 1021–3021–3 microbiologic diagnosis 445–8 tooth extraction 55 gingivoplastyty soft tissue microbiologic testing 451–2 tooth socket healing 63, 64, 65 sculptingpting 1020, 1021–31021– orthodontic therapy 662, 665 alveolar crest 28 implantnt placementplacemen 1055–6,105 1057, palmo-plantar keratitis 446 distance to cemento-enamel 1058–61, 106262 pathogenesis 441–5 junction 434–7 interpositionalterpositional graftgragr procedures 1014, pathogenic fl ora elimination/ fi bers 28 10155, 1016 suppression 449–52 outline 657 combined withw onlay grafts 1020 periodontal probing 437 preparation for implant intra-alveolarintra-alveoalve processes 54–5, 56, 57, rate of destruction placement 1072 58–958–TERIAL, 60, 61, 62 447 recontouring 832 lamellarlamel bone 67 permanent dentition 432–3 width determination 1068–9 onlayonl graft procedures 1015–17, polymorphonuclear leukocytes 441 alveolar crestal height (ACH) 900 1018–19, 1020, 1021–3 P. gingivalis 440, 441, 448 alveolar mucosa 5, 7–8, 15 combined with interpositional primary dentition 432 necrotizing periodontal diseasedisea 462,MATE grafts 1020 prosthetic treatment 661 463, 464 osseointegration 99 restorative therapy 662, 665 transplanted 24, 25–75–7–7 pedicle grafts 1011–13 restorative treatment 661 alveolar nerve, inferiorerior 48 pontic contours 1020, 1021–3 screening 433–7 tooth extractionon 120 pouch graft procedures 1013–14 sibling monitoring 448 alveolar plexus,us, superior 48 remaining bone 52–3 smoking 432–3, 445, 446 alveolar processrocess 3, 27, 28,,3 34–53 soft tissue collapse surgery 661, 663 adaptationation after tooth extraction prevention 1009–10 therapeutic intervention 449–52 1059059 soft tissue grafts 1010–11 treatment 657–67 boneone 86–95 surgical procedures for agranulocytosis, surgery cancellous 11063 augmentation 1011–17, 1018–19, contraindication 800 lamellaramel 337, 54 1020, 1021–3 AIDS see HIV infection loss 86 topography 66–7 alcohol abuse, implant patient 645 spongysponpo 54 amalgam tattoo 398 alcohol consumption, necrotizing corticalcorticcorti plates 53, 54 ameloblasts 16 periodontal disease 470 CT 1286 amine alcohols, plaque control 746–7 alexidine, plaque control 744 edentulous alveolar ridge 50, 51, 52–3 amine fl uoride 746 allele frequencies 330 formation 37 amino acids, sulfur-containing 1326 allergic reactions 393, 6900 mineralization 37 amoeba 209 392–4 resorption rate 1089 amoxicillin 450, 451, 886 periodontium 8499 tooth extraction 54–5, 56, 57, 58–9, 60, metronidazole combination 889 alloplastic grafts 552–3552– 61, 62–6 peri-implant lesions 878 alveolar bone 3, 27–8,7–8, 34–42,34– 86–9586 topography 53–4, 55 amphotericin B 752 blood vesselssels 45, 46 alveolar pyorrhea, trauma from amyloglucosidase, plaque control 744 dehiscencencee 36 occlusion association 349–50 analgesia 691 gingivalngival recession 961, 1267, 1269 alveolar ridge anchorage depositionposition 42 augmentation 1011–17, 1018–19, 1020, orthodontic destructionstruction 5105 1021–3 absolute 1280–90, 1291 fenestrationnestrationestration 336 clinical concepts 1088–92 implants as temporary formationationCOPYRIGHTED 39,3 86 dehiscence defects 1090–1 devices 1284–8, 1289, 1290, healing 88–98 differentiation factors 1093 1291 height 657 extraction sockets 1089–90 indications for implants 1283, loss 86, 92–3 growth factors 1093 1284 aggressive periodontitis 450–1 horizontal defects 1091–2 length-reduced devices 1285 children 140–1 horizontal tooth movement 1264–5, skeletal systems 1281 diabetes mellitus 488 1267, 1268 temporary devices 1282 osseous surgery 795 long-term results 1087–8 anchoring fi bers 12, 13 P. gingivalis 219 materials 1085–7 androgens 408 radiographic assessment 131 procedures 1083–94 anemia, surgery contraindication 800 risk assessment 1307 vertical defects 1092 angina pectoris, surgery smokers 318 vertical tooth movement 1263–4, contraindication 799 trauma from occlusion 360 1265, 1266 angiogenesis 60 membrane barriers 94, 95 defects angular bone necrosis 462 correction 1010–11 defects 351, 360 neurovascularization 109–10 dehiscence 1090–1 destruction 358, 359 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i3 ankylosis 547 antiplaque agents 734, 740, 742–60 cardiovascular disease 157, 158 external infl ammatory root evaluation 754–60 cell-to-cell recognition 231, 233 resorption 871 antiseptics challenge to host 156–7 functional 99 cumulative interceptive supportive coaggregation 222, 231–2, 233, 246 implants 1228 therapy 878 colonizing species 232, 233 maxillary anterior single-tooth peri-implant lesions 878 host defense mechanisms 247–8 replacement 1159, 1160, 1161 plaque control 742–3, 744, 747 commensal 1337 replacement root resorption 868 resistance 248 in 1101 antiadhesive agents, chemical plaque see also complex formation in biofi lm 231–2 control 739 alpha-1 antitrypsin 295 deposits on implants 629 antibiotics 882–94 antiviral drugs, herpetic endodontic origin lesions 511–12 adjunctive systemic 251, 252 gingivostomatitis 379 fi brils 228 adverse reactions 887–8 anxiety fi mbriae 228 aggressive periodontitis 450–1 control 690–1 377 biofi lm protection of bacteria 884 non-surgical therapy 774 gingivitis 145–6, 147–8, 148 carriers 885–6 apically repositioned fl ap 788–9 necrotizing 466 controlled delivery 886 Arg1-protease 294 plaque-induced 408 controlled release 879–80 ARG-gingipain 249 halitosis 1325, 1326 cumulative interceptive supportive arterial hypertension, surgery insulin resistance 309 therapy 879–80 contraindication 799 interbacterial relationshipselationshipsonships 246–7246– delivery routes 884–6 articulation antagonismm 243 evaluation 886–94 implants 628 intraoral transmissionansmission 2752 halitosis treatment 1336–7 problems and oral stereognostic invasionn of periodontal tissue local delivery/application 885–6, 886 ability 118–19 210–1110–110–11 clinical practice 893–4 aspirators 805 linearear gingivalgingiva eryterythema 382 clinical trials 890–2 atheromatous plaque 157 metabolic produproducts 189–90 microbiologic tests 889–90 atherosclerosis 156–9 migration alonaloalong stitch canal 1037–8 minimal inhibitory concentration risk with periodontitis 477, 478, 479 mixeded anaeanaerobic 211–12 885 attachment nutritionnutritional conditions 185 necrotizing periodontal disease 471 bony defect diagnosis 902–3 periodperiodontitiserio 145–6, 147–8, 148, 208, peri-implant lesions 878, 879–80 creeping 995 TERIAL209 periodontal abscesses 497, 500–1, gingival augmentation 957 pplaque 203 502 guided tissue regeneration 12600 formation 188–90, 241 periodontal dressings 811 level changes 816–17 rapid/slow formers 241 periodontal therapy 251 orthodontic intrusion 1259–609–60 subgingival 192, 193, 194, 195, plaque control 743–4 see also clinical attachmenthme levelvel MATE198 pre-operative prophylaxis 799 (CAL); probingingng attachmentattachmattach levelle pneumonia 488, 491 principles of therapy 882–6 (PAL) primary colonization 185–6 prophylactic attachment apparatusparatus 4 root canal infection 512–14 bacterial endocarditis 688–9 loss 857 smoking effects 319 patients on see also alveolar bone proper;pr tissue reactions around immunosuppressants 800 ; connectiveconn tissue, sutures 1037–8 reconstructive therapy 914 attachment re-establishment;re-re 1327 reconstructive therapy 914 periodontalperiodon ligament transmission 236–8 resistance 248, 744, 883, 890 attachment loss 134 transport in dentinal tubules 520 biofi lms 228–9 age 144 volatile sulfur compound systemic 884–5 aggressiveaggressivaggr periodontitis 429, 433, 446, formation 1326–7 clinical practice 889–90 448,4 450–1 see also biofi lms clinical trials 888–90 chronicchrch periodontitis 423 bacteriocin 244, 247 antibodies diabetesd mellitus 308–9, 488 Bacteroides aggressive periodontitis 441,41, 445,445 endodontic lesions 858 black-pigmented group 217–18 449 gingival infl ammation 422 fusiform 219 avidity 301 incidental 433, 448 Bacteroides forsythus see Tannerella evasion by pathogensens 247–8 intrusion of plaque-infected forsythia innate defense systemsystemsstems 44044 teeth 1259 Bacteroides melaninogenicus see Prevotella production 30101 percentile plots 133 intermedia response 303–403–4 periodontitis 440, 1300 barrier epithelium 73, 74 anticalculususs agents 74174 probing pocket depth 579 barrier membranes 905–7, 945 anticariesess agents 736 pulp infection 517 bioabsorbable materials 930, 937, 948, anticoagulantsoagulantsgul risk assessment 1311 1084 implantsmplants 641–2 autoimmune disorders, implant pedicle soft tissue graft for root surgery contraindicationcontrai 799 patient 643–4 coverage 981–2 treatmenttreatmen planningpl 689, 690 autoinducer-2 228 ridge augmentation 1084, 1086 anticonvulsants,nticonvulsanticonvuls gingival azathioprine 392, 393 combined procedures 940, 941, 942–3 COPYRIGHTEDovergrowthove 410 furcation involvement 906, 908, 932–7 antigen presentation 299–300 B cells gingival dehiscence 915 antigen presenting cells 299–300 adaptive defense system 299 intrabony defects 906, 908, 930–2, 933 humoral immune response 304 regulation process 301–2 lateral bone augmentation for antigingivitis agents 734, 754 smoking effects 321 posterior implants 1184, 1185 antimicrobial agents bacteria/bacterial infections 184 materials 1093–4 plaque control 734, 743–4, 754 adhesion 185 regenerative surgery 928, 930–8 chemical 739–40 to 199 maxillary anterior single-tooth systemic 743–4 antagonism 243 replacement 1157 uptake measurements 755 antibiotic resistance 228–9, 248, 774, modifi ed papilla preservation see also antibiotics 883, 890 technique 917–18, 919, 920, 921 antimicrobial tests 755, 756 attachment 228, 271 non-absorbable materials 928, 930–2, antineoplastic drugs 392 bacterial endocarditis 688–9 933, 937, 945, 948, 1084 antioxidants 311 bacterial vaginosis 481 pedicle soft tissue graft for root antipathogenic agents, plaque benefi cial species 243 coverage 980–1, 983 control 740 bridging species 222, 232, 246 ridge augmentation 1084, 1085–6 i4 Index barrier membranes (continued) development 239, 241–2 preparation for implant 937 therapy effects 249–52, 253 placement 1071–2 pedicle graft procedure for root supragingival quality 1068, 1069 coverage 980–1, 983 composition 238–9, 240 reaction to orthodontic implant removal 937–8 development 239, 241–2 loading 1282–3 ridge augmentation 1084, 1085–6 tooth cleaning 242 recontouring for crown- basal cells 12, 13 water channels 227, 230 lengthening 1000, 1002, 1003 basal lamina 16 yellow complex species 273 regeneration 93–5, 542, 543 basement membrane 12 bio-glass grafts 557 autogenous grafts 553 basic biologic width establishment 1162 peri-implant 1046–7 (BPE) 656 biologically active regenerative trauma from occlusion 1128–9 system code 656–7 materials 905, 908–9, 938–40 remodeling 87–8 Bass technique of toothbrushing 708 modifi ed papilla preservation adaptive 368 behavior, discrepancy development 698 technique 918, 922 implant placement 1056, 1057, 1058 behavioral change see also enamel matrix derivatives osseointegration 107 counseling 695–6 (EMD) repair inhibition 92–3 oral hygiene 700–2, 707 Bio-Oss® grafts 942 resorption 41, 42, 866 benign mucous membrane pemphigoid bisbiguanide antiseptics 744 active 357, 358 (BMMP) 387, 388–9 bisphosphonates 90, 91 direct 354 benzalconium chloride 744 implant patient 640–1 endodontic lesionss 51414 beta-lactamase 227, 229, 886 osteonecrosis 591 indirect 354 beveled fl ap 789, 790 bite force, implant-supported therapeutic strategies 91 bioabsorbable materials 928 restorations 1228 woven bonene 62 biofi lms 183–4, 208 black triangle, interdental 996, 1155, smoking effects 322 antibiotic resistance 228–9 1156, 1162 static loadoad reactionreactio 368 antimicrobial agents 187 bleaching agents 741, 746, 870, 871 surgicalicalcal site 1068–701068–7 bacteria (BoP) systemicystemic loss 90 attachment 228, 271 basic periodontal examination 656, volume 89–93, 1068, 1069 coaggregation 231–2, 233 657 width for implantsimp 607, 608, 609, 610, detection/enumeration 229 gingival 574–7 63636 enzymes 294 patient examination 585 woundwounTERIAL healing 87 growth rate 228, 229 peri-implant 630, 876 wovenwove transmission 236–8 risk assessment 1304, 1305, 1306,6, osseointegration 104–5, 106, 107 climax community 226, 271–3 1310–11 peri-implant loss 1058–9 communication 226 BMP4 gene 341 resorption 62 complexity 230, 271–3 body mass index (BMI), MATEtooth socket healing 56, 57, 58, 60, composition periodontitis 153–43–4 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 subgingival 232, 234–9 body odor 1325 see also alveolar bone; guided bone supragingival 238–9, 240 bonding of artifi cialal tooth surfacessurface regeneration (GBR) 226–32, 233, 234–9, 240, 1248 bone cells 86–7 241–2 bone 86–95 regenerative capacity 547 epithelial cell-associated 231 anti-resorptiveorptive agents 9090, 91 bone chips 1156 exopolymer matrix 228–9 augmentationentation for implimpimplants 608, 609, lateral bone augmentation for exopolysaccharides 227 610, 1083–94 posterior implants 1184, 1185 extracellular enzymes 229 availablevailable for implimpimplants 610, 611 bone chisels 805 formation 185, 187 biologyiology 86–9 bone defects genetic information exchange 227–8 bundle 63, 664, 65 angular 351, 818–20, 854, 855 glycocalyx 229 contourincontouring 903 deep pocket probing depths 858 health sites 234 corticalcortic and orthodontic tooth forced tooth eruption 1004, 1005 host factors 234, 235–6 movement 1253, 1256 iatrogenic root perforation 858, 859 implant surfaces 268–71 cycyclic load reaction 368 intrusion of plaque-infected local environment 234, 235–6–66 dehiscence 1253, 1256, 1267 teeth 1259 major perturbations 226 1269 trauma from occlusion 1125 microbial complexes 231–22 destruction in periodontitis 296–7 classifi cation 901–3 microcolonies 227, 228,28, 230 diabetes mellitus 91–3 diagnosis 901–3 nutrients 227, 230 emergency type 1264 horizontal 1084 oral hygiene 242422 endochondral formation 86 implant placement planning 1070 orange complexplexlex species functional loading 365, 366 morphology 911–12 adjunctiveiveve systemic antibaantibiotics 252 healing 89–95 periodontal attachment peri-implantimplantplant infectionsinfection 273 height for implants 601–2, 607, 608, restoration 903 periodontalriodontal infectionsinfectioinfect 234, 239, 609, 610, 636 regenerative periodontal 252 residual 1100 therapy 911–12 peri-implanteri-implantri-implant infeinfections 273, 277–9 induction with autotransplantation of vertical 1084–5 periodontalriodontaliodontal diseaseddi 229–31 teeth 1267 see also intrabony defects statustusCOPYRIGHTED 232,23 234 intramembranous formation 86 bone fi ll, angular bone defects 818–20 pH 227 lamellar 62 bone grafts 93–4 physiological heterogeneity 227 edentulous alveolar ridge 67 allogeneic 552, 554–5, 938 pioneer species 241 osseointegration 107 autogenous 552, 553–4 properties 227–9 loss cortico-cancellous 1087 protection against antibiotics 884 cyclic loading 368 horizontal ridge defects 1091–2 quorum sensing 227–8 endodontic lesions 854–5 maxillary anterior single-tooth species horizontal 1256 replacement 1157 adjunctive systemic antibiotics 252 peri-implant 1058–9 maxillary sinus fl oor elevation peri-implant infections 273 peri-implantitis 533, 534, 535 1107 periodontal infections 234, 235, metabolic disorders 89–93, 643 materials 94 239, 252 modeling 87 maxillary sinus fl oor elevation 1107, shear force 227 implant placement 1056, 1057, 1115–16 structure 226–7 1058 osteoconductive 544, 546 subgingival 232, 234–8 osseointegration 104–5 osteoinductive 546 composition 234, 238–9 parallel-fi bered 62 osteoproliferative 544 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i5

regenerative therapy 544–5, 546–7, periodontitis in adults 133, 134, 202–3 cementum 4, 31–4 907–8, 909 removal 766–72 acellular, extrinsic fi ber 31–2, 32, 33, ridge augmentation 1086–7 complete 767 34 simplifi ed papilla preservation non-surgical root 546, 547 fl ap 922, 925 767–72 cellular tissue regeneration 551–7 structure 201–2 intrinsic fi ber 32–3, 34 types 552 subgingival 585 mixed stratifi ed 31, 32, 34 vertical bone defects 1084–5 supragingival 585 components 31 vertical ridge defects 1092 Caldwell–Luc technique 1102 damage 516, 517 xenogeneic 552, 555–6 modifi ed 1109 dental pulp bone lining cells 86 Campylobacter rectus 160 infection 516, 517 bone marrow aggressive periodontitis 438 protection 516 edentulous alveolar ridge 67 atherosclerosis association 223 deposition 32, 33–4 osseointegration 107 cardiovascular disease 158 extrinsic fi ber system 33 tooth socket healing 62, 64 diabetes mellitus 310 formation of new 542 bone mineral density 89, 90 fetal effects 223 autogenous grafts 553 bone morphogenetic proteins growth restriction 482 enamel matrix derivativeativeati use 558, (BMPs) 87, 93, 341, 559 leukotoxin 223 559 alveolar bone healing 89 linear gingival erythema 382 incremental lines 34 collagen carrier 1093 periodontal infection 222–3 intrinsic fi ber systemystemm 33 expandable polytetrafl uoroethylene pregnancy adverse outcomes 223, 482 lipopolysaccharideharidearide 766 membrane effect 1093–4 smoking association 319 mineralizationtion 34 ridge augmentation 1093 cancer chemotherapy 392 peri-implantplant mucosa 76–776 bone multicellular unit (BMU) 41, 88 implants 641 tooth attachmentttachment 37 bone removal instruments 805 cancrum oris 459 typespes 31, 32 bone replacement grafts, regenerative Candida albicans (candidiasis) seeee alsoal root cementumcem therapy 905, 907–8, 909, 938 chlorhexidine use 752–3 central nervous system (CNS), bone substitute materials diabetes mellitus 308 sensitizationsensitiz 521 horizontal ridge defects 1092 gingival disease 380–1 cephalosporinscephalospoephalospo 886 maxillary anterior single tooth linear gingival erythema 382 cerebrovascularcerebrovebro disease 156–9 replacement 1156 pseudomembranous 381 cervicalcervicacervTERIAL lymph nodes, deep 47 maxillary sinus fl oor smoking association 319 cetylpyridiniumcety chloride 741 elevation 1107–8 canines, periodontal abscessess 5000 antimicrobial activity 742–3 ridge augmentation 1086–7 cantilever units halitosis treatment 1336 vertical bone defects 1084–5 extensions 1213 plaque control 744–5 xenogenic 1087 fi xed partial dentureses 588,58 59090, MATE1182–1182 Charters technique of bone-added osteotome sinus fl oor 3, 1184, 1213–15–15 toothbrushing 709 elevation (BAOSFE) 1111 implant restorationsationsions 1182–3,1182– 1184 checkerboard DNA–DNA bovine bone-derived biomaterials 555 Capnocytophagaa hybridization 213, 214 Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover 713 aggressivee periodontitis 4384 Eubacterium 224 BreathtronTM 1329 periodontalontal lesions in diabetesd 310 peri-implant infection 274–5, 277, 278 bridges, 1134–6 CARD15(NOD2)15(NOD2)5(NOD2) gene 220 bridging, healing phenomenon 995 polymorphismspolymorphism 338, 339 Chediak–Steinbrinck–Higashi bruxism 829 cardiovascularrdiovasculardiovascular diseasedis 156–9 syndrome 446 implant failure 591 patienttient health protection 688 chemical injury 396 buccal artery 43 periodontitisperiodontitperiodont chewing comfort 1140, 1141, 1143 buccal bone plate, height reduction afterterer riskri withw 476–80 chewing gum 742 extraction 52 treatmenttreatre 489 allergic reactions 393 buccal nerve 48 PorphyromonasPorPo gingivalis 157, 158, chewing sticks 736 bucco-lingual thickness, gingivalval 479–80 chickenpox 379–80 recession 1269, 1271 surgery contraindication 799 children Buerger disease, Campylobacterbacteracter rectus treatment complications 690 aggressive periodontitis 432, 433, 434, association 223 caries, dental 208 435 bundle bone see alveolarolar bone properprop high-risk patients 753 cemento-enamel junction distance to bupropion 322 carotid artery, intima media thickness alveolar crest 434–7 burns, thermal 397–8 (IMT) 157, 158 gingival recession defects 971, 972 burs 804, 805 carotid endarterectomy 157 necrotizing periodontal disease 460 burst hypothesisothesisthesis of diseased cathepsin C 332, 333 palatal implants 1286–7 progressionrogression 42442 gene mutations 645 prosthetic oral implant anchorage for butyricic acid 1326 CD4 lymphocyte count 154, 155 orthodontics 1283–4 HIV infection 412 chlorhexidine 414, 734, 748–54 cadaverineadaverine 1326 necrotizing periodontitis 469 anti-discoloration system 750 calcitoninalcitonin 888 CD4-positive cells 301 antimicrobial activity 742–3, 756 calciumalcium 31431314–15 CD8 marker 300, 301 chewing gum 742 calciumciumiumCOPYRIGHTED chchannel blockers, gingival CD14–260 gene polymorphism 338, clinical uses 751–4 hhyperplasia/overgrowth 410–11, 339 full-mouth disinfection 776 641, 800 cellulase 227 gels 751 calculus, dental 183–4, 197, 199–203 cemented multiple-unit posterior halitosis treatment 1335, 1336 attachment to tooth surfaces/ implant prostheses 1197–8 irrigation 717 implants 200–1 cementoblasts 4, 5, 21, 32 irrigators 742 carbon fi ber curettes 876 cementum intrinsic fi ber system 33 local application 886 clinical appearance 197, 199–200 cementocytes 32–3 mechanism of action 750 clinical implications 202–3 cemento-enamel junction 6, 17, 28, 29 mouth rinses 741, 751 composition 201–2 clinical attachment level 130 side effects 748–50 detection 766–8 distance to alveolar crest 434–7 mucosal desquamation induction 396 diagnosis 197, 199–200 implant planning 1225 necrotizing periodontal disease distribution 197, 199–200 implant shoulder sink depth 1150 treatment 471–2 formation rate 199 leveling 1005 oral hygiene 752 lipopolysaccharide 766 tissue regeneration 544, 545 oral ulceration 753 mineralization 201–2 cementoid 4–5 plaque control 744 i6 Index chlorhexidine (continued) computed tomography (CT) 605, 606, CTSC gene mutation 332–3 post-regenerative surgery 925, 926 609, 610 cumulative implant survival rate products 750–1 1286 (CISR) 1213 professional prophylaxis 752 confounding 143 cumulative interceptive supportive professional tooth cleaning 925 congenital heart lesions, surgery therapy (CIST) 878–80 regenerative surgery 947 contraindication 799 curettes 804–5 safety 748–9 connective tissue 5, 9, 10 carbon fi ber 876 side effects 748–50 attachment re-establishment 544, 545, root debridement 768–70, 771 slow-release vehicles 751 546, 547 cuticle 191–2 sodium fl uoride synergism 753 periodontal ligament cells 548–9 cyanoacrylates, periodontal sprays 741–2, 751 dental pulp infection 515 dressings 811 staining 749 diabetes mellitus 310–11 cyclosporin, gingival hyperplasia/ structure 748 disorders in implant patients 643–4 overgrowth 392, 410, 411, 641, subgingival irrigation 753 fi bers 21–2 800 toothpaste content 741, 751 gingiva 19–24 cytokines 296 toxicology 748–9 regenerative capacity 547–8 alveolar bone healing 88–9 use 752 transplant 25 diabetes mellitus 310 chlorhexidine gluconate in gelatin infl ammatory cell infi ltrate 580 systemic bone loss 90 chip 892 invasion by A. cytomegalovirus (CMV) chorioamnionitis 481 actinomycetemcomitans 440 necrotizing periodontalntall disease 466 chromosomes 329, 330 jiggling trauma 357 periodontal infectiontionon 225 chronic obstructive pulmonary loss with orthodontic forces 354 disease 488–9 matrix 23–4 debridement cigarette smoking see smoking osseointegration 104, 105 peri-implantant lesions ciprofl oxacin 886 papillae 9–10 mechanicalhanical 877,877 878 circular fi bers 22, 23 peri-implant 73 non-surgicalon-surgicaln-surgical 876 circumferential supracrestal fi berotomy smoking effects 321 seee also root debridementdebriddebri (CSF) technique 1274 supracrestal fi ber severing 1005, 1006 decalcifiecalcifiecalc fi ed freeze-driedfreeze- bone allogeneic citric acid demineralization 557–8, 973 tooth socket healing 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, grafts 554–555 guided tissue regeneration 61 delmopinol 739, 746–7 combination 942–3 transmucosal attachment 75 demineralization,demineraldemineTERIAL root surface 557–8, clavulanic acid 886 connective tissue grafts 985–7, 988–99, 5595 , 973 clear cells 11–12, 13 990 demineralizeddemide bone matrix (DBM) 93 clenching 829 combined with coronally advancedanced demineralizedde freeze-dried bone implant failure 591 fl ap 985, 986, 988, 989 allografts 904, 938, 940, 941, 942 clindamycin 889 envelope technique 987,7, 989 MATEdental arch, shortened (SDA) 1139 clinical attachment level (CAL) 130 papilla reconstructionn 997, 99899 dental artery 43 regenerative therapy 944, 948 trap door approachh 986, 987, 9889 dental follicle 4, 5 supportive periodontal tunnel techniquee 987, 990 dental lamina 3 therapy 1313–14 connectors for implantsmplants 1184 dental nerve 48 clinical trials contraceptives,es,s, periodontal effectsef 312, dental organ 3, 4 antibiotics 316 dental papilla 4 local 890–2 copper salts 746 dental restorative materials systemic 888–90 coral skeletonkeleton 555–6555– allergic reactions 393 blindness 758 coronallyronallyonally advanced fl aps 985, 986, 989, foreign body reactions 398 controls 758–9 990, 991–2991– see also restorative plaque control 757–60 healing 994–994–5 dental status randomization 758 coronaryronary heheart disease (CHD) stereognostic ability 118 study groups 759–60 acute cocoronary syndrome with milleri tactile function 116–17 clonal expansion 299 streptococci 225 dental tape 714–15 Clostridium diffi cile 888 peperiodontal infection 158 dental team, infection protection 687–8 clotting mechanisms 689 222 dental water jet 717 cocaine burn 396 cortisone 690 dentifrices 396, 414, 718 col region 7 craters, interproximal 902 halitosis treatment 1336 collagen C-reative protein (CRP) 157, 159, 479 soft tissue abrasion 719 bioabsorbable barrierrier membrane creeping attachment 995 see also toothpaste 1086 critical probing depth 816–17 dentilisin 221 formation afterter orthodonticorthodo Crohn’s disease 394 dentin extrusionion 1264 crown(s) abrasion 741 growth factorctor carriers 10931 dental pulp diseases 505 bone formation at surface 868 loss in gingivitis 290,29 292 displacement (see tooth mobility) dehydration in root-fi lled teeth 861 collagengen fi bers 21, 28,28 29 length-to-width ratio 595–6 etching by dietary components 521 dento-alveolarnto-alveola 737 , 76–7 crown length formation 4, 5 dento-gingivalnto-gingivanto-gingiv 73, 76–7 increase hypersensitivity 518, 520–2, 741 laminana proppropria 19 with 1275, 1276 nerve fi ber response to exposure 520 orientationi 22, 23, 28–9 with orthodontic intrusion 1256 permeability to periosteum 40 orthodontic intrusion 1256, 1260 microorganisms 505–6 production 32 crown-lengthening procedures 997, removal in periodontal treatment 518 see also periodontal ligament, 999–1000, 1001, 1002–6, 1007, reparative 506, 507 principal fi bers 1008 dentinal tubules collagen fi brils 29 ectopic tooth eruption 1005–6, 1007, bacteria transport 520 collagenase 249 1008 infection in root-fi lled teeth 858 collagen-like platelet aggregation excessive gingival display 997, 999– invasion by subgingival bacteria 193 associated proteins (PAAP) 479 1000, 1001, 1002 natural occlusion 521 communication skills 698–700 exposure of sound tooth open 520 Community Periodontal Index for structure 1002–5, 1006 pulp infection 516, 517 Treatment Needs (CPITN) 131, sutures 1040 dentin–pulp complex 4 132–3, 135, 140, 437 crown–root ratio 587 dento-gingival epithelium 16–19 complement 298, 301 crown–root–alveolar bone relationships, gingivitis 290, 291 innate defense systems 440 crown-lengthening 999 invasion by pathogens 294 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i7

proliferation in trauma from Down syndrome, implant patients 645 causal relationship 141–2 occlusion 359 doxycycline 886 cigarette smoking 148, 149–50, 151 dento-gingival fi bers 22, 23 controlled delivery 886 confounding 143 dento-gingival interface probing 79 regenerative surgery 947 diabetes mellitus 151, 152–3, 153 dento-gingival plexus 44, 45 doxycycline hyclate in biodegradable exposure 142–3 dento-gingival plexus, protein polymer 891 frequency distribution 133 exudate 286, 287 dressings health survivor effect 141 dento-gingival region 17 light-cured 811, 812 HIV infection 154–5 dento-periosteal fi bers 22, 23 periodontal 811–12 index systems 129–31 denture stomatitis 630 drug-induced disorders initiation factors 156 chlorhexidine use 753 425 methodology 129–33 dentures gingival 410–11 microbiology 145–6, 147–8, 148 removable 50 granulocytopenia 446 necessity of condition 141 partial 1177 halitosis 1334 non-modifi able background see also fi xed partial dentures (FPD); mucocutaneous 392 factors 143–5 overdentures see also medications obesity 153–4 denudation procedure 965–6, 968–9 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry osteopenia/osteoporosisis 154 deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DXA) 89 pregnancy complicationstionsns 159–62 (DBBM) 1087, 1092 prevalence 133–5, 136–7136– , 138, 139–40139– , desensitizing agents 741 ectomesenchyme 3, 4, 5 140–1 desmosomes 13–14 differentiation 32 progression factorsctors 156 epithelial cell rests 30, 31 Eikenella corrodens 223 psychosocialial factors 155 detergents aggressive periodontitis 438 risk factorsors 141–6,141– 147–8, 148, 149–50, plaque control 746 elastase 227, 296 151,51, 152–3, 153–6 toothpaste 396, 741 elastic fi bers 21, 22, 23, 30 selectionection bias 141 developing countries, necrotizing electric pulp testing 854 suffiuffifi ciency of conditionconco 141 periodontal disease 460 electric stimulation 854 systemic diseasediseadise risk 156–62 dextranase 740, 744 empathy 697, 698 epilepsy, surgerysurg contraindication 800 diabetes mellitus 307–12 enamel 4, 16, 17, 18, 19 epithelialpithelial cellce rests of Mallassez 30, 31, aggressive periodontitis 446 matrix proteins 558, 559 516515 alveolar bone loss 488 mesio-distal reduction 1271–2, 12732733, epithelialepitheepitTERIAL cells attachment loss 308–9, 488 1274 gingivitisg 289–90, 291, 292, 293 bone effects 91–3 enamel matrix derivatives (EMD)MD) 558, pathogen invasion 247 chronic periodontitis 425 559 see also oral epithelium clinical symptoms 308 Bio-Oss® graft comparison 942 epithelial rete pegs 290 control 309–10, 690 free soft tissue graftt healingheal 995–6MATEgingivitis 289 gingival disease 411 furcation defects 843 epithelial ridges 9, 10, 11 glycemic control 308 intrabony defectsectsts 908–9, 939–40939–93 epithelial root sheath 4 halitosis 1327 modifi ed papillaapillapilla preservationpreservatiopreservati epithelial sheath of Hertwig 31–2 host response effects 310–11 techniquenique 918,918 922 epithelial strands 516 host susceptibility to disease 245 outcomeses 945 epithelialized soft tissue graft, root host–bacteria relationship pediclecle graft proceduprocedure for root coverage 982, 984, 985, 990 modifi cation 310–11 coverage 981–981–2 Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) 225 implant patient 642–3 regenerativeegenerative thettherapy 908–9, 938, 939– epulis 314 metabolic control 151, 153, 162 40, 942, 9948 erythema multiforme 390–1 oral effects 308–9 simplififi ed papilla preservation erythrocytes, implant wound periodontal effects 308–9 fl ap 922, 925 chamber 104 periodontal treatment 311–12 endodonendodoendodontic lesions 504–22, 849–51, 852, erythrosine 720–1 periodontitis 92, 151, 152–3, 153,3, 162, 853–9 Escherichia coli, smoking association 319 486–8 bbacteria 511–12 essential oils treatment effects 490–1 drainage 851, 852 halitosis treatment 1336 risk assessment 1307–8 periodontitis differential plaque control 745 surgery contraindicationtionon 800 diagnosis 851, 853–6 esthetics treatment considerationsationsns 690 pulp vitality testing 851, 853–6, 857 anterior single-tooth type 1 91–2, 307–87–88 vertical root fractures 859–63, 864, replacement 1149–57, 1158, 1159, type 2 92, 307–87–8 865 1160, 1161 diamines 13266 endodontic treatment 858 cantilever pontics for fi xed partial diet, dentinn etching 5215 iatrogenic root perforation 858–9, 860 dentures 1213 dietary habits, motivationmotivamotivational infl ammatory exudate access to root checklist 1147 interviewingnterviewing 69698 canal 514 implant 1146–70 dietarytary proteins, allaallergic reactions 394 root separation and resection 837 direction 1075 differentiationifferentiation facfactors, ridge endonucleases 236 maxillary anterior augmenaugmentationgm 1093 endopeptidases 295 restorations 1148–9 digitaligital volumvoluvolume tomography 605, 606–7, endo–perio lesions 848 multiple-unit anterior fi xed COPYRIGHTED610 diagnosis/treatment 856–8 restorations 1161–5 dimethylsulfoxideh 1327 endothelial dysfunction, periodontal patient 594–7, 597, 598 disclosing agents 720–1, 722 therapy 159 placement 1064, 1065 discoid lupus erythematosus 391 endothelial leukocyte adhesion scalloped design 1165–6 disease predictors 142 molecule 1 (ELAM-1) 289, 302–3 segmented fi xed restorations 1166, disease-modifying genes 328 endotoxins 294 1167–70, 1170 implant failures 340–2 necrotizing periodontal disease 467 tooth movement 1263–5, 1266, 1267 peri-implant infections 340–2 Enterobacter agglomerans 225 implant-supported restorations 630– periodontitis 333–40 Enterobacter cloacae 225 2, 1233–4 disinfection, full-mouth 717–18, 776 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay missing tooth replacement 1142, 1144 distal wedge procedures 794–5 (ELISA) 229 objective criteria 1147 distance between implant shoulder and enzymes, plaque control 740, 744 orthodontic treatment 1244, 1246–7, mucosal margin (DIM epidemiology of periodontal 1248 measurements) 1150 disease 129–63 tooth movement 1263–5, 1266, DNA 329 age 143–4 1267 DNA hybridization 229 atherosclerosis 156–9 principles 1147–8 i8 Index esthetics (continued) clinical success assessment 1215–16 free graft procedures, edentulous single-tooth problem 683, 684–5 immediate provisionalization 1215 ridge 1013–17, 1018–19, 1020, treatment goal 655 success/survival rate 1234–5 1021–3 treatment modality review 1148 implant-to-implant supported 1208, free soft tissue graft procedures estradiol 312 1211–16 epithelialized 990 estriol 312 long-term success 1223–4 gingival augmentation 966, 967 estrogen 312 partially edentulous tooth healing 995–6 bone resorption treatment 91 replacement therapy 1211–16 interpositional grafts 1014, 1015, 1016 chronic periodontitis 425 patient assessment 1208–9 pouch graft procedures 1013–14 gingival disease 408 prosthesis design 1210–16 ridge augmentation 1013–17, 1018– hormonal contraceptives 316 retention loss 1224 19, 1020, 1021–3 pregnancy 313–14 screw-retained 1213, 1233 root coverage 972, 982, 984, 985–7, smokers 315 splinted metal–ceramic 1186 988–9, 990, 990, 991–2 tissue response 316 straight 683 thickness 992 ethnicity see race/ethnicity success/survival rate 1234–5 freeze-dried bone allogeneic grafts Eubacterium 224 support with implant and natural (FDBA) 554–5 exopeptidases 295 teeth combination 1183–4 frenectomy 1274–5 exopolysaccharides 227 survival rate 1223–4 frenotomy with orthodonticic Extent and Severity Index (ESI) 130–1, tooth-implant supported 1208, treatment 1274–5 135 1216–18 fungal infection extraction of teeth complications 1217, 1218 chlorhexidine activitytivityvity 74848 cortical plasticity 121 implant loss risk 1217 gingival diseasese 380–3 neuroplasticity 121 maintenance 1218 linear gingivalval erythema 38238 periodontal ligament receptors 108–9, natural tooth intrusion 1217–18 see also Candidandidadida albicans (candidiasis)(c 113, 116, 117 tooth-supported 1125–36, 1175–6, furcated region 823 phantom tooth phenomenon 121 1179 furcationon RIAL sensory amputation 119–20 treatment planning 1209–11 defifi nition 8238 sensory nerve damage 120 fl ap handling instruments 805 incisors 826 extravascular circulation 46, 47 fl ap margin recession 842 mandibular molarsm 825–6 fl ap procedures 786–93 mandibularmandibuladibu premolars 826, 827 facial artery 43, 44 apically positioned 1000, 1001, 1002, maxillarymaxillarmaxil molars 824, 825 factor VIIc 316 1003 maxillarymaxil premolars 825 factor XIIc 316 ectopic tooth eruption 1006, 10088 probingpro 828 famciclovir 379 apically repositioned 788–9, 813–14 furcationfur defects familial aggregation, aggressive beveled 789, 790 degree III 936–7 periodontitis 447, 449 clinical outcomes 931–2,2, 933 MATERIguided tissue regeneration 904 Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) gene coronally advanced fl aps 985, 986,9 mandibular degree II 933–6, 942 polymorphisms 336, 337, 338 988, 990 maxillary degree II 936 FcγRIIa polymorphisms 336, 337, 338 envelope fl ap 987,87, 989, 1014, 101510110 regenerative therapy 840–3, 844, 904, fetal growth restriction, Campylobacter hard tissue pocketsockets 807–8 932–7 rectus 482 healing 813–143–14 techniques 942 fetal–placental unit 481 implantss 1054–5105 furcation entrance 823, 824 fetor hepaticus 1327 modififi ed operation 787–878 exposure 842 fever, necrotizing periodontal mucoperiostealcoperiostealperiosteal fl apsap 786, 787, 788, molars 828 disease 463 107373 furcation fornix 823, 824 fi berotomy maxillary anteriorana single-tooth furcation involvement forced tooth eruption 1005, 1006 replacementreplacemrepl 1157 aggressive periodontitis 657–67 with orthodontic treatment 1274 maxillarymaxillaHTED sinus fl oor elevation anatomy 824–6 fi brin 104 11021101 assessment 580–3 fi brinogen 479 operationoper with/without osseous automated probing systems 580 fi broblast growth factor (FGF) 877 surgery 806 barrier membranes 906, 908, 932–7 alveolar bone healing 89 rotational 990 basic periodontal examination 657 ridge augmentation 1093 soft tissue lesion excision 817 chronic periodontitis 575, 667, 668, fi broblasts 19, 33 soft tissue pockets 806, 807 669–73 dental pulp infectionn 515 suturing 808–11 classifi cation 827 smoking effects 32121 tension elimination 992 degree 582 fi broplasia 60 fl exible spiral wire (FSW) retainer 1245, diagnosis 826–8, 829 osseointegrationtion 104, 1051 1246, 1248–9, 1250–1 differential diagnosis 829–30 fi sh malodorr syndrome 13341 fl oss holders 715 extraction of tooth 843 fi xed partialial dentures (FPD)(FPD 676–7, 679– fl ossing 714–15 guided tissue regeneration 840–3, 913 80, 683, 1208–18 instruction 725 implant planning 682–3 abutmentsutments 1223–4 traumatic lesions 396, 397 molar uprighting 1262–3 fracturesractures 12241 fl uoride occlusal interference 353, 829–30 avoidanceoidance withwitwi implants 1177 anticaries action 736 orthodontic treatment 1262–3 cantilevereverCOPYRIGHT pontics p 1213–15 chlorhexidine synergism 753 papilla preservation fl aps 916, 917 cantilever units 588, 590, 1182–3, 1184 crystals in woodsticks 715 prognosis 843, 845–6 cantilevered 588, 590 halitosis treatment 1336 radiography 828, 829, 830 cast post 1223 plaque control 746 regeneration of defects 840–3, 903 cement-retained 1233 toothpaste 741 regenerative procedures 541–2 complete-arch fi xed complete foam brushes 718 barrier membranes 932–7 denture 1210, 1211 foods, allergic reactions 394 risk assessment 1309 complications 1211, 1222–4, 1235 forced tooth eruption 1002, 1003–5, root debridement 773 diagnostic waxing 1212 1006 root separation and resection 832–5, dowels 1223 with fi berotomy 1005, 1006 836, 837–8, 839, 840, 845 forces during function 1211–12 procedure 596 root surface biomodifi cation 557 full-arch tooth replacement 1210–11 foreign body terminology 823–4 high risk 1177, 1178 impaction 497 trauma from occlusion 353 implant-supported 676–7, 679–80, reactions 398 treatment 823–46 683, 1181, 1182 formaldehyde dehydrogenase 229 goal 655 biomechanical risk reduction 1212 formaldehyde lyase 229 tunnel preparation 832 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i9 furcation plasty 830–1 height 959–60 plaque induced 405–15 fusiforms 209–10, 211 increase 1269 prevalence 738 Fusobacterium recession defects 959, 960–1 tooth loss 422 necrotizing gingivitis 466 root coverage 992 linear gingival erythema 381–2 necrotizing periodontal disease 466 inadequate zone 956 malnutrition 412–13 plaque formation 185 innervation 48, 49 mucocutaneous disorders 384, 385–6, root canal infection 512–13 interdental, cleaning 714 387–92 222 invagination removal 1275 non-plaque-induced 377–98 adherence 248 keratinization reduction in plaque-induced 405–15 biofi lm pregnancy 313–14 treatment 414 content 242 laceration 396 pregnancy-associated 313, 409–10 implant surfaces 268–71 lamina propria 19–24 scurvy 412–13 bridging species function 222, 232, linear erythema 381–2, 412 sex steroid hormones 408, 409 246 macroscopic anatomy 5–8 spectrum 405 diabetes mellitus 245 microbial challenge response 286–7 systemic diseases 384, 385–6, 387–96 HIV infection 244 microscopic anatomy 8–27 association 411–12 linear gingival erythema 382 oral epithelium 8–15 manifestations 394–6 peri-implant infection 272, 277 overgrowth 410–11 ulcerative lesions 413–143–1414 periodontal abscesses 498 patient examination 574–7 viral origin 378–800 plaque formation 186 periodontal mechanoreceptor see also gingivitisis smoking association 319 activation 117 gingival graft, regeneratedgenerated interdentalinter suppression by antibiotics 1337 periodontal protection 956–7 tissue 915 fusospirochetal infections 211 pigmentation 1000 gingival groove,roove, free 6, 7 pink tissue 1000 gingivall hyperplasia seese gingiva, gas chromatography 1330, 1332 probing 78–9, 81 enlargementenlargeme gastrointestinal disease 394 pronounced scallop 70, 71 Gingivalngival Index (GI)(GI(G 130, 290 gender in periodontal disease 144 prosthesis 1271 gene(s) 329–30 smokers 318 apical displacementdispl 963 disease-modifying 328, 333–42 7, 10, 11 endodonticendodon lesion drainage 851 horizontal transfer 237–8 stretching in orthodontic forcedorce tooth eruption 1003, 1004 gene polymorphisms 329–30 treatment 963 freeTERIAL 5, 6, 7 aggressive periodontitis 445 transplanted 24, 25–7 maxillarym anterior teeth 1248, 1259 chronic periodontitis 426 traumatic lesions 396–8 orthodontic intrusion 1260 miscellaneous 340, 341 width 7, 8 orthodontic treatment 1248, 1259 periodontitis 144–5, 333–40 biologic 69 plaque-induced gingivitis 408 genetic markers, risk assessment 1308 see also gingival margin;rgin;g gingivalivalMATE position alteration 960 genetic risk factors pocket/creviceice recession aggressive periodontitis 441–5 gingival augmentationntationation 955–70955–7 limitation 905 chronic periodontitis 425 denudation procedure 965–6,965–6965 968–9 orthodontic treatment 961–4 periodontal disease 331 grafting procedures 966–7 thickness 964 genetic traits/disorders, implant healingingng after 969–70 root coverage 992 patient 644–5 healinging 968–70 sinus tracts 861, 863 genotype frequencies 330 indicationsdicationsications 965 supra-erupted teeth 1260 gingiva 3, 5–27, 69–71 periostealeriosteal retentionretentrete procedure 965–6 gingival pocket/crevice 6 abrasion by 711, 719, proceduresocedures 965–709 biofi lms 231 720, 958 root coveragecoveracove 970–82, 983–4, 985–7, depth 234 adequate zone 956 988–9988– , 990–6 incidence 133, 134 after implants 73 split fl ap procedure 965–6, 968–9 innate mechanisms 298 attached 6 vestibular/gingivalvesve extension 965–6 leukocytes 286, 288 biologic width 69 healing after 968–9 microbial growth environment 246 biotypes 70, 71 gingival crevice fl uid (GCF) 246, 286 neutrophils 286, 288, 291 bleeding fl ow rate 319 probing 78–80 damage from interdentaldentalental gingivitis 287, 289, 290 smokers 318 cleaning 714 immunoglobulins 301 systemic humoral immune on probing 574–774–74–7 innate mechanisms 298 response 303 blood supply 43, 44–5, 77–8 prostaglandin E2 levels in aggressive gingival recession 541 buccal tissueuee dimensions 6969–70, 80–1 periodontitis 449 alveolar bone dehiscence 961, 1267 cleft removalovall 1275 smoking 319, 320–1 bucco-lingual thickness 1269, 1271 clinicallyallylly healthy 286–7286–28 see also gingival pocket/crevice children 971, 972 connectivenectivective tissue 19–24,19 25 gingival disease defects 959–60 inflfl ammatory cellc infi ltrate 580 allergic reactions 392–4 classifi cation 971 regenerative capacity 547–8 bacterial origin 377 orthodontic therapy 971, 973 contour 795 candidosis 380–1 infl ammation control 960 dento-gingivaldento-gingdento-gin epithelium 16–19 classifi cation criteria 405–6, 407 interdental 1271–2, 1273, 1274 dimensionsimensCOPYRIGHTED 956–8, 962 clinical signs 405–6, 407 treatment options 1271 biologici width 69 drug-induced 392, 410–11, 641, 800 labial 1267, 1269, 1270 restorative therapy 964–5 endogenous hormones 408 marginal tissue 958–61 width 7, 8, 69 exudate alterations in gingivitis 290 limitation 905 enlargement 800 fungal origin 380–3 orthodontic treatment 961–4 drug-induced 392, 410–11, 641, genetic origin 383–4, 413 thickness 964 800 pemphigus 389 orthodontic forces 354 hereditary 413 hereditary fi bromatosis 383–4, 413 predictors 963–4 leukemia-associated 412 herpes virus infections 378–80 soft tissue thickness 963 epithelial mesenchymal histoplasmosis 382–3 tooth abrasion 719, 720 interaction 24–7 infl ammation/infl ammatory tooth movement 1267, 1269, 1270, excessive display 997, 999–1000, 1001, lesions 287, 288, 289, 406, 407, 1271–2, 1273, 1274 1002 408, 415 direction 962–3 fl at 70, 71 attachment loss 422 favorable 1269 free 6 leukemia associated 412 unfavorable 1269, 1271 health 956–8 non-plaque induced 377–98 trauma 958 i10 Index gingival recession (continued) gingivostomatitis, herpetic membrane for root treatment comparison 817–18 necrotizing periodontal disease coverage 980–1, 983 see also root coverage differential diagnosis 463, 464–5 peripheral infl ammatory root 17 primary 378–9, 464–5 resorption 871 subgingival plaque 194 glucose intolerance 153 post-operative morbidity 926–8 Gingival Sulcus Bleeding Index 130 see also diabetes mellitus root coverage 990, 992 gingivectomy glucose oxidase, plaque control 744 healing 995 beveled 1000, 1001 glutathione 311 gum-wing profi le 997 internal 805, 806 glycoprotein pellicle 188 healing 812–13 glycoproteins 23 HalimeterTM 1329, 1331, 1332 with orthodontic treatment 1275, glycosaminoglycans 23 halitophobia 1332, 1333 1276 glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol therapy 1333–4 procedures 784–6 (GPI) 337 halitosis surgical technique 805, 806 Good Clinical Practice Guidelines 757–8 blood-borne 1327, 1334 gingivitis Gore Tex Periodontal Material® 928 chlorhexidine use for oral artefacta 397 grafting procedures malodor 753 bacterial fl ora 408 free gingival 1008 classifi cation 1333 chronic 735 gingival augmentation 966–7 confi dant use 1337 chronic periodontitis risk 422 interpositional 1014, 1015, 1016 control 1325–37 clinical signs/symptoms 408 combined with onlay grafts 1020 diagnosis 1328–30, 1331–21–2, 1333 collagen loss 290, 292 maxillary sinus fl oor drug-induced 1334344 control agents 743 elevation 1107–8 epidemiology 1325–6 dento-gingival epithelium 290, 291 onlay grafts 1015–17, 1018–19, 1020, extraoral 1327,27, 132828, 1334–5,1334–5334–5 1337 diabetes mellitus-associated 411 1021–3 instructionsns for patient 1328,13 1330 diagnosis 583–4 combined with interpositional intraoralal 1326–7, 1335–71335– epithelial cells 289–90, 291, 292, 293 grafts 1020 morningning 1334 experimental studies 756–7 roll fl ap procedure 1011–13 odoror characteristiccharacteristicharacteristics 1326 foreign body 398 soft tissue for ridge defects 1010–11, oral inspection 1330, 1332, 1333 histopathological features 287, 288, 1089 organoleptic evaluation 1331 289 see also free soft tissue graft organoleptorganolepticnolep measurements 1328 hormonal contraceptive use 316 procedures; pedicle graft pathogepathopathogenesisTERIAL 1326–7, 1328 immune reactions 286–7 procedures pathopathologic 1335 index systems 574–5 granulation tissue prapractice fl owchart 1328, 1329 infl ammation 289 interpositional grafts 1014 prevalence 1325–6 infl ammatory reaction 286–7 peripheral infl ammatory root questionnaire 1328, 1331 lesions 289–90, 291, 292, 293–4 resorption 869, 870 MATEsulfi de monitor 1329–30, 1331, 1332 leukemia-associated 411–12 tooth socket healing 55, 56, 57,57 58, 60 temporary 1333, 1334 lymphocytes 289 growth factors 559 treatment 1333–7 menstrual cycle-associated 409 alveolar bone healingealing 88–988– adjustment 1337 microbiology 145–6, 147–8, 148 delivery systemsems 1093 planning 1334–5, 1335–7 necrotizing 459 osteoinductive/osteopromotivetive/osteopromo 87 hand instruments, root acute form 463–4 ridge augmentationgmentation 1093 debridement 768–70, 771 chronic form 463–4 tooth socket healing 57,5 60 hard tissue diagnosis 464–5 growthth hormone (GH(G(GH) 88 replacement 556 histopathology 465–6 guidedidedded bone regeneregeneration (GBR) 1083–5 resorption mechanisms 865–6 host response 468 augmentationugmentation mmaterials 1085–7 see also alveolar bone; bone interproximal craters 461–2 bone graftsgra 1084–5, 1086–7 Haversian canals 38, 39, 40, 41 lesion development 460–1 bone mormorphology 1084–5 health education 695–6 recurrent 464 bone susubstitute materials 1084–5, health survivor effect 141 traumatic ulcerative gingival lesionesion 1086–7 heart disease, postmenopausal differential diagnosis 396–7–7 cliclinical concepts 1088–92 women 315 treatment 472 long-term results 1087–8 heat necrosis, implants 614–15 ulcerative 413–14, 426 patient selection 1084 hematologic disorders neutrophils 286, 288, 29393 soft tissue morphology 1085 chronic periodontitis 425 oral contraceptive-associatedssociatedsociated 411 guided tissue regeneration (GTR) 555, gingival manifestations 395–6 periodontitis in adultsdults 133, 134 559–61, 793 implant patient 644 plaque removall 710 aggressive periodontitis 661, 663 surgery contraindication 800 plaque-inducedced 406, 40740 , 407–8,407 422, attachment 1260 hemidesmosomes 12–13, 14, 16, 18 1298 barrier membranes 905–7 epithelial cell rests 30, 31 plasma cellslls 292, 29329 bioabsorbable materials 930 attachment 19 polymorphonuclearmorphonuclear leukocytesle 289 citric acid demineralization hemiseptal defects 901–2 pregnancyegnancy 313, 314,314 409–10 combination 942–3 hemoglobin, glycated (HbA1c) 162 prevalencerevalenceevalence 738,7 739 clinical outcomes 931–2, 933 hemostasis, local 801 preventioneventionvention in periodontitis combined procedures 940, 941, 942–3 hepatitis, dental team protection 687 preventionpreven 426 with demineralized freeze-dried bone hepatitis B infection, chlorhexidine progressioni to periodontal allograft 940, 941, 942 activity 748 disease 414–15 herb extracts, plaque control 745–6 puberty-associated 312, 408–9 comparison 558 hereditary gingival fi bromatosis 383–4, smoking 319 evaluation 562 413 spectrum of disease 405 furcation herpes simplex virus (HSV) spirochetes 221 defect regeneration 840–3, 844, 904, dental team protection 687 supportive periodontal therapy 1302 932–7 erythema multiforme 390 supragingival plaque involvement 913 gingival disease 378–9 accumulation 735, 736 healing 914 periodontal infection 225 susceptibility 423 intrabony defects 903, 905, 906, 907, herpes virus infections 378–80 treatment goal 655 910 primary gingivostomatitis 463, 464–5 see also acute necrotizing ulcerative membranes 930–2 herpes zoster 379–80 gingivitis (ANUG) oral hygiene 1261 Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath 4 805 orthodontic tooth movement 1261–2 fragmentation 32 soft tissue sculpting 1020, 1021–3 pedicle soft tissue graft with barrier remnants 30 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i11 hexetidine 747 peri-implantitis 590 bone high-strength all-ceramic implant severe periodontal disease apposition 364, 365 restorations 1199–200 susceptibility 589–90 augmentation 608, 609, 610 histiocytosis X smoking 589, 591 available 610, 611 aggressive periodontitis 446 IL1A gene 334, 335 height/width 601–2, 603, 607, 608, chronic periodontitis 425 implant failures 341, 342 609, 610, 636 histoplasmosis, gingival disease 382–3 IL1B gene 334–5 loss 533, 534 HIV infection implant failures 341, 342 modeling/remodeling 1056, 1057, aggressive periodontitis 446 IL1RN gene 334, 335 1058 chlorhexidine activity 748 implant failures 341, 342 preparation 1071–2 chronic periodontitis 425, 426 IL10 gene polymorphisms 339–40 reaction to orthodontic herpetic gingivostomatitis 379 iliac crest marrow grafts 553–4 loading 1282–3 host susceptibility to disease 244 illumination bony borders 602, 603 implant patient 642 loupes 1032 buccal–lingual dimensions 1074–5 linear gingival erythema 382, 412 microscope 1034 calculus attachment 201, 202 necrotizing periodontal disease 460, microsurgery 1030, 1034–5 chewing comfort 1140, 1141,41, 1143 462, 463, 464, 468–9, 471–2 image plate systems 618, 620 classifi cation 1054 necrotizing stomatitis 462, 464 image-guided surgery 620, 621 clinical inspection/ periodontitis 154–5 immune memory 299 examination 625–6 plaque accumulation 412 immune pathology 248 clinical test of mobilityility 629 homing 304 immune reactions color shades 632 hormonal contraceptives gingivitis 286–7 completed soft tissue coveragecoverco of gingivitis 411 periodontal infections 285 toothh socketsocke 1061–2061–2 periodontal effects 312, 316 protective role 302–3 complicationslications 626–8 hormone replacement therapy 315 immune receptors, innate 338, 339 connectorsnectors 118411 periodontal effects 312 immune system crater-formedrater-formed deddefects 532, 533 hormones innate 297–9 cumulative imimplant survival endogenous in gingival disease 408 gingival crevicular fl uid rate 121213 sex steroid 408, 409, 425 antibodies/complement 440 cutting 1101–2, 103 see also estrogen; progesterone microbial modulation 299 cyclicyclic lloads 366, 368 host defense mechanisms 208, 209 necrotizing periodontal disease 468 dehidehiscenceTERIAL defects 1090–1 adaptive defense system 299–304 periodontal infections 299–3044 ddirection 1074–6 enhancement for plaque control 744 smoking 320 distally shortened arch 1180–7 humoral immune response 301 suppression by pathogenss 248 early stability 637 immune defense system 299–304 immunodefi cient patients endosseous receptors 119–20 innate 297–9 herpetic gingivostomatitismatiti 37979 MATEesthetic zone 1146–70 pathogens overcoming 247–8 see also HIV infection;tion; extraction sockets 1089–90 periodontal infections 295–304 immunosuppressionuppressionppression failures and disease-modifying host response immunofl uorescenceescencescence techniques,techniquetechniqu biofi lm genes 340–2 evaluation in aggressive bacterialrial fi xed prostheses 587 periodontitis 448–9 detection/enumerationtection/enumera 229 fl ap necrotizing periodontal disease 468–9 immunoglobulin(s)noglobulin(s) 301 closure 1054–5 pathogens 440–1 maxillaryaxillary sinus 110111 elevation 1071 smoking 319–22 pemphigoidemphigoid 3893 fl apless insertion 1071 host susceptibility to disease 244–5 immunoglobulinimmunoglobuli A (IgA) 301 function analysis 628 aggressive periodontitis 441–5 immunoglobulinimmunoglobuimmunoglo G (IgG) 301–2 functional differences from teeth 637 environmental factors 445 Fc receptorsrecepre 337 furcation involvement 682–3 plaque formation 738, 739 necrotizingnecrotnecro periodontal disease 468 healing time 1076–7 host-compatibility 243 smokingsmosm effects 321 heat necrosis 614–15 Howship’s lacunae 41 immunoglobulinimm M (IgM) 468 horizontal defects 1091–2 humoral immune response 301 immunosuppressantsi identifi cation of presence 623, 624, antigen presenting cells 304 chronic periodontitis 425 625 hyaline layer 32 gingival overgrowth 410, 411 image-guided surgery 620, 621 hydrogen peroxide 247 implants 642 inclination 1074–6 bleaching 746, 8700 prophylactic antibiotics 800 incorrectly placed 615, 616 halitosis treatmentment 1336 immunosuppression indications 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, necrotizingg periodontal diseasedise chlorhexidine use 753 1143–5 treatmentmentnt 472 chronic periodontitis 425, 426 infection 199 plaquee control 746 implant patients 642 insertion torque 1077 productionductionuction by bacterialbacte benefi cial see also HIV infection installation 99–100 species 243 implant(s) interarch distance 1194 tooth whiteningwhitenin 746, 870 abutment interdental contact line 1155 hydrogenydrogen sulfis fi de 249, 1326, 1327 material 75 interdental space assessment 630, 631 hydroxyapahydroxyapatiteydroxyapa 39, 556 for prosthetic appliances 1282 length 607 crystalsrystalsCOPYRIGHTED 34, 37 abutment-level impression 1196–7 loading 363, 1076–7 porous 556 adjacent teeth condition 631 excessive 363, 365–6, 367 hyperglycemia 310 aggressive periodontitis 661, 680–2 functional 365, 366 hyperinsulinemia 92 alveolar bone loss in diabetes 92–3 loss of osseointegration 368–9 hypoglycemia 690 anatomic landmarks with potential maxillary anterior single tooth hypophosphatasia 446 risk 1072–3 replacement 1156 hypothiocyanite 744 anatomic structure avoidance 637 overloading 363 angle 1225–6 static 366, 368 I-Brush® 718 angulation 1231–2 long axis 1154 IL1 gene 334–6, 341 ankylosis 1228 long-term performance 588–9 IL1 gene polymorphisms 145, 336 anterior single-tooth loss 533–4 composite genotype 335–6 replacement 1149–57, 1158, 1159, malpositioned 1225–6, 1234 genetic marker 1308 1160, 1161 marginal hard tissue defect 1045–6, implant failures 341, 342 articulation 628 1064 implant patient 644 bacterial deposits 629 masticatory occlusal forces 369–70 peri-implant bone loss 589 biological differences from teeth 637 materials 1199–200 i12 Index implant(s) (continued) controversial issues 1179 loss 1214–15 maxillary anterior distally shortened arch 1180–7 stability 1147 restorations 1148–9 distribution 1180–2 splinting 1189–90, 1191 multiple-unit fi xed 1161–5 early fi xed restorations 1203–4 stability 1077 mechanical stimuli perception 119 fi xed implant-supported placement immediately after mechanical stress 364 prostheses 1180–7 extraction 1061 mesio-distal orientation 1075, 1076 high-strength all-ceramic implant static loads 366, 368 model-based guided surgery 1071 restorations 1199–200 submucosal shoulder position 1165 molars 1140, 1141, 1143 immediate fi xed success criteria 635 multiple adjacent restorations 596 restorations 1203–4 supportive care 676 natural tooth substance indications 1176, 1177–80 surface quality 1048, 1049, 1050 preservation 1142, 1143–4 lateral bone augmentation 1184–6 surgical site 1068–77 neuropathies 1072 multiple-unit tooth-bound survival rate 639 non-cutting 100–1 restorations 1187–90, 1191 maxillary sinus fl oor number 1074 number 1180–2 elevation 1110, 1116–17 oral mucosa 71–8 occlusal considerations 1200–1, system components 626, 627–8–8 oro-facial position 1154 1202, 1203 tactile capacity 121–2 orthodontic anchorage 1203, 1280–90, orthodontic considerations 1200–1, technical failures 626–8 1291 1202, 1203 tilted 1100 advantages 1290, 1291 restoration with cantilever tissue biotype 1064–5–5 direct 1288, 1289, 1290 units 1182–3, 1184 tissue injury 99–10010000 disadvantages 1290 screw-retained restorations 1193–6 titanium 600 forces 1288, 1289, 1290 shoulder-level impression 1196–7 tooth lengtheninghening 5905 growing patients 1283–4 single-tooth replacement 1191–2, trap door procedure 1185 indications 1283, 1284 1193 treatmentent spectrum 604–560 indirect 1288, 1289, 1290 sites with anterior sinus fl oor treatmentment success 1065101 length-reduced devices 1285 proximity 1184–7 verticalertical distance requirementr 594 loading 1288, 1289 sites with extended horizontal bone vertical ridge defectsd 1092 removal 1289, 1290 volume defi ciencies 1184–7 vibrotactile capacityc 121, 122 stability 1290 size 1180–2 wide-diameter/wide-platformwide-diam-dia 1182 success rate 1290 splinted versus single-unit woundwounTERIAL chamber 103–4, 105 temporary devices 1284–8, 1289, restorations 1189–90, 1191 woundwoun healing 100 1290, 1291 technique 1176–7 see also maxillary sinus fl oor osteoporosis 90–1 treatment planning 1175–6 elevation; osseointegration; outcomes 1065 posterior segment 676–7, 678 peri-implantitis overloading 363 premolars 1140, 1141, 1143143 MATEimplant pass 623, 624 palatal 1290, 1291 psychophysical testingng 114–15,114–15 121, implant patient clinical procedures 1288, 1289 122 age 639–40 growing patient effects 1286–7 recipient site 107407474 alcohol abuse 645 insertion sites 1286 re-innervationn 12012 anamnestic information 625 loading time schedule 1288, 1289 rejuvenationon at contaminatedcontaminate autoimmune disorders 643–4 palpation 629 surfaceace 1047 clinical conditions 596 papilla removablevable prostheses 587 clinical inspection 625–6 assessment 630 replacementlacementcement of teethte communication problems 645–6 dimensions 81–3, 84 diseased 587 connective tissue disorders 643–4 tissue loss 594–5 strategically important diabetes mellitus 642–3 patient satisfaction 1147 missingmis 1144–5 endodontic infection 639 periodontally compromised resonanceresonanc frequency analysis 629 esthetic implication sites 594–7, 598 patients 587–90 restoratrestorrestoration-driven 1156 esthetics and tooth movement 1263– periosteal receptors 120 restorestorative dentistry 1138–45 5, 1266, 1267 phonetics 628 ridridge augmentation examination 587–97, 598 disturbances 595–6 procedures 1083–94 clinical 596–7, 601, 625–6 placement 593, 602, 637 risk indicators 635–6 components 636 alveolar ridge healingng 1063063 risk predictors 636 extraoral 591–2 clinical concepts 1063–5063–5 rotation–symmetrical 1165 implant-supported completed soft tissue coveragecoverag ofo safety zone 611–12, 613 restorations 623–32 tooth socketett 1061–2 scalloped design 1165–6 intraoral 592–7 fresh extractionctionn socketssocke 106410 screw-retained suprastructure 1154–5 local 591–7 guidingg concept 1071 screws 627 radiographic 592, 593, 596–7, planningningg 1069–70 component complications 1230–1 600–21 ridgedge corrections 1055–6,1 1057, diameter 594 expectations 646 1058–61 solid 103 failure-associated complications 635 substantial bonbone fi ll in extraction segmented fi xed restorations 1166, history 590–1 socket 1062–3101 1167–70, 1170 immunosuppression 642 therapyrapyCOPYRIGHTED aims a 1063–5 self-tapping 101–2, 103 implant placement 593 timing 1053–65 sensory motor interactions 121–2 lack of understanding 645–6 plaque formation 196–7 short 1117–18 local conditions 637–9 position 1073–4 shoulder medications 640–2 sites with limited vertical depth in relation to labial mucosal oral hygiene 645, 646 bone 1192, 1193 margin 1154 oral infections 637–9 posterior dentition 1175–204 distance to plane of occlusion orthodontic pretreatment 593, 594 abutment-level impression 1196–7 1194 osteoporosis 643 angulated abutments 1198–9 microgap 1162 pass 623, 624 cemented multiple-unit posterior sink depth 1150 periodontitis 638–9 implant prostheses 1197–8 submucosal 1165 post-surgical infection clinical applications 1193–201, shoulder-level impression 1196–7 minimizing 636–7 1202, 1203 single-tooth 596 post-treatment care/maintenance combination with natural tooth smoking risk 589, 591 program 646 support 1183–4 soft tissue 629–30, 636 prognosis 675–6 concepts 1175–7 grafts 1089 psychiatric/psychological issues 645 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i13

questionnaire 625 self-performed 798–9 insulin resistance 91, 92, 308 radiography in surgery 815 bacterial infection 309 examination 592, 593, 596–7, dental pulp 504–8, 509, 510–16, 517 insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 87, 600–21 dental team protection 687–8 559 treatment monitoring 614–16, 617, dissemination 502 alveolar bone healing 89 618, 619–20 endodontic 639 ridge augmentation 1093 risk assessment 597, 598, 634–46 focal 476 insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) behavioral considerations 645–6 maxillary sinus 1106 311 clinical information 636 medical conditions intercellular adhesion molecule 1 principles 634–7 predisposing 752–3 (ICAM-1) 302–3 risk factors opportunistic 184 leukocyte adhesion defi ciency 320 local 637–9 oral in implant patients 637–9 intercellular adhesion molecule, soluble systemic 639–45 periodontium of endodontic (sICAM) 320 satisfaction 1147 origin 849–51, 852, 853–8 interdental brushes 714, 716–17, 727 smoking 640, 645 post-surgical 636–7 effi cacy 736 substance use/abuse 645 preterm birth 481 hard tissue damage 720 technical procedures to minimize root-fi lled teeth 858 interdental cleaning 714–17,–17,17 735, 7367 risk 636–7 soft tissues around implants 629, effi cacy 736 tissue damage minimization 637 630 mechanical for plaqueaqueque build-up treatment systemic diseases 476 prevention 4144 planning 601–7, 675–84, 685 treatment complication 688–9 interdental papillaillala sees papillapapil radiographic monitoring 614–16, see also bacteria/bacterial infections; interdental recessionecession 1271–2,1271 1273, 617, 618, 619–20 fungal infection; gingivitis; 12744 implant recognition software 625 pathogens; peri-implantitis; preventionention 1272 implant stability quotient (ISQ) 629, periodontal abscess; interdentaldental septumseptu 53,5 54, 55 1077 periodontitis; root canal infection; interdentalerdental space, assessmenta 630, 631 implant-supported restorations stomatitis; viral infections interdental support,supp root coverage 991 abutments 1225–6, 1227, 1231 infection plaque 856 interferon γ (IFN-(I γ) 300 materials 1233 infl ammation interleukin(s)interleukin(nterleukin( 296 bite force 1228 gingival 287, 288, 289, 406, 407, 408,8, interleukininterleukrleu 1 (IL-1) butt-joint interface 1230 415 bonebonTERIAL loss cement-retained 1233 attachment loss/tooth loss 422 peri-implant 341 clinical gingivitis lesion 289 systemic 90 inspection/examination 625–6 innate immune process 298–998–9 late implant failures 342 complications 626–8, 1222–35 orthodontic therapy 963 see also IL1 gene abutment-related 1231 periodontal tissue assessmentassessm t 13013MATEinterleukin 1α (IL-1α) 296 biologic 1224–6 infl ammatory cells 20,,21 21 interleukin 1β (IL-1β) 249, 296, 310 clinical 1224–31 infi ltrate 580 interleukin 2 (IL-2) 300 implant screw-related 1230–1 infl ammatory mediators, pretermpretepret interleukin 6 (IL-6) 90 mechanical 1226–31 birth 481 interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene overdenture 1226–8 infl ammatoryatory processes polymorphisms 339–40 peri-implant 1224–5 dentaltalal pulp 506, 507, 508, 509 intermicrobial matrix 189–91 prosthetic 1231–5 periodontaleriodontal infectionsinfecti 295 international normalized ratio surgical 1224 inflfl ammatory reresponseresp (INR) 642 diagnostic waxing 1225 aggressivegressive peperiodontitis 441 interpositional graft procedure 1014, esthetics 630–2, 1233–4 clinically hhealthy gingiva 286–7 1015, 1016 external hex 1230–1, 1232 dentaldent ppulp 505–6, 507, 508, 509 combined with onlay grafts 1020 implants 628–9 gingivgingigingivitis 286–7 interproximal brushes 714, 716–17, 727 angulation 1231–2 innininnate immune mechanism 297 intrabony defects 551, 552 loss 1224 lleukocyte migration 302 barrier membranes 906, 908 malpositioned 1225–6, 1234 peri-implant mucosa 531 enamel matrix derivatives 908–9, internal hex 1232 peri-implantitis 534, 535 939–40 load resistance 1232 periodontal infections 285 guided tissue regeneration 903, 905, marginal defects 1225 periodontium 850–1 906, 907, 910 material failures 1228–9 smoking 320 membranes 930–2, 933 midline fracturere 1229122 sutures 1037–8 papilla preservation fl aps 916–17, occlusal wearar 1229 infrabony defects 901, 902 918 one-piecee implant designsdesignd 1232 orthodontic tooth movement 1252–3 regenerative therapy strategy 948 overdenturesentures 1226–8,1226– 1232 infrabony pockets 351 surgical access 945 patientientnt examination 623–32 orthodontic intrusion 1256 intracellular adhesion molecule 1 restorativeestorativestorative veneervene fracture 1228 trauma from occlusion 352 (ICAM-1) 289, 291 screw-retained 1233 infraorbital artery 43 intracoronal bleeding, peripheral soft tissuestissu 6629–30 infraorbital nerve 48 infl ammatory root resorption 870 responsresponresponses 1234 initial tooth mobility (ITM) 1125–7 intradental A-delta fi bers 520 success/survivaluccessCOPYRIGHTED rate 1234–5 innate defense systems 297–9 intraseptal artery 43, 46 surgicali guide 1225, 1226 gingival crevicular fl uid antibodies/ iodine tincture, vertical root fracture technical failures 626–8 complement 440 diagnosis 863 treatment planning 1225 microbial modulation 299 irradiation geometry 618, 620 see also fi xed partial dentures (FPD) innate immunity receptors, gene irrigation impressions, master model 1154 polymorphisms 338, 339 full-mouth disinfection 776 width 607 insertion/deletion polymorphisms 329 subgingival 753 incisors instrument tray 803 irrigators 742 crowded 1274 instrumentation, hard tissue pulsating 717 furcations 826 trauma 882 overlapping 1274 instruments papillae 1248 maxillary sinus fl oor elevation 1099 bone defects 36 indole 1326 microsurgery 1030, 1035 implant placement planning 1070 infection 184 root debridement 768–70, 771 fi xation and chlorhexidine use 752 control surgery 802–5 shape variation 1073 for implant placement 676 insulin 92 see also ; i14 Index jiggling-type trauma 354–7, 358, 360, mechanism of action 800 edentulous 1166, 1167–70, 1170 361 surgery 800–2 local anesthesia 802 anchor teeth 1290 techniques 802 neuroanatomy 110, 112, 113 orthodontic treatment 1246, 1250–1, types 801 segmented fi xed implant 1262 localized aggressive periodontitis restorations 1166, 1167–70, 1170 zones of co-destruction 359 (LAP) 140–1, 213 width growth 1287 jugulodigastric lymph nodes 47 A. actinomycetemcomitans 215–17, 243 see also molars, maxillary; premolars, junctional epithelium 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19 Eikenella corrodens 223 maxillary lesion long-term stability 243–4 maxillary anterior single-tooth Kaposi’s sarcoma 464 long tooth syndrome 595–6 replacement 1149–57, 1158, 1159, keratin synthesis 15 loupes 1030–2 1160, 1161 keratinization 11, 15 advantages 1034–5 sites with extended horizontal keratinocytes 12, 14–15 convergence angle 1031, 1032 defi ciencies 1156–7, 1158 cytotoxic immune reaction 390 disadvantages 1034–5 sites with localized horizontal differentiation 14, 15 fi eld of view 1031, 1032 defi ciencies 1156 keratin-producing cells 11 illumination 1032 sites with major vertical tissuee keratohyalin bodies 14–15 interpupillary distance 1032 loss 1157, 1159, 1160, 1161,116 1162116 Klebsiella oxytoca 225 selection 1032, 1033 sites without signifi cant tissueue Klebsiella pneumoniae 225 viewing angle 1031, 1032 defi ciencies 1152–5,–5,5, 115611 knives 803–4 working distance/range 1031 maxillary arch, length Koch’s postulates 213 low birthweight 480 discrepanciess 1287128 periodontal disease 482, 483, 484, 485, maxillary complexex displacementdisplaceme 1287 lactoferrin 296, 298 486 maxillary multiple-unittiple-unit anterioranterio fi xed lamellar bone 62 lupus erythematosus 391–2 implantant restorations 1161–5 edentulous alveolar ridge 67 lymph nodes 47 sites withth extendedextende horizontalhor osseointegration 107 swelling 463 defifi ciencies 1164–511611 lamina dura 27, 28, 36 lymphatics, periodontium 47 sitestes with major verticalv tissue lamina propria 5, 19–24 lymphocytes 20, 21 loss 1165 Langerhans cells 11, 12 adaptive defense system 299 sites without signifi cant tissue laser therapy, ablative 771, 772 gingivitis 289 defifi cienciesciec 1163–4 leptin 88 host defense 248 maxillarymaxillarTERIAL sinus leukemia smoking effects 321 anatomyanato 1100–1 aggressive periodontitis 446 lymphogranulomatosis, surgery bloodblo supply 1101 chronic periodontitis 425 contraindication 800 drainaged 1101 gingival manifestations 395–6 lymphoreticular disorders, implantant infection 1106 gingivitis 411–12 patient 644 MATEmembrane perforation 1106 necrotizing periodontal disease 465, LYS-gingipain 249 respiratory epithelium 1101 468 lysozymes 1101 septa 1101 necrotizing ulcers 465 maxillary sinus fl oor surgery contraindication 800 alpha-2 macroglobulinlobulin 295 elevation 1099–119 leukocyte(s) macrophagess 19, 20 augmentation 1100 gingival crevice 286, 288 diabetes mellitus 310 clinical decisions 1118, 1119 implant wound chamber 104 host defenseefensefense 2482 crestal approach 1099, 1110–17 migration 302 implantplantant wound chamberchach 104 implant placement 1111–14, 1115 necrotizing periodontal disease 468 migration 3013 implant survival 1116–17 peri-implant mucosa 531 toothooth socket healingheh 59, 60 indications 1111 periodontal abscesses 499 MadCAM-1MadCAM- hohoming receptor 304 outcome 1116–17 pocket epithelium 292 magneticagnetic resreresonance imaging, functional post-surgical care 1115 recruitment 304 (fMRI)(fM(f 114 success 1116–17 subgingival plaque 192, 193, 194,, 19898 MaillarMaillard reactions 749 surgical technique 1111–14 leukocyte adhesion defi ciency mainmaintenance care visits 1313 delayed (two-stage) 1104, 1109, 1110 (LAD) 320 mmajor histocompatibility complex grafting materials 1107–8, 1115–16 aggressive periodontitis 44646 (MHC) 300 lateral approach 1099, 1100–10 leukoplakia, oral 393 malnutrition complications 1106 leukotoxins 214, 216, 223,23, 248, 2942 gingival disease 412–13 contraindications 1102 A. actinomycetemcomitansomitans 2144, 216,21 necrotizing periodontal disease 469 implant survival 1108–10 294, 438, 440400 malocclusion, incisor crown shape indications 1102 aggressive periodontitiseriodontitis bacteriabacte 438, 1274 outcome 1108–10 440 mandible post-surgical care 1105–6 lichen planusanusus 384, 385–6, 3873 incisive canal bundle 110 pre-surgical examination 1101–2 lichenoidid lesions, oral 3873 local anesthesia 802 success 1108–10 lightingingng 103010 neuroanatomy 110–11, 112 techniques 1102–5 linearearr gingival eryterythema 381–2, 412 opening amplitude 592 one-stage with implant lingualualal artery 11072,10 1073 premolars 826, 827 installation 1104, 1105, 1109 lingual nerveCOPYRIGHTED 48 see also molars, mandibular osteotome technique 1110–17 block 8020 with grafting material 1114, 1115 linkage analysis, aggressive identifi cation 1069 short implants 1117–18 periodontitis inheritance 442–3 implant planning 611–12, 613, 614 sinus membrane perforation 1106 lipopolysaccharide 156, 249, 294 mandibular overdentures 370 sinusitis 1106 A. actinomycetemcomitans 439–40 marginal tissue 629–30 treatment options 1099–100 in calculus 766 recession 632, 958–61 two-stage 1104, 1109, 1110 on cementum 766 mast cells 19–20 mechanical stimulation 854 host receptor recognition 298 master model, impressions 1154 mechanoreceptors 109 preterm birth 481–2 matrix metalloproteinases mechano-transduction mediators 1264 lipopolysaccharide-binding protein 298 (MMPs) 295–6 medications lipoteichoic acids 294 polymorphisms 644–5 chronic periodontitis 425 liver disease 689 maxilla drug interactions 690 fetor hepaticus 1327 alveolar process 6 gingival disease 410–11 local anesthesia anterior teeth gingival margins 1248, 392, 410–11, individual variability 801–2 1259 641, 800 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i15

implant patients 591, 640–2 practice requirements 1039 deformed edentulous ridge 1008–17, mucocutaneous disorders 392 root coverage 1041, 1042 1018–19, 1020, 1021–3 patient examination 574 suture materials 1035–8 gingival augmentation 955–70 melanocytes 11–12, 14 sutures 1035–8, 1040 Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome 394 teamwork 1038–9 reconstruction 996–7 membrane-associated CD14 298 techniques 1029–30 root coverage 970–82, 983–4, 985–7, menopause training 1038–9 988–9, 990–6 chronic periodontitis 425 microsurgical triad 1030 mucoperiosteal fl aps 786, 787, 788 periodontal effects 314–15 Miller class I–II defects 990, 991 deep dissection 1073 menstruation mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) 859 maxillary anterior single-tooth gingivitis 409 minimal inhibitory concentration replacement 1157 halitosis 1335 (MIC) 885 maxillary sinus fl oor elevation 1102 periodontal effects 312 minimally invasive surgical technique mucosa see oral mucosa mental artery 43 (MIST) 1039–40 mucositis Merkel’s cells 11, 12 miniplates, L-shaped 1285 probing 80 mesio-distal enamel reduction 1271–2, miniscrews 1285 see also peri-implant mucositisositis 1273, 1274 minocycline 886 multiple sclerosis, surgeryy mesio-distal gap microspheres 880, 891 contraindication 80000 implant placement 1213 ointment 891 mutanase 740, 744 optimization of dimensions 1201 miscarriage 161–2, 480 mutilated dentitionn treatmentreatment 1138–45113 metal salts, plaque control 746 MMP gene polymorphisms 644–5 Mycobacterium chelonaehelon 377 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus modifi ed fl ap operation 787–8 Mycoplasma pneumoniae 39039 aureus (MRSA) 744 molars myocardialal infarction (MI) methotrexate 392 accessory canals 508 Peptostreptococcusstreptococcus microsmicr methyl mercaptan 1326, 1327 banding 1248 associationassociatio 224 methylene blue, root fracture bonding 1248 riskisk with periodontitisperiodoperiod 158, 476–7 diagnosis 863 implants 1140, 1141, 1143 surgery contraindicationcontracontr 799 metronidazole 450, 451, 471, 886 mandibular 825–6 activity 889 regeneration 844 nasal–maxillarynasal–maxi complex alteration 1102 amoxicillin combination 889 furcation entrance 828 nasopalatinenasopalaopa canals 111, 113 controlled delivery 886 furcation plasty 831 bonebonoTERIAL augmentation 609 gel 891–2 root separation and resectiononn 835,83 widthw 607 healing after guided tissue 837, 837, 839, 842 nasopalatinen foramen 111, 113 regeneration 914 vertical fractures 861 necrotizing periodontal disease 459–72 peri-implant lesions 878 maxillary 824, 825 acute phase treatment 470–2 microarrays 249 furcation entrancee 828 MATEage 470 microbe-associated molecular patterns root separationn and resectionresecrese 834–8 alcohol consumption 470 (MAMPs) 299 5, 836, 837–8,–8,8, 8398 , 84242 alveolar mucosa 462, 463, 464 microbiota, healthy sites 234 periodontal abscesses 497,97, 4994 clinical characteristics 460–4 Micromonas micros single-toothothth restoration 111191–2,1 communicability 467–8 cardiovascular disease 158 119393 diagnosis 464–5 peri-implant infections 639 uprightingghting and furcafurcation endotoxins 467 microorganisms involvement 1262–3 fever 463 changing concepts 212–13 verticalertical root fracffracture diagnosis 863 gingival defect elimination 472 complex formation in biofi lm 231–2 monocytes gingivitis pre-existence 469 control 210 diabetes mmellitus 310 histopathology 465–6 dentin permeability 505–6 implantimp wound chamber 104 HIV infection 460, 462, 463, 464, endodontic 512–14 necrotnecronecrotizing gingivitis 466 471–2 host-compatible 243 perpeperiodontal abscesses 499 host response 468–9 interactions 243 momotivational interviewing 695–702 inadequate sleep 469–70 periodontal infections 208,8,, 209–13209–1 advice giving 700 interproximal craters 461–2 persistence 882–3 communication 698–700 lesion development 460–1 regrowth 882–3 defi nition 697 leukemia 465, 468 screw-retained implantplantt restorationrestoratio development 696–7 lymph node swelling 463 colonization 1193 evidence for 697–8 maintenance phase treatment 472 subgingival 883 implementation 698–700 malnutrition 469 subgingivall plaque 192–3, 1194, 195, oral hygiene 700–2 microbiology 466–8 198 smoking cessation 702–3 oral hygiene 463, 464, 469, 471–2 see alsoo bacteria/bacterbacteria/bacbacteria/bacterial infections; mouth, hematoma of fl oor 1072–3 pathogenesis 466–8 fungalungal infectioninfection; named organisms; mouth rinses 737 plaque control 472 viraliral infectionsinfectioninfecti alcoholic 741 predisposing factors 468–9 micro-satellites 329–303 allergic reactions 393 prevalence 460 microscope,microscope susurgical 1030, 1032–4 halitosis treatment 1336 previous history 469 advantageadvantagadvantages 1034–5 home use studies 757 racial factors 470 binocularinoculCOPYRIGHTED tubes 1033, 1034 morning bad breath 1334 sequestrum formation 462 disadvantagesd 1034–5 plaque control 741 smoking 470 eyepieces 1033–4 standards 738 stress 469 lighting unit 1034 745 systemic disease 468–9 magnifi cation changer 1033 see also chlorhexidine treatment 470–2 objective lenses 1033 mucocutaneous disorders necrotizing stomatitis 459, 462, 463, 464 microsurgery 1029–42 drug-induced 392 diagnosis 464–5 clinical indications 1039–40 gingival disease 384, 385–6, 387–92 necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis comparison to conventional 6, 7, 8 (NUG) 209–10, 413–14, 459 interventions 1040, 1041, 1042 ectopic tooth eruption 1006, 1007, chronic periodontitis 426 concepts 1030–9 1008 needle, microsurgical suturing 1036, illumination 1030, 1034–5 mucogingival margin/line 5, 6 1037 instruments 1030, 1035 mucogingival therapy 955–1023 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gingival limitations 1039–40 crown-lengthening procedures 997, disease 377 magnifi cation 1030–5, 1038, 1039 999–1000, 1001, 1002–6, 1007, nerve fi bers, dentin exposure needle for suturing 1036, 1037 1008 response 520 i16 Index

Neumann fl ap 787 adherence 695–6 orthodontic forces, root surface neural crest 3 adjunctive aids 717–18 resorption 867–8 neurologic disorders, surgery barrier membranes 937 orthodontic loading, alveolar contraindication 800 behavior change 700–2, 707 bone 363–5 neutrophils 20, 21 biofi lms 242 orthodontic tilting movements 354 gingival crevice 286, 288, 291 guided tissue regeneration 1261 orthodontic trauma 353–4 gingivitis 286, 288, 293 implant patient 645, 646 orthodontic treatment necrotizing 466, 467 instruction 720–2 aggressive periodontitis 662, 665 implant wound chamber 104 interdental cleaning 714–17 anchorage 1280–90, 1291 peri-implant mucosa healing 76 motivation 706–7 bodily tooth movement 354 periodontal abscesses 499 motivational interviewing 700–2 esthetics 1244, 1246–7, 1248 tooth socket healing 59, 60 necrotizing periodontal disease 463, extrusion of single teeth 1255–6, new attachment procedures 542, 551 464, 469, 471–2, 472 1257–8, 1259, 1263, 1265–6, 1266 NF-kappa B pathway 339 orthodontic treatment of adults 1243– collagen formation 1264 nicotine 320 4, 1248 furcation involvement 1262–3 absorption 317 patient examination 573, 584–5 gingival margins 1248, 1259 nicotine replacement therapy 322 plaque build-up prevention 414 gingival recession 961–4 nifedipine, gingival overgrowth 392, post-regenerative therapy 925–6 hopeless teeth as anchorageage 125112 , 410–11 programs 721 1252 nitro-imidazoles 886 psychosocial factors 738 implant anchorage 1203,3, 1280–90, nociceptors 109 public awareness 707 1291 non-specifi c plaque hypothesis 211 regenerative surgery 947 intrusion 1256,, 1259–60 nutritional defi ciencies risk assessment 1305–6 jiggling 12466, 1250–11250– , 1262 chronic periodontitis 425 root coverage 991 legal aspectsects 1249, 1252 malnutrition 412–13, 469 self-performed plaque control 706–19 minor surgery 1274–5,127 1276 nystatin 752 side effects 718–19 oral hygiene 1243–4,1243–4 1248 tongue cleaning 717–18 periodontaleriodontal diseasediseasdisea 1243–5, 1248 obesity see also chlorhexidine; toothbrushes; peripheral inflfl ammatorya root biofi lm composition 235 toothbrushing resorptionresorptio 870 periodontitis 153–4 oral hygiene products 737–8 recessionsion defectsd 971, 973 occlusal concept, implant-specifi c 1203 allergic reactions 393 retentionretentioreten TERIAL 1242, 1244, 1245, 1246–7, occlusal interference 829–30 chemical injury 396 1248–9,1 1250–1 occlusal relationships, crown- see also dentifrices; mouth rinses;s; risk management 1249, 1252 lengthening 1000, 1002 toothpaste splinting 1249 occlusion oral leukoplakia 393 tooth infl ammation 963 assessment 592 oral lichenoid lesions 387 MATEtooth movement in adults 1252–3, masticatory forces 369–70 allergic reactions 393 1254, 1255–6, 1257–8, 1259–65, trauma 353, 1125 oral malodor, chlorhexidineexidinexidine use 753 1266, 1267 bone regeneration 1128–9 oral mucosa 5 traumatic occlusion 1246, 1250–1, orthodontic treatment 1246, 1250–1, allergic reactionsons 392–4392– 1262 1262 buccal soft tissue dimensionsdimension 80–1 see also tooth movement, orthodontic tooth mobility 1128 keratinizedzeded 630, 631 orthokeratinization 11 octenidine, plaque control 744 lining 5 Orthosystem® 1285, 1286, 1289, 1290 octopinol 746 marginrginin 629–30 osseointegration 99–107, 363 odds ratio 143 receding 632, 958–619 bone remodeling 107 odontoblasts 4 masticatory 5–65–5 defi nition 99 odontoplasty 831, 833 peri-implantperi-imp 71–8, 629, 630 excessive occlusal load 366, 367 onlay graft procedures 1015–17, 1018– recedingrecedin margins 632 failure 618, 619 19, 1020, 1021–3 periodontalperiodoperiod mechanoreceptor functional loading 365 combined with interpositional activation 117 loss 364 grafts 1020 ridgerid 530 excessive loading 368–9 donor site/tissue 1015, 1016–176–17–17 specialized 5 peri-implant 1058–9 Onplant® 1285 tissue-matched shades 1214 osteoporosis 90–1 open fl ap curettage techniqueniquee 789–92 see also peri-implant mucosa process 103–5, 106, 107 opsonization 301 oral sepsis 476 quality assessment 629 oral contraceptives oral 8, 9, 10, 17, 18 wide marginal defects 1045–6 gingivitis 411 oral tumors wound chamber 103–4, 106, 107 periodontal effects 312,312 316 maxillary sinus 1102 wound cleansing 104 oral epitheliumum 8–15 periodontal abscess differential see also implant(s); re-osseointegration barrier functionnction 297 diagnosis 500 osseoperception basall layer 12 Oral-B Sonic Complete® toothbrush neurophysiology 109–11, 112, 113 celllll layers 11 713 peri-implant 108–11, 112, 119–22 clearlearar cells 11–121111–12, 13, 14 OralChromaTM 1330, 1332 osseous defects see bone defects dento-gingivalnto-gingivanto-gingiv region 17 organ transplantation, surgery ostectomy 796–7 glycogengenCOPYRIGHTED cocontent in pregnancy 314 contraindication 799–800 osteitis, necrotizing stomatitis 462 junctional 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19 organic acids 247 osteoblasts 5, 21, 39, 40, 86 keratinized 73 organoleptic evaluation 1328, 1331 bone deposition 42 keratin-producing cells 11 oro-antral fi ssure, necrotizing bone multicellular unit 41, 88 migration 16 stomatitis 462 bone resorption 866 progenitor cell compartment 12 orofacial granulomatosis 394 communication with osteocytes 39 reduced 16 orofacial region neuroplasticity 121 differentiation 92 stratum spinosum 13 orthodontic appliances proliferation 92 subsurface 9, 10, 11 bonding 1248 osteocalcin, diabetes mellitus 91 wound healing role 549–50 chlorhexidine use 753 osteoclasts 41, 42, 87 see also dento-gingival epithelium implants for abutment 1282 activation 296 oral health periodontally compromised bone multicellular unit 88 motivational interviewing 698 patients 1244–5, 1246–7, 1248 bone resorption 359 patient responsibility 720 retention 1242, 1244, 1245, 1246–7, indirect 354 oral hygiene 1248–9, 1250–1 treatment 91 access for devices 834 steel ligatures 1245, 1246–7, 1248 jiggling forces 358 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i17 osteoconduction 93, 94 loss 996, 997 regulons 244 osteocytes 38–9, 86 inter-implant 82–3, 84, 594–5 resistance communication with osteoblasts 39 maxillary incisors 1248 to antiseptics/antibiotics 248 cytoplasmic processes 40–1 reconstruction 996–7, 998 source 208 osteogenesis 93 surgical techniques 997, 998 specifi c suppression 883 malpositioned tooth movement 1253, tissue loss 594–5, 1274 tissue damage 248, 249 1256 papilla preservation fl ap 792–3, 916–17 transmission 236–8 osteoid 39 e-PTFE combination 945 intraoral 275 formation 60 intrabony defects 916–17, 918 types 213, 214, 215–26 osteoinduction 93, 94 modifi ed 916 virulence mechanisms 249 osteoinductive factors 559 outcomes 945 virulent 243 osteomyelitis simplifi ed 920–2, 923, 924, 925, 945, see also bacteria/bacterial infections; bisphosphonate-associated 591 948 fungal infection; viral infections periodontal abscess differential minimally invasive surgery 922–3 patient(s) diagnosis 500 papilla preservation technique, affi rming 699 osteonecrosis modifi ed 917–18, 919, 920, 921, giving advice 700 bisphosphonate-associated 591, 640–1 922, 945 health protection 688 implant failure 640–1 barrier membranes 917–18, 919, 920, history for implant therapyherapyapy 590–1 of the jaw 90 921 refl ection of communicationunication 699 osteons 37–9 biologically active regenerative responsibility foror oralral health 72072 primary 62, 106, 107 materials 918, 922 see also implantntt patient secondary 62, 107 enamel matrix derivative 918, 922 patient examinationmination tooth socket healing 62 minimally invasive surgery 922–3 alveolar bone 5835 osteopenia 89–91 papillomavirus, periodontal chief complaint 573, 5905 periodontitis 154 infection 225 compliancempliance 59159 osteoplasty 796 Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) 332–3 dental history 573,575 590–1 osteoporosis 89–91 aggressive periodontitis 446 expectations 573,5 590 chronic periodontitis 425 implant patients 645 implantmplant successs 646 fractures 315 paraformaldehyde 396 family historyhi 573, 590 implant patient 643 parakeratinization 11 functionalfunctiounct disturbance screening 585 periodontal effects 314–15 parathyroid hormone (PTH) 88 furcationfurcTERIAL involvement periodontitis 154 ridge augmentation 1093 assessment 580–3 smoking 315, 322 Parkinson’s disease, surgery gingiva 574–7 treatment 315 contraindication 800 habits 591 osteoprogenitor cells 86–7 parodontitis interradicularis 584 hard tissue assessment 592 osteoprotegrin 91, 296, 297 parodontitis profundaa 584 MATEimplant therapy 590–1 osteoradionecrosis, implant patient 642 parodontitis superfi cialis 583–458358 candidate 587–97, 598 osteotome, tapered 1099, 1100 passive thresholdd determinationdeterminat 115, implant-supported osteotome technique of maxillary sinus 116, 117 restorations 623–32 fl oor elevation 1110–17 pathogen-associatedssociated molecularmolecu patterns medical history/medications 574, 591 overdentures 1075 (PAMPs)AMPs) 33933 motivation 591 implant angulation 1232 pathogenicitygenicity mechanismsmechanismechani 245–9 occlusion assessment 592 implant-supported restoration pathogen-relatedhogen-related oralora spirochetes 221 oral hygiene 573, 584–5 complications 1226–8 pathogensathogenshogens 208 periodontal disease 573–85 mandibular and occlusal force adherenceherence 24248 signs/symptoms 574–83 distribution patterns 370 antibiotic ssusceptibility 886–7 periodontal lesion diagnosis 583–4 oxidation–reduction potential (Eh) antibodyantib evasion 247–8 periodontal ligament 577–83 pathogen growth conditions 247 bridgibridgbridging species 222, 232, 246 radiographic 592 periodontal infections 209 climclclimax community complexity 271–3 root cementum 577–83 oxygen coaggregation 222, 231–2, 233, 246 smoking history 574 bacterial growth 185 colonization 245–9, 246 social history 573, 590 pathogen requirements 247 antagonistic substances 247 tooth mobility assessment 580, 582 oxygenating agents 746 host defense mechanisms 247–8 pattern recognition receptors oxytalan fi bers 21, 22,2, 30 criteria for defi ning 213 (PRRs) 299 elimination in aggressive pedicle graft procedures pain periodontitis 449–52 double 1005–6, 1007 control duringringng treatment 690–169 genome sequences 249 gingival augmentation 966 non-surgicalgicalical treatmenttreatm 773–47 host response 440–1 healing 993–5 post-operativeoperativeperative controlcontr 812 host-compatible 243 roll fl ap procedure 1011–13 scalinglingg and root planingpla 773 immune pathology 248–9 root coverage 972, 974–82, 983 verticalertical root fracturefractufrac 861, 862, 864 immune suppression 248 combined with barrier painain syndromes interbacterial relationships 246–7 membrane 980–1, 983 root dentindent hypersensitivityh 518, 520 interfamily transmission 237 enamel matrix derivatives 981–2 treatmenttreatmen goal 655 intraoral transmission 275 peer-abutment 1179 palatalatalCOPYRIGHTED nerve ne invasion 248–9 pemphigoid 387–9 blockk 802 mixed infections 225–6 pemphigus vulgaris 389–90 greater 48 multiplication 246 penicillins 886 , hard 5, 6 necrotizing periodontal disease 466–8 adverse reactions 887 palatine artery, greater 43 new putative 225 Peptostreptococcus, root canal palatine canal, greater 43 nutrient requirements 246 infection 512–13 palmo-plantar keratitis, aggressive oxygen requirements 247 Peptostreptococcus micros 223–4 periodontitis 446 peri-implant infections 268–79 peri-implant infection 275, 277 papilla 6, 7 climax community smoking association 319 classifi cation system 996 complexity 271–3 perception, periodontal tactile 108–11, defects 1271 edentulous subjects 273–5 112 dimensions 71 implant exposure timing 271–3 neurophysiology 109–11, 112, 113 between adjacent implants 82–3, 84 periodontal 145–6, 147–8, 148, 184 peri-implant osseoperception 108–11, between teeth and implants 81–2 polymicrobial microbiota 226 112 height prevalence in periodontitis psychophysical assessment 114–15 classifi cation 996 patients 331 testing 113–15 i18 Index periapical abscess differential diagnosis 499–500 re-establishment in re-implanted diabetes mellitus 309 histopathology 497–8 roots 547 drainage 851, 852 infection dissemination 502 tooth attachment 37 pericytes 87 microbiology 498 trauma from occlusion 357, 359 bone multicellular unit 88 non-periodontitis-related 496, 497 vascular plexus 77–8 peri-implant crevicular fl uid (PICF) pathogenesis 497–8 widening 357, 359 analysis 1150 periodontitis-related 496 increased tooth mobility 1128–9 peri-implant lesions 875–80 peripheral infl ammatory root periodontal ligament cells 30 bone defects 877 resorption 869 periodontal regeneration 547 cumulative interceptive supportive post-therapy 496–7 regenerative capacity 548–9 therapy 878–80 prevalence 497 periodontal pockets diagnosis 875 signs/symptoms 499, 500 antibiotic actions 884 mechanical debridement 877 sites 497, 499, 500 antibiotic delivery 890 non-surgical debridement 876 tooth loss 501 bacterial infection 185, 884 regenerative therapy 880 treatment 500–1, 502 deep with peri-implant lesions 876 resective therapy 880 vertical root fracture 861, 862 depth resolution 877–8 periodontal disease reduction with forced toothoth surgical therapy 876–7 age 143–4 eruption 1004 treatment strategies 875–8 animal experiments 356, 357 residual and regenerativerative peri-implant mucosa 71–8, 529 assessment 135 surgery 931 barrier epithelium 73, 74 biofi lms 229–31 distal wedge proceduresceduresedures 794–5 biologic width 72–6 characteristics 576 elimination 7977 buccal soft tissue dimensions 80–1 defi nition 738 endodontic lesionesion 855–6 collagen fi bres 76 destructive 218 epitheliumm 292 connective tissue quality 76–7 agents 215 fl ap proceduresocedures 786–937 dimensions 82 gingival recession 959 gingivectomyivectomyvectomy proceduresprocedproce 784–6 healing 76 examination methods 129–31 hardrd tissue 807–8 infl ammatory response 531 gender 144 iatrogenic root perforationp 858, morphogenesis of attachment 76 genetic component 328, 331 85985 probing 79–80, 81 genetic risk factors 331, 332–4 microbialobial growthg environment thin/thick periodontal biotypes 81, index systems 129–31 246TERIAL 82 initiation 242–5 periodontalperio abscesses 499 vascular system 78 lesion diagnosis 583–4 probeablepro depth 797 peri-implant mucositis 530, 531–2, 876, low birthweight 482, 483, 484,4, 485, regenerative procedures 793–4 877 486 residual 1306–7 plaque formation 530–2 maintenance care 1300 MATEroot debridement 770 peri-implant tissues 363–72 orthodontic treatmentt 1243–5,1243–5 soft tissue 806, 807 load/loading 1248 spirochetes 220 bone reactions to functional 365 patient examinationationtion 573–85573–8 subgingival bacterial deposit 192–3, cyclic 366, 368 peri-implant microbiota 276–7276– 195, 197, 234, 238 excessive occlusal 365–6, 367 plaque-associatedociated 358–60, 3613 subgingival calculus 197 orthodontic 363–5 pre-eclampsiampsia 486 surgery osseointegration loss 368–9 pretermrmm birth 482,4 483, 484 healing 812–14 static 366, 368 prevalencevalencealence 133–5,133–5 136–71 , 138, 139–40, techniques 783–94 masticatory occlusal forces 369–70 140–10–1 volatile sulfur compounds 1327 osseoperception 108–11, 112 preventionrevention 129121297–300 periodontal probes 578, 582 tooth–implant supported probing asseassessments 132 periodontal probing reconstructions 370–2 progressioprogressiprogression 134–5, 242–5, 331 aggressive periodontitis peri-implantitis 199, 268–79, 529–37 radioradiographicad evaluation 1312 screening 437 bone loss 533, 534, 535 pulp infl uence 516–18, 519 automated systems 580, 581 climax community complexityy 271–3 rarace/ethnicity 144, 471 dento-gingival interface 79 clinical features 532, 533 recurrent 1299–300 depth disease-modifying genes 340–2 screening 656–7 critical 816–17 edentulous subjects 273–573–5 sibling relationship 332 non-surgical treatment 774–5 granulation tissue pathogensathogensthogens 277–8 signs/symptoms 574–83 periodontal disease after scaling histopathology 534–734–7 smokers 317–19 and root planing 1298, 1299 IL1 gene polymorphismsmorphismsorphism 590 susceptibility 735 smoking 318, 321 implant exposureosure timingtimin 271–3271 systemic disease risk 475–91 furcation involvement implant-supportedupported restorarestorestorations 1225 tooth mobility 1127 assessment 582 infl ammatorymatorytory response 534, 535 vaccines 210 peri-implant mucosa 79–80, 81 managementagement 878 volatile sulfur compounds 1327 peri-implantitis 80 microbiotacrobiota of infecinfection sites 277–9 Periodontal Disease Index 130 periodontal tissue assessment 130, P. gingivalis 2182 periodontal dressings 811–12 132 partiallyrtiallytially edenedentulous subjects 275–6 Periodontal Index 130 patient assessment 577–83 periodontaldontalCOPYRIGHTED disease history 276–7 periodontal innervation 112–13 regeneration 561–2 pocket formationf 535–6 neural feedback 119 periodontal receptors 108–9, 112–13 prevalence 532–4 periodontal ligament 3, 4, 27–31 activations 117 probing 80 blood supply 43, 46 oral stereognosis 119 progression 536–7 blood vessels 45 reduction 116, 117 re-osseointegration 1046–8, 1049, collagen fi ber bundles 31–2 periodontal risk assessment (PRA) 1050 epithelial cells 30 calculation 1308–9 risk 589 fi broblasts 33 periodontal support risk factors 635 formation 5 interdental 991 soft tissues around implants 629, 630 innervation 48, 49 loss in relation to age 1307 treatment 877 mechanoreceptors 108–9, 112–13, 116, residual 1310 periodontal abscess 496–502 117, 119 periodontal tactile function 115–17 classifi cation 496–7 activation 117 active threshold determination 115, complications 501–2 patient examination 577–83 117 diabetes mellitus 309 principal fi bers 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, passive threshold determination 115, diagnosis 498–500 42 116, 117 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i19 periodontal tissues 349–60, 361 heritability virulence factors 243, 294 breakdown and orthodontic tooth aggressive disease 331–2 viruses 225 movement 1241, 1242, 1243–5, chronic disease 332 volatile sulfur compounds 1327 1246–7, 1248–9, 1250–1, 1252 historical aspects 209–13 see also aggressive periodontitis fi brous reunion 544, 545 HIV infection 154–5, 244 periodontium/periodontal tissue 3 regeneration 541–62 host defense processes 295–304 allergic reactions 849 assessment 542, 561–2 host factors 234, 235–6 alveolar bone anatomy 34–42 concepts 550–61 susceptibility 244–5 anatomy 3–49 grafting procedures 551–7 host–parasite relationship 208–9, 294 bacterial damage 440 growth regulatory factors 559 modifi cation in diabetes bacterial invasion 210–11 histologic studies 562 mellitus 310 blood supply 43–6, 47 root surface biomodifi cation 557–8, immune defense system 299–304 development 3–5 559 immune reactions 285 endodontic origin and infectious wound healing 542–4, 545, 546–50 implant patients 638–9 processes 849–51, 852, 853–8 periodontitis 90, 207–52, 253 infl ammatory processes 295 enodontic treatment of lesions 858 adaptive defense system 299–304 infl ammatory reactions 285 extravascular circulation 46, 47 adult 133–5, 136–7, 138, 139–40, 140– initiation 242–5 function 3 1, 332 factors 156 gingiva anatomy 5–2727 assessment for implants 588 innate immune processes 298–9 halitosis 1327, 13355 advanced 584 invasion by pathogens 248–9 healthy age 143–4 juvenile 193, 196, 197, 331–2 jiggling-typepee trauma 354–7 alveolar bone resorption 440 lesions 289–90, 291, 292, 293–4 reduced height 355–7 alveolar process change 52 ligature-induced 218 infl ammationation assessmentassessmen 130 apical 511 local environment 243–4 infl ammatorymmatory lesions 850–1 attachment loss 440, 1300 microbial invasion 294 lymphaticmphatic systemsys 474 biofi lms 208 microbiology 145–6, 147–8, 148, 183–4 nerves 48–948 BMI 153–4 mixed infections 225–6 neural feedbackfeedbacfeedba 119 bone destruction 296–7 necrotizing 459 orthodontic single-tooth buccal migration of tooth 576 acute form 463–4 extrusionextrutru 1256, 1259 calculus association 133, 134, 202–3 chronic form 463–4 overtvert lesionsl 849 cardiovascular disease 476–80 diagnosis 464–5 periodontalperip ligament anatomy 27–31 risk 476–80 interproximal craters 461–2 potentialp infection 208 treatment effects 489 Kaposi’s sarcoma 464 preservation 797 characteristics 883–4 recurrent 464 rate of destruction 447 chronic 332, 420–6 obesity 153–4 regeneration 793–4 attachment loss 423 osteopenia 154 MATERIALroot cementum anatomy 31–4 characteristics 420, 421, 422 osteoporosis 154 smoking cessation 151 clinical features 420 pathogenesis 285–30485–3 support loss assessment 130–1 etiology 669 pathogenicityty mechanisms 245–92 toxic reactions 849 furcation involvement 575, 667, pathogenss 20820 Periodontometer 1126 668, 669–73 virulentent 243 periosteal retention procedure 965–6 gingivitis as risk 422 patientsents at risk 1300–21300– periosteum 40 heritability 332 periodontic/orthodonticeriodontic/ortho mechanoreceptors 121 prevalence 423 treatmenttreatmen 1241,1 1242, 1243, 1244, activation 117 progression 423–4 1245124 , 1246–712424 , 1250–1 Periotest® 1126–7 risk factors 424–6 phenotypephenotyp 144–5 implants 629 single implant 683, 684–5 populationpopulatipopu at risk 331 peroxyborate/peroxycarbonate 746 stress 425–6 pregnpregnancy adverse outcomes 480–2, pH susceptibility 422–3 483, 484, 485, 486 biofi lms 227 treatment 426, 667, 668, 669–739–7373 prepubertal 140–1, 333 pathogen growth conditions 247 chronic obstructive pulmonaryonarynary prevalence 738 periodontal infections 209 disease 488–9 progression 134, 153, 242–5 phagocytes classifi cation 428 factors 156 defects in aggressive colonization 208 proteases 295 periodontitis 449 complexity 328 psychosocial factors 155 endodontic lesions 514 course 208 race/ethnicity 144, 470 phagocytosis 198, 301 dental plaquequeue association 212–132 recurrent 1302–3 pulp infl ammatory response 507, 509 diabetes mellituslitus 151,1 152–315 , 153, 162, regenerative periodontal therapy 911 subgingival plaque 194 245,45, 308 respiratory infection risk 488–9 phantom tooth phenomenon 121 associationssociationociation 92, 48486–8 risk assessment 1304 phenols, plaque control 745 control 309–10309–1 risk factors 141–6, 147–8, 148, 149–50, phenytoin treatment effectseff 490–1 151, 152–3, 153–6, 655 gingival enlargement 392, 410, 641, diagnosis 583–458 severity 135, 153 800 disease-modifyingdisease-m genes 333–40 variability 286 surgery contraindication 800 earlyarlyCOPYRIGHTED onset on 331–2, 428, 431–2 sibling relationship 332 phonetics with implants 628 endodontic lesion differential similarities to other infections 207–8 disturbances 595–6 diagnosis 851, 853–6 smoking 148, 149–50, 151, 224, 235, physically handicapped people, etiologic agents 208, 209, 212 245 chlorhexidine use 752 etiology 212 spirochetes 221 plant extracts, plaque control 745–6 FcγRIIa polymorphisms 338 stress 155 plaque, atheromatous 157 fi xed partial denture loss 1224 supportive periodontal bacterial 192, 193 frequency distribution 133 therapy 1302–3 plaque, dental 183–4 furcation area 584 susceptibility 328–43 accumulation with orthodontic gender 144 systemic disease appliances 1245, 1248 gene mutation 332–3 risk 156–62 Actinomyces-induced 185, 186, 212 gene polymorphisms 144–5, 333–40 treatment impact 489–91 bacteria 194, 195, 198, 199, 203 genetic component 328–9, 426 tooth loss 141 rapid/slow former 241 genetic risk factors 331, 332–4 trauma from occlusion 352–3 smoking effects 319 genetics role 331–2 triclosan-containing toothpaste 745 biofi lms 226–31, 238–9, 240, 241–2 glucose intolerance 153 unique features 208–9 mechanical debridement 772–3 i20 Index plaque, dental (continued) plasma cells 20, 21 local delivery 893 carbohydrate content 191 adaptive defense system 299 microbiologic tests 890 chemical control agents 742–60 aggressive periodontitis 441 susceptibility 886–7 evaluation 754–60 antibody production 301, 302 systemic 889 chronic periodontitis gingival 302 antibody titers 303–4 risk 424 gingivitis 292, 293 Arg1-protease production 294 role 422 necrotizing 466 biofi lm 231, 232 conditioning fi lm 185 plasma immunoglobulins 301 composition 235–6, 237, 239 control 203 plasmatic circulation 969, 970 content 242 bacterial tests 755 plastic surgery see microsurgery; implant surfaces 268–71 clinical trials 757–60 mucogingival therapy cardiovascular disease 157, 158, instruction 719–29 platelet-derived growth factor 479–80 motivation 719–29 (PDGF) 87, 559, 938–9 carotid endarterectomy 157 self-performed 522, 798–9 alveolar bone healing 89 destructive periodontal disease 215, study methods 755–7 ridge augmentation 1093 218 uptake measurements 755 platelets diabetes mellitus 245 etiology 212 aggregation 479 elimination by extraction off alla experimental studies 756 tooth socket healing 57, 59 teeth 274 fi brillar component 190, 191 pneumonia, bacterial 488, 491 endothelial cell invasionon 4794 formation 185–7 pocket probing depth (PPD) 575–6 HIV infection 244 gingival disease 405–15 endodontic lesions 856, 857 immune responsee 218 treatment 414 angular bone defects 858 immunization studies 218–19218–1 gingival margin accumulation 186–7 peri-implant lesions 877 infection 217–197–19 gingival recession 958–9 regenerative therapy 948 mixed withith T. forsythia 226 gingivitis 406, 407, 407–8, 422, 1298 risk assessment 1311 invasionn 24824 glycoprotein pellicle 188 single-tooth replacement 1150 iron levels in environmentenvironenviro 244 HIV infection 412 soft tissue around implants 630 linearnear gingival erythemaeryer 382 host susceptibility 738, 739 polyethylene glycol (PEG) pathogenic potentialpote 243 immune response suppression 314 hydrogel membranes 1094 peri-implant infection 271–3, 274, infection 856 PTH carrier 1093 275–6,75– 279 association 212–13 polyglycolic acid 930, 1084 periodontalperiodperTERIAL disease history 276–7 non-specifi c plaque hypothesis bioabsorbable 1086086 subgingivalsub 639 211 polylactic acid 930, 1084 periodontalper abscesses 498 infl ammatory response 415 bioabsorbable barrier membraneane periodontal lesions in diabetes 310 inhibitory agents 734, 754 1086 polymicrobial microbiota 226 intermicrobial matrix 189–91 polymer grafts 556 MATEpregnancy exposure 482 lipids 191 polymerase chain reactionion (PCR) 213 prevalence in periodontal disease 331 mechanical debridement 772–3 biofi lm bacterial detection/etection/tect protease production 249 microbial complexes 231–2, 233, enumerationn 2292 smoking association 319 234–8 polymorphonuclearclear leukocytes suppression 883 mineralization 199–200 (PMNs)s) 20, 21 transmission 236 non-specifi c plaque hypothesis of aggressiveve periodontitis 441, 443–4 virulence factors 479 infection 211 chronicic periodontitis riskr 425 posterior dentition implants 1175–204 oxygen levels 247 dentalntalal pulp infectioinfectinfection 514–15 clinical applications 1193–201, 1202, patient examination 584–5 diabetesiabetes mellitus 310 1203 peri-implant 196–7 gingivalingival creviccrevicrevice 286 distally shortened arch 1180–7 peri-implant mucosa response 530–2 gingivitisgingiviti 28928 fi xed implant-supported periodontitis in adults 133, 134 host defendefedefense 248 prostheses 1180–7 reducing agents 734, 754 proceproprocesses 296, 297 multiple-unit tooth-bound removal migrmigration 301, 311 restorations 1187–90, 1191 adolescents 1243 peperi-implantitis 534 screw-retained restorations 1193–6 agents 740 pocket epithelium 292 single-tooth replacement 1191–2, 1193 brushing force 718–19 pulp infl ammatory response 506, 507, potassium salts gingivitis control 7100 509 desensitizing 741 insuffi cient 735 smoking 320 root dentin hypersensitivity 522 peri-implant 87676 polyphosphates 741 pouch graft procedures 1013–14 self-performededd 705, 706–1970 polytetrafl uoroethylene, expanded povidone iodine, plaque control 747 retentive factorsors 585 (e-PTFE) 928, 945, 948, 1084 predentin 34 smoking effectsffects on bacteriabact 319 BMP effects 1093–4 pre-eclampsia 480 structurere 187–94,18 19519 , 196–71 lateral bone augmentation for periodontal disease 486 subgingivalingival 191–4, 195191 , 196, 198, 199 posterior implants 1184 pregnancy biofiiofifi lm 231 maxillary anterior single-tooth adverse outcomes with debridementdebrideme 772–37 replacement 1157 periodontitis 480–2, 483, 484, Eubacterium 224 papilla preservation fl ap 485, 486 pathogensthogenhogenCOPYRIGHTED 225 combination 945 complications 159–62 supragingival 187–91, 199 pedicle soft tissue graft for root gingival disease 409–10 biofi lm 230 coverage 980 gingival keratinization chemical agents 742–60 ridge augmentation 1084, 1085–6 reduction 313–14 chemical control 734–5, 737–60 pontic gingivitis 313, 409–10 control 736–7 central 1181, 1182 loss 161–2, 480 debridement 772–3 contour refi nement 1020, 1021–3 medications 314 mechanical control 705–29, 735, porcelain-fused-to-metal alloys 1199 periodontal effects 312–14 736–7 Porphyromonas, root canal periodontal treatment 314, 489–90 removal 705–6 infection 512–13 periodontitis 480–2, 483, 484, 485, vehicles for delivery of chemical 145–6, 147–8, 486 agents 740–3 150, 184 treatment effects 489–90 treatment comparisons 815, 816 adherence 248 plaque immune response Plaque Index (PLI) 130, 290 aggressive periodontitis 440, 441, 448 suppression 314 plaque-inhibitory agents 742–60 alveolar bone loss 219 pregnancy granuloma 314 evaluation 754–60 antibiotics pregnancy tumor 409–10 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i21 pre-medication 690–1 protease inhibitors 295 implant patient 592, 593, 596–7, premolars proteases 249, 294 600–21 implants 1140, 1141, 1143 periodontal infections 295 treatment monitoring 614–16, 617, mandibular 826, 827 plaque control 744 618, 619–20 maxillary 825 proteoglycans 23, 24 implant planning 603–7 root anatomy variation 828 proteolytic enzymes 209 lower jaw imaging 610–12, 613, 614 root separation and resection 835, pseudo-halitosis 1333 placement 1069–70 836 therapy 1333–4 upper jaw imaging 607–8, 609, 610 single-tooth restoration 1191, 1192, pseudomembrane 460 intraoral 604, 616, 617 1192, 1193 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 225 radiation detectors 618, 620 vertical root fracture diagnosis 863 antibiotic resistance 229 necessary information 601–3 presbyopia 1030 biofi lm 229 osseointegration failure 618, 619 pressure zones 353, 354, 357, 358 pseudopockets 583 osseous lesions 902 preterm birth 159–60, 480–1 psychiatric/psychological issues, palatal implant insertion sites 1286 infection 481 implant patient 645 panoramic 604, 615 periodontal disease 482, 483, 484 psychosocial factors, periodontitis 155 periodontal disease progressionessio 1312 Prevotella puberty reference 616 aggressive periodontitis 438 gingivitis 312, 408–9 root resorption 866, 8677 root canal infection 512–13 periodontal effects 312 surgical site 1068–9–99 Prevotella intermedia 211–12, 221–2 see also adolescents threaded implantsnts 616, 617 biofi lm pulp, dental RANKL 91, 296–76–7–7 content 242 accessory canal communication 508, reactive oxygengen species 311,31 321 implant surfaces 268–71 510, 511 reattachmentent procedures 5425 coronary heart disease 222 defense potential 505 receptorr activator of nuclearnuc factor- diabetes mellitus 245, 310 disease kappa betabet (RA(RANK) 296–7 HIV infection 244 causes 504–5 receptorsceptorseptors for advanadvaadvanced glycation linear gingival erythema 382 processes 504–8, 509, 510–16, 849 endproduendproducts (RAGEs) 487 necrotizing periodontal disease 466, progression 505–7 reduced dentadental epithelium 16 467, 468 dynamic events 505–7 re-entrye-entry opoperations, periodontal peri-implant infection 272–3, 274, exposure to oral environment 506 rerregeneration assessment 561, 562 275–6, 279 fi brosis 518 reflfl ectection 699 periodontal disease history 276–7 infection 504–8, 509, 510–16, 51717 regeregenerative periodontal surgery 541, subgingival 639 infl ammatory processes 506,6, 50707, 50850 , 542, 903, 913–48 periodontal abscesses 498 509 bacterial contamination control 947 plaque formation 186 root canal system infectionon 510–16 barrier materials 928, 930–8 pregnancy gingivitis 313 infl ammatory responsesonses 505–6–6 MATERIALfurcation involvement 932–7 prevalence in periodontal disease 331 intra-pulpal mineralizationseralizationseralization 5188 barrier membranes 937–8 pubertal gingivitis 312 necrosis 506–7,, 509 biologically active materials 938–40 smoking association 319 periodontal disease inflinfl uenceuen 516–18, bone replacement grafts 905, 907–8, virulence 222 519 909, 938 Prevotella melaninogenica 498 periodontalontal treatment effectse 518, 520 complications 928 Prevotella nigrescens 221–2 sensibilityibility 854 coverage of regenerated tissue 915 peri-implant infection 277–8, 279 tissuesueue necrosis 505 crestal incision 945 prism loupes 1031 vitalityitality 505 furcation defects 840–3, 844 probing see periodontal probing lostost 849, 85085 barrier membranes 904, 932–7 probing attachment level (PAL) 130 testing 851,8 853–6 infection control regime 926 assessment 577 pulpal axons,axo terminal branch minimally invasive technique 922–5, basic periodontal examination 6577 sproutingsps 520 926, 927, 928, 929 inherent errors 577–80 pulpalpulpaulp pathosis 829 modifi ed papilla preservation measurement errors 580 pyogenicpyo granuloma, technique 945 peri-implant soft tissue 63030 pregnancy-associated 409–10 oral hygiene 925–6, 947 periodontal disease afterer scaling and pyrophosphates 741 orthodontic tooth movement 1261–2 root planing 1298,98,, 1299 outcomes 945 periodontal tissue regenerationneration quaternary ammonium papilla preservation fl ap 792–3, assessment 562 compounds 744–5 916–17 supportive periodontaleriodontal therapytherapthera 1301 questions, open-ended 699 intrabony defects 916–17, 918 probing pocketketet depth (PPD) 1301 quorum sensing, biofi lms 227–8 modifi ed 916 assessmentent 577, 57857 , 579 simplifi ed 920–2, 923, 924, 925, 945, attachmentment loss 57957 race/ethnicity 948 basicic periodontal exexamination 656, factors in necrotizing periodontal papilla preservation modifi ed 65757 disease 470 technique 917–18, 919, 920, 921, inherent errors 577–80 periodontal disease 144 922, 945 measurementmeasuremenmeasurem errors 579–80 radiation detectors 618, 620 post-operative morbidity 926–8 reduction 655 radiation therapy, implant patient 642 post-operative regime 925–6 treatmenttreatmCOPYRIGHTED comparisons 816 radiographic analysis suturing approach 945, 947 trauma from occlusion 353 alveolar bone 576, 583 regenerative periodontal therapy 793–4, progesterone 312 periodontal regeneration 901–48 hormonal contraceptives 316 assessment 561, 562 barrier membranes 905–7 pregnancy 312, 313–14 radiography benefi ts 903–5 tissue response 316 abutment placement 615–16 biologically active regenerative progestins, gingival disease 408 aggressive periodontitis 659, 666, materials 905, 908–9 prognostic factors 142 667 bone grafts 544–5, 546–7 pro-infl ammatory mediators 479 ALARA principle 601, 606 replacement 905, 907–8, 909 prostaglandin E2 310 alveolar crest for implant clinical effi cacy 905–9 crevicular fl uid levels in aggressive placement 1072 clinical strategies 944–5, 946, 947–8 periodontitis 449 bone loss 616, 618 defect factors 911–12 pregnancy 482 chronic periodontitis 668, 673 effectiveness 905–9 preterm birth 481 condition of remaining teeth 602–3 enamel matrix derivatives 908–9 prostaglandins 296 dosage 601 evidence-based strategy 945 prosthetic components of implants 626 furcation involvement 828, 829, 830 indications 903 i22 Index regenerative periodontal therapy intra-alveolar displacement 1126 semilunar coronally repositioned fl ap (continued) mechanical cleaning of surfaces 882 procedure 976, 979–80, 982 long-term effects 903–5 morphology alterations 497 soft tissue healing 992–6 material selection 945 resorption 547, 548, 550 root debridement patient factors 911 clinical presentation 866, 867 ablative laser therapy 771, 772 PDGF 938–9 external 865–72 calculus removal 767–8 periodontal infection 911 external infl ammatory 869, 871–2 full-mouth disinfection 776 prognostic factors 909, 910, 911–13 forms 866–72 furcation involvement 773 smoking 911 identifi cation 866, 867 hand instrumentation 768–70, 771 surgical approach 913–48 peripheral infl ammatory 869–71 method selection 771–2 tooth factors 912–13 replacement 868–9 non-surgical methods 768–72 tooth survival 904–5 surface 866–8 reciprocating instruments 770–1 see also root surface, biomodifi cation trigger mechanism 866 sonic scalers 770, 771 regulons 244 sensitivity with non-surgical subgingival biofi lm infl uence 772–3 relative risk 143 treatment 773–4 ultrasonic scalers 770, 771 removable partial dentures (RPD) 1177 stability 834 root dentin hypersensitivity 518,8, 520–252 re-osseointegration 1046–8, 1049, 1050 support remaining 834 root planing defi nition 1046 trunk 823 chlorhexidine use 752 implant surface quality 1048, 1049, length 832 see also scaling and rootott planing 1050 vertical fractures 859–63, 864, 865 root separation and resectionesectiontion 832–5, resonance frequency analysis, clinical expressions 861–2 836, 837–8, 839399, 840,8 845 implants 629 diagnosis 862–3 mandibular molarsolars 837, 839, 8428 respiratory burst 321 incidence 861 maxillary molars 834–5, 836, 837–8, respiratory tract mechanisms 860–1 839, 842422 infections and periodontitis 488–9 treatment 863 maxillaryary premolarspremola 83835, 836 upper and extraoral halitosis 1327, see also furcated region; furcation periodontalodontaldontal surgery 838, 840 1334 root canal infection 510–16, 850–1 prostheticrosthetic restoratrestorarestoration 840, 841 restorative dentistry bacteria 512–14 treatment sequesequence 837–8, 839, 840 defective margins 585 endodontic lesions 856, 857 rootoot surfacesurf dental pulp diseases 505 periodontal tissue response 512 biomodifiodififi ccation 557–8, 559, 808, 943 gingival dimensions 964–5 treatment 856 conditiocondiconditioning 808 implants 1138–45 root canal system, accessory demindemineralization 557–8, 559, 973 shortened dental arch complex 1139 canals 507–8, 510 expexposed 973 treatment root cementum 3, 29 iinstrumentation 808 concepts 1138–9 patient examination 577–83 tetracycline biomodifi cation 943 goals 1139 periodontal ligament 288 MATERIALroot-fi lled teeth retainers 1248–9 root complex 823 dentin dehydration 861 rete pegs 10 root cones fracture propensity 860 retention assessment 755–6 divergence 832, 833 infection 858 reticulin fi bers 21, 22 fusion betweenenn 823–4, 833–4 moisture content 860–1 rheumatic endocarditis, surgery length 832–3–3 rotational fl ap procedure, root contraindication 799 shape 832–332–3 coverage 972, 974–5 ridge mucosa 530 root coverageverageerage 970–82, 983–498 , 985–7, risk assessment 988–9988– , 990–60–6 salifl uor 747 alveolar bone loss 1307 advanceddvanced fl ap proprprocedure 972, 975–80 saline attachment loss 1311 clinicallinical outcomoutcooutcome 990–2 antimicrobial activity 756 bleeding on probing 1306, 1310–11 connectiveconnecti titissue graft 985–7, 988–9, sterile physiologic 805 calculation 1308–9 990 saliva, innate mechanisms 298 continuous multi-level 1303–12, 1313133 convenconveconventional surgery 1041, 1042 sanguinarine 745 furcation involvement 1309 coroncoronally advanced fl aps 975–80, 981, sarcoidosis 394 iatrogenic factors 1309–10 982, 985, 986, 989, 990, 991–2 saucerization 1162 oral hygiene 1305–6 healing 994–5 scalers 804–5 periodontitis 1304, 1305 for multiple recessions 978–9, sonic/ultrasonic 770, 771 pocket probing depth 13111 981 scaling process 142 double papilla fl ap 974 necrotizing periodontal disease 472 clinical implementationmentationentation 1312 epithelialized soft tissue graft 982, periodontal abscesses 496–7 recall system complianceompliancempliance 1304–51304– 984, 985, 990 periodontal therapy 251, 253 relative risk 143 exposed root surface treatment 973 Tannerella forsythia control 219–20 site 1310–1212 extent 990–2 253 smokingg 130813 fl ap tension elimination 992 attachment gain 817 subjectect 1303–41303– free soft tissue graft procedure 972, chronic periodontitis 671 systemicstemictemic disease 131307–8 982, 984, 985–7, 988–9, 990, 991–2 full-mouth disinfection 776 toothoothoth 1309–101309–1 epithelialized 990 furcation involvement 830 lossoss 1307 healing 995–6 impaired access 797–8 mobilitybilityCOPYRIGHTED 1310 thickness 992 local antibiotic delivery risk factors for periodontal disease 141– gingival margin position 992 comparison 891 6, 147–8, 148, 149–50, 151, 152–3, guided tissue regeneration 990, 992 new attachment 550–1 153–6 healing 995 pain 773 potential/putative 142, 143 interdental support 991 periodontal disease prevention 1298, true 142 microsurgery 1041, 1042 1299 roll fl ap procedure 1011–13 pedicle graft procedures 972, 974–82, periodontal therapy 251 roll with resistance 698 983 systemic antibiotics 889 rongeurs 805 combined with barrier Tannerella forsythia control 219–20 root membrane 980–1, 983 scanograms 615 coeffi cient of separation 823, 824 with enamel matrix scars, dental pulp diseases 505 degree of separation 823, 824 derivatives 981–2 Schwartzman reaction 467 development 4 healing 993–5 scleroderma, implant patient 643 divergence 823, 824 procedures 971–82, 983–4, 985–7, screw-retained restorations 1193–6 iatrogenic perforation 858–9 988–9, 990 transocclusal 1193–5 sealing 859, 860 rotational fl ap procedure 972, 974–5 transverse 1195–6 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i23 scurvy 412–13 sodium lauryl sulfate 741 stripping, mesio-distal enamel chronic periodontitis 425 antimicrobial activity 756 reduction 1271–2, 1273, 1274 selection bias 141 plaque control 746 stroke, periodontal infection 158 selective estrogen receptor modulators sodium valproate, gingival strontium salts 741 (SERMs) 91 overgrowth 410 subepithelial plexus 44, 45 Selenomonas 224 soft tissue subgingival irrigation 753 necrotizing periodontal disease 466 damage from interdental sublingual artery 43, 1072, 1073 self-effi cacy, support 698 cleaning 714 sublingual nerve 48 self-infl icted injuries 397, 398 morphology for bone sublingual region 1072, 1073 semilunar ganglion 48 regeneration 1085 submandibular lymph nodes 47 sensibility tests 854, 855 recession 683 submandibular region 1072, 1073 sex steroid hormones see also gingiva submental artery 1072, 1073 chronic periodontitis 425 soft tissue curettage 550–1 submental lymph nodes 47 gingival disease 408, 409 soft tissues, peri-implant 629–30 substance use/abuse, implant see also estrogen; progesterone evaluation 636 patient 645 Sharpey’s fi bers 30, 32, 33, 36 somatosensory system, oral 108, 109 sulfi de monitor 1329–30, 133131, 1332 alveolar bone proper 38, 42 functional testing 117–19 Summers technique 1111 mineralization 34 specifi c plaque hypothesis 184 supportive periodontall therapyerapy 501, shear force, biofi lms 227 sphenopalatine nerve, long 48 663, 1297–317 shortened dental arch (SDA) 1139 spirochetes 209, 211, 220–1 clinical attachmentent level 1313–141313–1 simple tandem repeats (STRs) 330 biofi lm 231 clinical implementationementationmentation 1312 single nucleotide polymorphisms decrease with periodontal infection continuous multi-level riskr (SNPs) 329 treatment 221 assessmentessment 1303–12,1303–12 1313 sinusitis 1102 invasion 249 in dailyily practice 1314–15,1314 1316, maxillary sinus fl oor elevation necrotizing gingivitis 466, 467 131713 1106 peri-implant infection 272 examination,xamination, re-evaluationrere-e and size discrimination 117, 118 periodontal abscesses 498 diagnosis (ERD) 1314–15, 1316 Sjögren’s syndrome splinting gingivitisERIAL 13021 biofi lm composition 235 implants 1189–90, 1191 lack in disease-susceptibledi implant patient 644 orthodontic treatment 1249 individualsini 1300–1 skatole 1326 tooth mobility 1130, 1133, 1135–6,–6, maintenancemai care visits 1313 skeletal anchorage systems 1281 1249 motivation,m reinstruction and sleep, inadequate 469–70 split fl ap procedure 965–6, 968–968–9 instrumentation (MRI) 1314, small-for-gestational-age births 484 spongy bone 27, 28 1315, 1316 smile line assessment 592 sprays 741–2 objectives 1313–14 smoking 316–22 chlorhexidine 741–2,2, 751 MATERperiodontitis 1302–3 alveolar bone loss 318 stannous fl uoride 74646 polishing, fl uorides, determination of antibiotic therapy regimens 890 halitosis treatmentmentent 1336 recall interval (PFD) 1314, 1316, biofi lm composition 235 Staphylococcus, peri-implant 1317 bone effects 322 infectionsions 639 treatment of reinfected sites cessation 151, 322, 691, 696 Staphylococcusoccus epidermidisepidermidi 184 (TRS) 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317 motivational interviewing 697–8, stereognosis,gnosis, oral 118 suppuration, risk assessment 1311–12 702–3 compromisingompromising factfactors 118–19 suprabony defects 901 counseling 691 receptoreceptor activatiactivactivation 119 supraperiosteal blood vessels estrogen levels 315 stillbirth, periodperiodontal treatment 161–2 gingiva 44–5, 77 Eubacterium infection 224 stomatitis peri-implant mucosa 78 gingiva 318 dentureden 630 surgery gingival crevice fl uid effects 320–11 chlorhexidinechlochl use 753 access therapy 783–820 gingivitis 319 necnenecrotizing 459, 462, 463, 464 aggressive periodontitis 661, 663 healing effects 321–2 diagnosis 464–5 attachment gain 817 host response 319–22 stratum corneum 15 bone fi ll in angular bone host susceptibility to diseaseseaseease 245 stratum germinativum 12 defects 818–20 IL1 gene polymorphismssmsms 589, 591 stratum granulosum 14, 15 chlorhexidine use 752 immune system effectsfects 3203 streptococci 210 chronic periodontitis 671–2 implant patient 640, 645 bacterial coaggregation 232 comparison with non-surgical implant risks 589, 5915 biofi lm formation 241 treatment 814–20 infl ammatoryoryry system effectseffect 320 colonization 246 contraindications 799–800 inhalationn 31717 dental plaque development 237 distal wedge procedures 794–5 maxillarylaryary sinus fl ooroo elevatione 1102 “milleri” 224–5 edentulous ridge augmentation 1011– osteoporosiseoporosisporosis effects 315, 322 Streptococcus anginosus 224, 225 17, 1018–19, 1020, 1021–3 patient examinationexaminatiexamina 574 Streptococcus constellatus 224 guidelines 797–812 periodontal diseasedis 317–19 Streptococcus intermedius 224, 225 healing 812–14 necrotizingnecrotizinoti 470 peri-implant microbiota 275 image-guided 620, 621 periodontitisperiodontperiodon 148, 149–50, 151, 224, Streptococcus mitis 237 indications 797–9 COPYRIGHTED235,235 245 biofi lm formation 241 techniques 805–6 aggressive 432–3, 445, 446 Streptococcus mutans 753 infection control 815 chronic 424, 669 Streptococcus oralis 241 instrumentation 802–5 probing depth 318, 321 Streptococcus sanguinis 241 local anesthesia 800–2 regenerative periodontal therapy coaggregation 246 minor with orthodontic 911 growth inhibition 247 treatment 1274–5, 1276 risk assessment 1308 hydrogen peroxide production 247 objectives 797 smoke composition/exposure 317 plaque formation 185, 186 osseous 795–7 surgery contraindication 800 virulence factors 479 outcomes 812–20 vascular effects 321 stress patient cooperation 799 socioeconomic status in chronic periodontitis 425–6 periodontal abscesses 497 periodontitis 144 dental procedures 690 periodontal dressings 811–12 socket former 1099 halitosis 1335 post-operative care 812 sodium chlorite, acidifi ed 747 hypoglycemia 690 post-operative pain control 812 sodium fl uoride, chlorhexidine necrotizing periodontal disease 469 pre-operative chlorhexidine rinsing/ synergism 753 periodontitis 155 irrigation 753 i24 Index surgery (continued) destructive periodontal disease 215 tooth extraction root separation and resection 838, 840 invasion 248 alveolar process adaptation 1059 root surface conditioning/ mixed infection with P. gingivalis alveolar ridge healing 1063 biomodifi cation 808 226 bone resorption 52 suturing 808–11 peri-implant infection 271, 272, 278 implant placement immediately technique selection 805–8 periodontal disease history 276–7 following 1055–6, 1057, 1058–61, visibility in fi eld of operation 805 periodontal abscesses 498 1062, 1064 wound stability 812 polymicrobial microbiota 226 intra-alveolar processes 54–5, 56, 57, see also fl ap procedures; prevalence 219 58–9, 60, 61, 62 gingivectomy; grafting serum antibodies 220 multiple 50, 51 procedures; microsurgery; S-layer 219 socket mucogingival therapy; smoking association 319 bone fi ll 1062–3 regenerative periodontal surgery; tea tree oil 745–6 changes 55 sutures/suturing temporary anchorage devices completed soft tissue surgical guide 1225, 1226 (TAD) 1282 coverage 1061–2 surgical site for implants 1068–77 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) healing 55, 56, 57, 58–9, 60, 61, 62 anatomic landmarks with potential receptors 119 soft tissue collapse risk 1072–3 tension zones 353, 354, 357, 358 prevention 1009–10 clinical examination 1068 tetracycline 886 tooth germ 3, 4 healing time 1076–7 activity 889 tooth loss implant placement 1071–2 adverse reactions 887–8 alveolar ridge atrophyrophyphy 1060–11060– direction/inclination 1074–6 controlled-release 880, 886 gingival infl ammationmmationmation 422 position of implant 1073–4 non-resorbable plastic periodontal abscesses 501 radiographic examination 1068–9 co-polymer 892 periodontaltal disease 331 sutures/suturing 808–11 root surface biomodifi cation 943 prevalencealence 135 bacteriostat-coated 1038 therapeutic alliance 697 periodontitisodontitisdontitis 141 continuous 810–11 thermal stimulation 854 riskk assessment 1307131 interrupted dental 809 thermoreceptors 109 toothooth mobility 28 intraoral tissue reactions 1037–8 thiocyanate 744 automated probingpr systems 580 microsurgery 1035–8, 1040 tin salts 746 basic periodontalperperio examination 657 modifi ed mattress 809–10 titanium pins 1285 bridgesbridgTERIAL 1132 needle 1036, 1037 TNFA gene 336 mobilitymo increase 1134–6 non-resorbable 1037, 1038 TNFA R-alleles 336 clinicalclin assessment 1127–8 removal 812 toll-like receptors (TLRs) 298, 29999 horizontalh forces 1128 resorbable 1036–7 gene polymorphisms 338, 339 increased suspensory 810 tomography 604 MATEincreased periodontal ligament technique 809–11 conventional 605 width 1128–9 swabs 718 incorrectly placed implantsmplants 615,615 616 normal periodontal ligament systemic disease lower jaw 611, 61313 width 1129–30 aggressive periodontitis vertical root fracturesractures 861–2 initial 1125–7 association 446 see also computedmputed tomographytomograp (CT); mechanisms 1125–6 chronic periodontitis risk 424–5 digitaltal volume tomographytomo (CT) pathologic 1127 extraoral halitosis 1334 tongue patient examination 580, 582 gingival disease association 411–12 bacterialterialrial load 1327132 periodontal disease 1127 halitosis 1327 cleaningleaning 1335133 physiologic 1127, 1132 historical concepts 475–6 tonguegue cleaners 717–18,7 729 progressive 353, 355, 357, 1125, 1128 oral infections 476 tongue coatingcoa 1327, 1335 reduced periodontal ligament 1132 periodontal disease 475–91 index systemssystsys 1330, 1333 regenerative periodontal therapy 913 manifestation 446 tonguengue scraperscs 1334, 1335–6 risk assessment 1310 necrotizing 468–9 tonofifi lamentsla 13, 14 secondary 1125–7 risk 156–62, 475–91 tonsillolithstonsi (tonsil stone) 1333–4 splinting 1130, 1133, 1135–6, 1249 periodontitis 156–62 toothto trauma from occlusion 352, 353, 1125, aggressive 446 abrasion 719 1128 chronic 424–5 autotransplantation 1267 treatment 667, 668, 669–73, 1128–30, treatment effects 489–9189–91 bodily movement 353–4 1131, 1132–6 risk assessment 1307–8307–8 cleaning tooth movement treatment considerationsderations 690 biofi lms 242 direction 962 see also diabetesetes mellitus;mellitu leukleukemia professional 925 gingival recession 962–3, 1267, 1269, systemic lupuspusus erythematosuerythematerythematosus eruption 8, 16–17, 29 1270, 1271–2, 1273, 1274 (SLE)LE) 3391 ectopic 1005–6, 1007, 1008 implant esthetics 1263–5, 1266, 1267 implantant patient 643–4643 forced 596, 1002, 1003–5, 1006 orthodontic hopeless 1249, 1251, 1252 adults 1252–3, 1254, 1255–6, 1257– T cellelll receptors (TCRs)(TC 300 extrusion 1256, 1266 8, 1259–65, 1266, 1267 T cellslss orthodontic extraction 1263, 1265, adults with periodontal tissue adaptivetiveCOPYRIGHTED dedefense system 299 1266 breakdown 1241, 1242, 1243–5, aggressivei periodontitis 441 innervation 48 1246–7, 1248–9, 1250–1, 1252 migration 302 lengthening 590 compromised bone areas 1253, smoking effects 321 periodontal infections 208, 209 1254–5 T helper (Th) cells 300, 301 position within dental arch 1309 forced tooth eruption 1003–5, 1006 tactile function 115–17 pre-therapeutic single tooth infrabony pockets 1252–3 dental status 116–17, 118 prognosis 659, 660, 669 regenerative procedures 1261–2 oral stereognosis 118 risk assessment 1309–10 single teeth extrusion/ testing 113–15 single and implant decisions 679–80 intrusion 1255–6, 1257–8, Tannerella forsythia 145–6, 147–8, 148, esthetic zone 683, 684–5 1259–60 150, 219–20 strategically important through cortical bone 1253, 1256 aggressive periodontitis 440 missing 1144–5 pathologic 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246–7 biofi lm 231, 232 survival with regenerative periodontally compromised composition 239 periodontal therapy 904–5 patient 1241–76 cardiovascular disease 157, 158 total clearance 141 root surface resorption 868 carotid endarterectomy 157 tooth bud 28, 29 tooth powders 737 Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340 Index i25 tooth size discrepancies (TSD) humectants 741 effectiveness 251 correction 1272 potassium-containing 522 evaluation of non-surgical tooth socket standards 737–8, 741 therapy 775–6 bone fi ll 1062–3 sweeteners 741 furcation-involved teeth 823–46 changes 55 thickeners 741 gingival recession 817–18 completed soft tissue triclosan-containing 745 goals 655 coverage 1061–2 see also dentifrices infectious complications 688–9 tooth socket healing 55, 56, 57, 58–9, 60, toothpicks 715 initial phase 656, 660–1 61, 62 total tooth clearance 141 maintenance phase 656, 662–3 blood clot formation 55, 56, 57, 58–9 toxic reactions in periodontium 849 needs assessment 131 bone marrow 62, 64 transeptal fi bers 22–3 non-surgical 765–76 bundle bone 63, 64, 65 transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) discomfort 773–4 connective tissue 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61 alveolar bone healing 89 outcome prediction 775–6 edentulous alveolar ridge hereditary gingival fi bromatosis 384 pain 773–4 topography 66–7 ridge augmentation 1093 probing measurements 774–5 fi brinolysis of blood clot 57 transmucosal attachment 72, 75 re-evaluation 774–5 granulation tissue 55, 56, 57, 58, 60 transpalatal arch (TPA) 1288, 1289, root debridement 767–747–747 hard tissue cap 62, 63 1290 root sensitivity 773–43–44 lamellar bone 62 transposon transfer 228 surgery comparisonisonson 814–20 osteoid formation 60 trauma tissue trauma 7733 osteons 62 dental pulp diseases 505 treatment evaluationvaluation 775–6 tissue formation 56, 60, 61, 62 foreign body reactions 398, 497 outcome parametersarameters 655 wound cleansing 59, 60 gingival lesions 396–8 pain controlntrol 690–1690 woven bone 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, gingival recession 958 planningning 655, 658–91658–9 64, 65 hard tissue 719, 720 chronic periodontitisperiodonperi 669–73 tooth towelettes 718 instrumentation 882 implants in periodontallypep toothbrush trauma 711, 719, 720 mechanical cleaning 882 compromisedcomprom patient 676–84, 685 gingival recession 958 non-surgical therapy 773 initialitialERIAL 658–6065 toothbrushes 706, 707–12 orthodontic 353–4 pregnancypregnanc 314 abrasion 719, 720 physical injury 396–7, 398 outcomesoutcou 489–90 chemical 740 root resorption pre-medicationpre-p 690–1 electric 712–13, 718, 724 peripheral infl ammatory 870700 pre-therapeuticp single tooth effi cacy 736–7 surface 867 prognosis 659, 660, 669 electrically active 713–14 self-infl icted injuries 397, 398 prognosis 659, 660 end-tufted 717, 728 thermal injury 397–8 pulp effects 518, 520 fi laments 711 toothbrush 711, 719,9, 720, 958 MATERre-evaluation end-rounding 711 ulcerative gingivalal lesion 396,3 39739 after corrective phase 662 tapering 712 see also jiggling-typeg-typetype traumatraum non-surgical therapy 774–5 wear 712 trauma from occlusioncclusion 349–60 349–60,349–6 353, 361, spontaneous abortion 161–2 foam 718 1125 stillbirth 161–2 instruction 723 alveolarr bone loss 360 supportive 656, 663, 673 ionic 713–14 alveolarolar pyorrhea assasassociation 349–50 systemic disease 690 manual 723 angularngular bony defedefects 351 systemic phase 655–6, 660, 687–91 replacement 711–12 animalnimal experimexperiexperiments 353–60, 361 Tannerella forsythia control 219–20 single-tufted 717, 728 bonene regeneraregenerregeneration 1128–9 see also supportive periodontal sonic 713 clinical triatrtrials 352–3 therapy; surgery wear 711–12 GlickmaGlicGlickman’s concept 350–1 tremor, microsurgeons 1039 toothbrushing 706, 735, 736 humahuman autopsy material 350–2 Treponema, necrotizing periodontal Bass technique 708 infrininfrabony pockets 351, 352 disease 466 circular 708 jijjiggling-type 354–7 146, 147–8, 148 duration 710–11, 736 orthodontic treatment 1246, 1250–1, biofi lm 231, 232 effi cacy 708, 736 1262 composition 235–6, 237, 239 force 718–19 orthodontic-type 353–4 implant surfaces 268–71 frequency 710, 736 peri-implant tissues 363–72 cardiovascular disease 157, 158 gingival lesions 396, 397 periodontal ligament 357, 359 peri-implant infection 278 horizontal 7088 periodontitis 352–3 periodontal disease history 276–7 ineffective 720 plaque-associated periodontal peri-implant microbiota 275 instructionon 720 disease 358–60, 361 periodontal disease 221 methodsds 708–10 primary 349 Treponema pallidum 377 modifidififi ed Bass/StillmanBass/Stillm secondary 349 Treponema socranskii 268–71 technique 709707 tooth mobility 352, 353, 1125, 1128 beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) 556 plaque build-upbuild-u prevention 414 Waerhaug’s concept 351–2 triclosan roll techniquetechniqutechn 709 zone of co-destruction 350, 351, 359 antimicrobial activity 756 scrubbing 708 zone of irritation 350, 351, 359 halitosis treatment 1336 sulcularulcularCOPYRIGHTED 708 treatment 253 plaque control 745 verticali 708 aggressive periodontitis 657–67 suture coating 1038 vibratory technique 709 allergic reactions 690 trigeminal nerve 48 tooth–implant supported anxiety control 690–1 neurophysiology 109–11, 112, 113 reconstructions 370–2 bleeding risk 689, 690 neurosensory pathway 109 toothpaste 414, 718, 737–8 cardiovascular disease effects 489 trigeminal somatosensory evoked abrasives 740–1 cardiovascular incidents 690 potentials (RSEP) 113–14 abrasivity 737, 738, 741 case presentation 659–64, 665–6, 667, trimethylaminuria 1334 active ingredients 741 670 tropocollagen 21 allergic reactions 393 cause-related 670–1 tuberculosis, dental team protection 687 chemical agent delivery 740–1 complications prevention 688–90 tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) 296, chlorhexidine 741, 751 corrective phase 656, 661–2 300 detergents 396, 741 defi nitions 1297 diabetes mellitus 309, 310 fl avors 741 dentin removal 518 genes 335, 336 fl uoride 741 diabetes mellitus 311–12 pregnancy 482 home use studies 757 drug interactions 690 preterm birth 481 i26 Index tunnel preparation 832 aggressive periodontitis bacteria 438 wound cleansing two-point discrimination 117–18 environmental effects on osseointegration 104 expression 244 tooth socket healing 59, 60 ulcerative lesions expression 244 wound healing gingival disease 413–14 immune pathology 248 bone cell regenerative capacity 547 recurrent 753 killing other pathogens 247 enamel matrix derivatives 940 traumatic gingival 396, 397 periodontal infections 243, 294 epithelium role 549–50 tissue damage 249 gingival connective tissue cells vaccines, periodontal disease 210 visual acuity 1030 547–8 vaginosis, bacterial 481 vitamin C defi ciency 412–13 impairment 311 valaciclovir 379 chronic periodontitis 425 implants 100 variable number of tandem repeats vitamin D receptor gene onlay graft procedures 1020 (VNTR) 329 polymorphisms 338–9, 340 PDGF 938–9 varicella-zoster 379–80 vitamin K 312 periodontal 542–4, 545, 546–50 varnishes 742 volatile sulfur compounds 1326, 1335 periodontal ligament cells 548–50 chlorhexidine 751 formation 1326–7 root resorption 550 vasoconstrictors 801 measurement 1329–30, 1331, 1332 woven bone VDR gene polymorphisms 338–9, Volkmann’s canals 36, 38, 46, 49, 55 osseointegration 104–5, 10606, 107 340 peri-implant loss 1058–98–9–9 Veillonella, plaque formation 185 water jet, dental 717 resorption 62 verapamil, gingival overgrowth 410–11 whitening agents 741, 870, 871 tooth socket healingingng 56, 57, 585 , 60,60 61, vibrio corroders 223 hydrogen peroxide 746 62, 63, 64, 65 Vincent’s angina 209–10, 459 Widman fl ap 786–7 see also necrotizing ulcerative healing 814 xenografts 552, 555–6 gingivitis (NUG) modifi ed 789–92, 814, 819 xerostomiaa 3083 viral infections 225 Winkel Tongue Coating Index halitosisosis 1335 chlorhexidine activity 748 (WTCI) 1330, 1333 implantmplant patient 644646 gingival disease 378–80 woodsticks 714, 715–16 necrotizing periodontal disease 466 use 726 zincinc salts 745, 7467 see also HIV infection World Health Organization (WHO), Zirconia 123312312 virulence factors 208 periodontal treatment needs 1311 zygomaticzygoma anchors 1285 MATERIAL

COPYRIGHTED

Volume 1, pp. 1–570; Volume 2, pp. 571–1340