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Health Surveillance Survey of Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Taronga Reptile Populations

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Health Surveillance Survey of Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Taronga Reptile Populations Health Surveillance Survey of Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Taronga Reptile Populations Guiding Translocation Opportunities November 2018 Health Surveillance Survey of Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Taronga Reptile Populations - Guiding Translocation Opportunities National Environmental Science Program’s Threatened Species Recovery Hub, School of BioSciences, University of Sydney. November 2018 Authors: Jessica Agius, David Phalen University of Sydney Front cover: Movement opportunities of Christmas Island critically endangered reptiles from their source locations (Taronga Zoo, Sydney and Christmas Island Captive Breeding Colony) to the proposed translocation site (Cocos Keeling Islands). 2 Table of Contents Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................................5 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Study site ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Specimen collection & euthanasia ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Taronga Zoo captive breeding colony ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Histological preparation of reptile tissue ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Molecular analysis ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Findings considered a potential risk .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Results ..................................................................................................................................................................................................7 Geographic distribution ..................................................................................................................................................................................7 Macroscopic (gross) and microscopic (histology) parasite findings ...................................................................................................7 Molecular findings ............................................................................................................................................................................................7 Additional macroscopic (gross) findings ....................................................................................................................................................7 Additional microscopic (histology) findings ..............................................................................................................................................7 Enterococcus disease .....................................................................................................................................................................................7 Figures ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 2 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 3 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Tables ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Table 1 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Table 2 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Table 3 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Table 4 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Table 5 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................12 Table 6 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................12 Table 7 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................13 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Parasites ............................................................................................................................................................................................................14 Bacterial and suspected bacterial infections ...........................................................................................................................................14 Lesions of possible viral origin ....................................................................................................................................................................14 The risk posed by the novel Enterococcus species present on Christmas Island ........................................................................14 Limitations of this study ................................................................................................................................................................................15 Conclusions and recommendations ........................................................................................................................................................15 References .......................................................................................................................................................................................................15 Health Surveillance Survey of Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Taronga Reptile Populations Guiding Translocation Opportunities 3 Summary • This study forms part of an investigation into the feasibility of translocating the critically endangered Christmas Island Lister’s gecko and blue tailed skink to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, as insurance populations to reduce the risks of extinction. • To assess the risks associated with infectious disease transmission and exposure resulting from the translocation of reptiles from Christmas Island and Taronga Zoo to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, gross and microscopic examination of invasive species of lizards collected on Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands was performed. Additionally, the post mortem findings of Lister’s geckos and blue tailed skinks that died spontaneously at the Taronga Zoo captive breeding colony were reviewed. • Parasite infections were common in all three populations, but only one parasite, an uncharacterised amoeba, was confined to specimens from the Taronga Zoo captive breeding colony. Follow-up molecular testing of the Taronga colony for pathogenic Entamoeba species was negative. • Fungal infections were not observed in any population. • Bacterial infections occurred in all populations. Most appeared to be opportunistic infections from environmental sources. However, a novel Enterococcus sp. that is a known pathogen of both the blue tailed skink and the Lister’s gecko was found affecting introduced geckos located in and around the blue tailed
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