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Basic Principles of Non-Contact Temperature Measurement

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Basic Principles of Non-Contact Temperature Measurement Basic Principles Of Non-Contact Temperature Measurement InnovatedInnovativeInnovative Infrared InfraredInfrared technology TechnologyTechnology 1 Innovative Infrared Technology 22 Inhalt Content 4-8 Physical Basics 9-11 Emissivity and Temperature Measurement 12-14 Optics, Sighting Techniques and Electronics 15-19 Infrared Thermometer and Applications 20-24 Thermal Imager and Applications 25 Literature 26 Appendix: Glossary 27-30 Appendix: Emissivity Table 31 Appendix: Selection Criteria for Infrared Thermometers Innovative Infrared Technology InnovatedInnovativewww.optris.com InfraredInfrared technologyTechnology 3 Physical Basics With our eyes we see the world in visible light. Whereas visible light fills only a small part of the radiation spectrum, the invisible light covers most of the remaining spectral range. The radiation of invisible light carries much more additional information. The Infrared Temperature Measurement System Each body with a temperature above the absolute zero (-273.15°C = 0 Kelvin) emits an electromagnetic radiation William Herschel (1738 - 1822) from its surface, which is proportional to its intrinsic tem- perature. A part of this so-called intrinsic radiation is inf- thermometer, a glass prism that led sun rays onto a table rared radiation, which can be used to measure a body’s made his measuring arrangement. With this, he tested temperature. This radiation penetrates the atmosphere. the heating of different colors of the spectrum. Slowly mo- With the help of a lens (input optics) the beams are fo- ving the peak of the blackened thermometer through the cused on a detector element, which generates an elec- colors of the spectrum, he noticed the increasing tempe- trical signal proportional to the radiation. The signal is rature from violet to red. The temperature rose even more amplified and, using successive digital signal processing, in the area behind the red end of the spectrum. Finally he is transformed into an output signal proportional to the found the maximum temperature far behind the red area. object temperature. The measuring value may be shown Nowadays this area is called “infrared wavelength area”. in a display or released as analog output signal, which supports an easy connection to control systems of the process management. The electromagnetic spectrum with the infrared area used by pyrometers. object optics sensor electronics display The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum Infrared System A spectrum in the physical sense is the intensity of a mixture of electromagnetic waves as the function of the The advantages of non-contact temperature wavelength or frequency. The electromagnetic radiation measurement are clear - it supports: spectrum covers a wavelength area of about 23 decimal powers and varies from sector to sector in origin, creati- • temperature measurements of moving or overheated on and application of the radiation. All types of electro- objects and of objects in hazardous surroundings magnetic radiation follow similar principles of diffraction, • very fast response and exposure times refraction, reflection and polarisation. Their expansion • measurement without inter-reaction, no influence on speed corresponds to the light speed under normal con- the measuring object ditions: The result of multiplying wavelength with frequen- • non-destructive measurement cy is constant: • long lasting measurement, no mechanical wear λ · f = c Discovery of the Infrared Radiation The infrared radiation covers a very limited part in the Searching for new optical material William Herschel by whole range of the electromagnetic spectrum: It starts chance found the infrared radiation in 1800. He blacke- at the visible range of about 0.78 µm and ends at wave- ned the peak of a sensitive mercury thermometer. This lengths of approximately 1000 µm. 4 Wavelengths ranging from 0.7 to 14 µm are important for sorption and emissivity values of 99% within the required infrared temperature measurement. Above these wave- wavelength range. Usually this is sufficient for calibrations lengths the energy level is so low, that detectors are not of real measurements. sensitive enough to detect them. Radiation Principles of a Black Body Physical Basics The radiation law by Planck shows the basic correlation In about 1900 Planck, Stefan, Boltzmann, Wien and for non-contact temperature measurements: It describes Kirchhoff precisely defined the electromagnetic spectrum the spectral specific radiation Mλs of the black body into and established qualitative and quantitative correlations the half space depending on its temperature T and the for describing the infrared energy. wavelength λ. 2²π hc 1C 1 The Black Body M = = 1 λS λλ5eehc /λλ kT −−11 5/CT2 A black body is a radiator, which absorbs all incoming ra- C light speed -16 2 * diation. It shows neither reflection nor transmissivity. C1 3.74 10 W m -2 * C2 1.44 10 K m h Planck‘s constant α = ε = 1 (α absorption, ε emissivity) A black body radiates the maximum energy possible at The following illustration shows the graphic description of each wavelength. The concentration of the radiation does the formula depending on λ with different temperatures not depend on angles. The black body is the basis for as parameters. understanding the physical fundaments of non-contact temperature measurement and for calibrating the infrared thermometers. Drawing of a black body: 1 - ceramic conduit, 2 - heating, 3 - conduit made from Al2O3, 4 - aperture The construction of a black body is simple. A thermal hol- low body has a small hole at one end. If the body is hea- ted and reaches a certain temperature, inside the hollow room a balanced temperature spreads. The hole emits ideal black radiation of this temperature. For each tempe- rature range and application purpose the construction of these black bodies depends on material and the geomet- ric structure. If the hole is very small compared to the sur- Spectral specific radiation Mλs of the black body depending on the face as a whole, the interference of the ideal state is very wavelength small. If you point the measuring device on this hole, you can declare the temperature emitting from inside as black With rising temperatures the maximum of the spectral radiation which you can use for calibrating your measu- specific radiation shifts to shorter wavelengths. As the ring device. In reality simple arrangements use surfaces, formula is very abstract it cannot be used for many practi- which are covered with pigmented paint and show ab- cal applications. But, you may derive various correlations Innovative Infrared Technology 5 Physical Basics from it. By integrating the spectral radiation intensity for all wavelengths from 0 to infinite you can obtain the emitted radiation value of the body as a whole. This correlation is called Stefan-Boltzmann-Law. 4 −8 −− 24 MTλS =σ ⋅ [Watt m²] σ =5,67 ⋅ 10 WM K The entire emitted radiation of a black body within the ove- rall wavelength range increases proportional to the fourth Block diagram of an infrared thermometer power of its absolute temperature. The graphic illustration of Planck’s law also shows, that the wavelength, which is ture. The temperature result is either shown on a display used to generate the maximum of the emitted radiation of or may be used as analog signal for further processing. a black body, shifts when temperatures change. Wien’s In order to compensate influences from the surround- displacement law can be derived from Planck’s formula ings a second detector catches the temperature of the by differentiation. measuring device and of his optical channel, respectively. Consequently, the temperature of the measuring object is λµmax ⋅=T2898 mK ⋅ mainly generated in three steps: The wavelength, showing the maximum of radiation, 1. Transformation of the received infrared radiation into shifts with increasing temperature towards the range of an electrical signal short wavelengths. 2. Compensation of background radiation from thermometer and object The Grey Body 3. Linearization and output of temperature information. Only few bodies meet the ideal of the black body. Many Besides the displayed temperature value, the thermo- bodies emit far less radiation at the same temperature. meters also support linear outputs such as 0/4-20 mA, The emissivity ε defines the relation of the radiation value 0-10 V and thermocouple elements, which allow an easy in real and of the black body. It is between zero and one. connection to control systems of the process manage- The infrared sensor receives the emitted radiation from ment. Furthermore, the most of the presently used infra- the object surface, but also reflected radiation from the red thermometers offer digital interfaces (USB, RS232, surroundings and perhaps penetrated infrared radiation RS485) for further digital signal processing and in order to from the measuring object: be able to have access to the device parameters. Es gilt: ε++= ρτ 1 Infrared Detectors ε der Emissionsgrad εε derderemissivity EmissionsgradEmissionsgrad The most important element in each infrared thermometer ρ der Reflexionsgrad ρρ derderreflection ReflexionsgradReflexionsgrad is the radiation receiver, also called detector. There are τ dertransmissivity Transmissionsgrad two main groups of infrared detectors. ττ derder TransmissionsgradTransmissionsgrad Most bodies do not show transmissivity in infrared, there- Infrared Detectors fore the following applies: ερ+=1 Thermal Detectors Quantum Detectors Thermopile detector This fact is very helpful as it is much easier to
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