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Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions Specialised REVIEW of MODELS Anti-Corruption Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions REVIEW OF MODELS Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia International anti-corruption treaties, including the UN Convention against Corruption, require member states to establish two types of anti-corruption institutions – one to prevent corruption and the other to combat corruption through law enforcement. The treaties also establish standards for such anti-corruption institutions – they should be independent, specialised and have sufficient resources to meet their challenging tasks. This book analyses the main functions of prevention and combating corruption and discusses practical ways to ensure the independence, specialisation Specialised and resources of anti-corruption bodies. The book further studies the different forms of specialisation which exist in different countries and Anti-Corruption describes 14 anti-corruption agencies from around the world, including preventive, law-enforcement and combined or multipurpose agencies. Analysis of key factors which can lead anti-corruption Institutions bodies to success or failure, together with a rich body of country specific information, practical facts and contact details will make this book a useful tool for those policy-makers who seek to strengthen REVIEW OF MODELS anti-corruption institutions in their countries. Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONALand CONVENTIONSCentral Asia CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIO LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTI LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATIO INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUP CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTI CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIO Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions Institutions Anti-Corruption Specialised INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNA CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The full text of this book is available on line via t www.sourceoecd.org/ www.sourceoecd.org/governance emergingeconomies www.sourceoecd.org/transitioneconomies/ hese links: /9789264039797 Those with access to all OECD books on/9789264039797 line should use this link: www.sourceoecd.org/ 9789264039797 REVIEW OF MODELS OF REVIEW SourceOEC 9789264039797 For more informationD is the aboutOECD’s this online award-winning library of books, service periodicals and free trials and askstatistical your librarian, databases. or write to us at [email protected] . LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLA LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNAT CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPT ������������������ INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLAT LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ISBN 978-92-64-03979-7 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGIS 28 2008 03 01 P CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION -:HSTCQE=UX^\^\: CORRUPTION LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS CORRUPTION LEGISI INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIO LEGISLATION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS C LEGISLATION CORRUPTION INTERNATI Faux-titre.fm Page 1 Tuesday, March 11, 2008 10:04 AM Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions REVIEW OF MODELS Faux-titre.fm Page 2 Tuesday, March 11, 2008 10:05 AM ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2008 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to OECD Publishing [email protected] or by fax 33 1 45 24 99 30. Permission to photocopy a portion of this work should be addressed to the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC), 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France, fax 33 1 46 34 67 19, [email protected] or (for US only) to Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, fax 1 978 646 8600, [email protected]. 3 Foreword Although its effects on democratic institutions and economic and social development have long been apparent, the fight against corruption has only recently been placed high on the international policy agenda. Today, many international organisations are addressing the global and multi-faceted challenge of fighting corruption. The OECD provided a major contribution to this important effort in 1997 with the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Soon after, in 2002, the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption came into force. It develops common standards concerning corruption-related offences, and requires its parties to create specialised authorities for fighting corruption. The UN Convention Against Corruption, which came into force in 2005, is the most universal in its approach; it covers a very broad range of issues including prevention of corruption, criminalisation of corruption, international co-operation, and recovery of assets generated by corruption. It also requires its parties to implement specialised bodies responsible for preventing corruption and for combating corruption through law enforcement. In addition to mandating anti-corruption bodies, these international conventions establish standards for their effective operation: these bodies should be independent from undue interference, specialised in corruption, and have sufficient resources and powers to meet their challenging tasks. This book analyses the main tasks involved in preventing and combating corruption, and presents practical solutions to ensure independence and specialisation of – and resources for – anti-corruption bodies. It further describes different forms of specialisation implemented in various countries around the world (e.g. Hong Kong, Latvia, Spain, Romania, Norway, the UK, France and Slovenia) and describes 14 anti- corruption agencies. Finally, it provides analysis of key factors which can lead anti- corruption bodies to success or failure and supplies a rich body of country-specific information, practical facts and contact details. This
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