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Hanover in 1714- 1727. Brunswick Wolfenbüttel claimed by George in 1701 near the start of the Great Northern War and Bremen and Verden acquired from Sweden in 1719 towards the end of the war. George’s brother Ernest was Bishop of Osnabruck 1715-1728

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Ernest Augustus, George’s youngest brother and closest supporter who fought with him at Neerwinden in 1693 and served in the War of the Spanish Succession at the siege of Lille in Melusine von der Schulenburg 1667-1743, Sophia von Platen 1675-1725, wife of Baron 1708. In 1709 he heard Handel’s Agrippina in Venice and persuaded him to move to Hanover. Duchess of Munster (1716), Duchess of Johann von Kielmansegge (married 1701, When George succeeded in 1714 he acted as regent in Hanover and guardian of Prince Kendal (1719) and Princess of Eberstein died 1717), Countess of Leinster (1721) and Frederick. He succeeded as Bishop of Osnabruck in 1715. He visited in 1716 when he (1723). “The Scarecrow”, “The Maypole” or Countess of Darlington (1722). “The was made Duke of York and in 1718 to be invested as a KG. “The Goose”. George’s mistress. Elephant and Castle”. George’s half-sister. 3 4

Lionel Sackville who informed George he had succeeded and carried the sceptre at the Coronation and was created Groom of the Stole. He was created Duke of Dorset in 1720 and became Lord Steward in 1725 in Walpole’s Government. He also served in George II’s administrations

Britannia offering George the crown by John Vanderbank Print by Michiel van der Gucht

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The Peregrine and other royal vessels off Greenwich by Jan Griffier I c 1710. Griffier came to from Holland c 1708 and died here in 1718 where his sons Jan II and Robert continued to paint.

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View of London from Greenwich by Peter Tillemans c 1730. Born in Flanders, Tillemans settled in England in 1708 and became one of the founders of a school of sporting art but also painted landscapes. George wanted to arrive at Harwich and travel quietly to London but was View of London from Greenwich by Jan Griffier I persuaded to arrive at Greenwich in order for crowds to gather to see him.

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Charles II block Greenwich Painted Hall Greenwich

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Song from Thomas D’Urfey’s Pills To Purge The Melancholy

Thornhill’s Sketch for George I’s Arrival at Greenwich 13 14

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Thornhill’s sketches for the murals

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George and family in the Painted Hall Greenwich Naval College by

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Arrival at St James’s 1714 After 2 days at Greenwich George and his son processed to London London had a population of about 600,000 compared to 10,000 in Hanover. London had caught with 206 coaches in a journey that took several hours along streets lined with crowds up Paris and would soon over take it. Britain had a population of 8.6m compared to France 20m. estimated at 1.5 million eager to see the new king. 23 24

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Jan Griffier View of London across from Lambeth Palace View of London from Horseferry by Jan Griffier I 1710

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Medal celebrating Naval Supremacy by John Croker Medal celebrating George’s arrival in 1714 by John Croker Great Seal Medal by Ehrenreich Hannibal 1714

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Medal by John Croker Medal by Nicolaus Seelander 1714 Jean Dassier

George by Fountaine 1725

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Hans Sloane’s portrait of George on a walnut shell, British Museum

Bust by Le Marchand, V&A Bust by Nost, V&A

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Snuff Box by John Croker, BM

Follower of Christian Friedrich Zincke Bernard Lens

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David Le Marchand 1720 Terracotta by Rysbrack, NPG Studio of Kneller 1718 35 36

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Ludolf Lafontaine c 1727

Rysbrack, Courtauld Institute

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John Vanderbank 1726 John Vanderbank

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Subscription for set of portraits

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Prince Frederick in 1714 by Zincke and 1720 Unknown artist George and Caroline as Prince and Princess of Wales 1716 by Kneller. George travelled with his father and Caroline joined them 45 46

Princess Anne in 1714 and 1727 by Zincke. In 1723 she was one of 99 princesses considered as a Princess Amelia in 1714 and 1730 by Zincke bride for Louis XV.

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Princess Caroline in 1730 by Zincke Prince William 1730 by Zincke Princess Mary 1731 by Zincke Princess Louise 1739 by Bernard Lens

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Dutch broadsheet on Coronation French broadsheet on Coronation

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Westminster Hall by Hollar

Westminster Abbey by Wenceslaus Hollar c 1670

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Coronation print from the Royal Collection German broadsheet on the Coronation 55 56

Charles Talbot Duke of , as Lord Coronation details George’s Coronation Declaration Chamberlain he read the king’s declaration at the coronation 57 58

Archbishop Tenison by Robert White. He was Former mistress of James II, Catherine Sedley the last Archbishop to ask at a coronation if the Countess of Dorchester, replied “Does the old people accepted their new king fool think we will say no?” Studio of Studio of Godfrey Kneller 59 60

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Print by Jacob Gole Print by John Faber

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Coronation Medal by John Croker

Coronation Medal by Nicolaus Seelander

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Henry Sacheverell by Thomas Gibson 1710 The Sacheverell riots Drinking the Health of Dr Sacheverell

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Passed in 1714 it came into force in 1715 and remained in force till 1967 when other legislation took over Tudor House in with surviving door showing axe marks made in the Coronation Riot

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Robert Walpole 1st E of Oxford studio of J B Charles Spencer Earl of Sunderland, Ld Lt of James Earl Stanhope by Godfrey Kneller, SoS Charles Viscount Townshend, SoS (N) 1714-16 st van Loo 1740, Paymaster 1714-15 & 1720- Ireland 1714-17, Ld Privy Seal 1715-16, SoS (N) (S) 1714-16, SoS (N) 1716-17 & 1718-21, 1 & 1721-7, Ld Lt of Ireland 1717, Ld President st 21, Chancellor 1715-17 & 1721-7, 1st Ld 1717-18, 1 Ld 1718-21, Ld President 1718-19, Ld & Chancellor 1717-18, died 1721 1720-2. died 1722 1721-7 69 70

Houses of Commons and Lords by Peter Tillemans 1708-1714

George in the House of Lords 71 72

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King’s Speech to Parliament 1715

John Churchill Duke of Marlborough by Enoch Charles Montagu Earl of Halifax had served Seeman c 1716. Queen Anne’s chief minister William III in various Treasury posts and until 1711 he spent 1712-14 in exile on the George made him First Lord of the Treasury Continent when George restored him to favour 1714-1715 as Master of the Ordnance 1714-1722 73 74

Charles Seymour Duke of Somerset held posts Charles Talbot Duke of Shrewsbury had served under Charles II, James II William III and Anne. William III as Secretary of Sate and was William Cavendish Duke of Devonshire by appointed 1st Lord on Queen Anne’s deathbed. Thomas Wharton Marquess of Wharton had On her death he master minded with served William III and Anne despite her dislike Kneller, Lord Steward under Anne 1707-10 Shrewsbury and Argyll, George’s succession He retained the post for a month after and reappointed by George 1714-16. He George’s arrival but was Lord Chamberlain of him, and fell after the 1710 Election. and was made Master of the Horse 1714-15 George made him Lord Privy Seal 1714-15 also served as Lord President 1716-17 and 1714-15 1725-9 75 76

John Campbell Duke of Argyll who served John Erskine Earl of Mar served Anne as under Marlborough at Ramillies, Oudenarde Secretary of State for Scotland but was Daniel Finch Earl of Nottingham by Jonathan Edward Russell Earl of Orford, an experienced and Malplaquet and played a major role in dismissed by George days after his arrival. He Richardson. George initially wanted a balanced naval commander, had served as 1st Lord of securing the Hanoverian succession. He led led the Jacobite forces during the 15 and fled cabinet so appointed a leading as Lord the Admiralty for William and Anne and held the Government troops against the Jacobites to France in 1716 where he remained at the President it again 1714-17 in 1715 and was a minister from 1721. Pretender’s court 77 78

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James Francis Edward Stuart “The Old Pretender” recognised as James VIII and III by his Jacobite supporters and Louis XIV on the death of his father in 1701.

Robert Harley Earl of Oxford by Jonathan Henry St John Viscount Bolingbroke c 1712 Richardson 1710 held high office under Anne was the leading Tory at the end of Anne’s but fell from grace shortly before her death. reign. He supported the Jacobite Rebellion He retired from politics but was imprisoned for in 1715 and fled to France. He was pardoned Jacobite sympathies 1715-17 but later in 1723 with the help of George’s mistress resumed his seat in the Lords. but initially excluded from the Lords. 79 80

Louis XIV of France who had to renounce his support for the Old Pretender under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. When he died in 1715 James had to flee to Rome.

Louis XIV with his heirs. His son and grandson predeceased him dying from smallpox and measles. He was succeeded by his great grandson who was nursed through measles by his governess Madame de Ventadour 81 82

The Regent with young Louis XV Lindisfarne was captured for the Jacobites by Lancelot Errington and held for one day. He Philippe Duc d’Orleans Regent of France escaped from gaol and was later pardoned. 1715-1723 and heir under the terms of the nd Treaty of Utrecht, by Jean-Baptiste Santerre James Butler, 2 Duke of Ormonde by Michael Dahl. Ormonde was the focus for Jacobites in England but fled to France. Failed to raise a force in Plymouth and returned to France. 83 84

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Battle of Preston 13 November 1715 General Charles Wills defeating the Jacobites under Thomas Forster who had marched from Northumberland instead of marching to Scotland to join up with Mar.

Rebellion happily supressed at Preston by General Wills 1715 by Abel Boyer Dedicator

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Sheriffmuir 13 November 1715 87 88

Battle of Sheriffmuir where Argyll defeated Mar

The Old Pretender landing in Scotland December 1715 after his supporters had been defeated at Sheriffmuir and Preston

Sheriffmuir medal

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The Court of Chancery by Benjamin Ferrers

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Earl of Derwentwater and Viscount Kenmure two lords executed after the 15 Execution of Jacobite Lords Tower Hill February 1716

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His Majesty’s Safe Return to Britain 1716

Lord Nithsdale escaping from the disguised as a woman being helped by his wife

Prince George William died 1718 printed 1719 95 96

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View of Leicester Square by Thomas Bowles c 1760 Leicester Square c 1790 with statue of George I erected by his great grandson George III in 1760

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Leicester House built for the Earl of Leicester in 1635. George’s grandmother Elizabeth died there in 1662, his son George lived there 1717-1727, grandson Frederick Silver Penny from 1727. As Master of the Mint in 1717 Newton revalued Gold and Silver rates 1742-1751 and great-grandson 1751-1760 which caused a run on Silver

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James Craggs by Godfrey Kneller. When John Aislabie was Chancellor of the Walpole and Townsend fell from grace and Exchequer 1718-1721 joined the Leicester House set Stanhope brought in new blood. Craggs was Secretary of State (Southern) 1718-1721 Hanover joined the Alliance against Sweden in 1714 and Britain joined in 1717 101 102

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Peter the Great of Russia by Jean-Marc Charles XII of Sweden by Johann Heinrich Nattier 1718. Frenchman Nattier met Peter Peter the Great of Russia with Louis XV in 1717. Peter was touring Wedekind 1719 in Amsterdam in 1715 Western Europe in order to gain alliances against Charles XII of Sweden 103 104

Admiral Byng’s Fleet off Naples

Cape Passaro August 1718

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Admiral George Byng by Sir Godfrey Kneller c 1700

Cape Passaro Medal 1718

“Admiral Sir George Byng gave this medall to Sean Wm Wright to reward him for his Courage in saving the lives of two Seamen from drowning during the action with the Spaniards off the Cape of Passaro ye 31st day of July 1718”

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Jacobite medal 1718 celebrating the escape of Maria Clementina Sobieski, the grand-daughter of the hero of the Siege of Vienna. George opposed the marriage and his ally Emperor Charles VI detained her in Innsbruck Castle. She escaped to Bologna and married the Pretender by proxy whilst he was in Spain. Pope Clement XI acknowledged her as queen and gave the couple a palace in Rome. They had two sons Charles (born 1720) and Henry (born 1725) but she disliked her husband and retired to the convent of St Cecilia for 3 years.

Eilean Donan where the Spanish fore landed in the 1719 Rebellion

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Battle of Glenshiel June 1719 by Peter Tillemans Plan of Battle of Glenshiel 1719 by John Henry Bastide 111 112

William Murray Marquis of Tullibardine a Tullibardine’s younger brother Lord veteran of Sheriffmuir, commanded the George Murray who fought at Jacobites at Glenshiel. He escaped and took Glenshiel. He escaped and was one Battle of Glenshiel Site part in the ‘45 of the leaders in the ‘45 113 114

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Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham by General attributed to Johan van Jean Baptiste van Loo. Cobham led a force Diest. A veteran of the War of the Spanish Vigo on the Atlantic Coast of Northern Spain was attacked and captured in October 1719 in of 4 warships and 6,000 troops which Succession and the ‘15, Wade was 2nd in retaliation for the Spanish involvement in the ‘19 Rebellion. The British brought home 190 iron captured Vigo and several other towns command in Spain where he extracted and 30 brass heavy guns, 10,000 firearms, 2,000 barrels of gunpowder and other stores £40,000 from Santiago da Compostela intended for an invasion of Britain. 115 116

In 1724 George instructed General Wade to inspect communications and defences in Scotland. In 1725 he was appointed Commander in chief and set about building 240 miles of road and 30 bridges.

Poem by John Clark On His Majesty’s Wade’s Road from Inverness to Kingussie Safe Return to Britain 1720

Wade’s bridge over the Tay at Aberfeldy The National Anthem in 1745 included this verse:- Lord, grant that Marshal Wade May, by thy mighty aid, Victory bring. May he sedition hush And, like a torrent, rush Rebellious Scots to crush. God save the King.

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South Sea House Dividend Hall in 1810 South Sea House 119 120

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Share Certificate

South Sea House Entrance with figures restored in 1960s Excise Bill 121 122

Night Seller of Shares Dutch cartoon

South Sea Company Trade Card 123 124

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Hogarth Sketch for the Bubble Satire South Sea Bubble Pamphlets 133 134

Hogarth Satire on the Bubble created 1721 published 1724-1751 135 136

Thomas Guy who made a fortune from various investments including the from which he made £175,000 and gave £238,500 to found Guy’s Hospital. After his death the government passed an Act in 1725 incorporating the executors and thanked him for helping Nineteenth Century Take on the Bubble by Edward Matthew Ward “The Honour and Good of the Publick” 137 138

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South Sea Company Coin 1723

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Sir William Wyndham by Jonathan Walpole as the Country Gent by John Wootton. He Richardson, leader of the won the 1722 General Election with a majority of Scottish Economist John Law Controller General of Finances in France appointed by the Regent, defeated in 1722. Unusually half the 120 and remained Prime Minster till 1742 in 1716 set up Banque Générale Privée, the first such institution to issue paper money and took seats were contested but news of the over the Mississippi Company in 1719. Over issuing of banknotes and over valuation of the broke during the shares led to a “Bubble” which also burst in 1720 much like the South Sea Company. campaign 141 142

Duke of Newcastle and Earl of Lincoln by Kneller Later portrait of Newcastle by Young 1721. Newcastle was Lord Chamberlain 1717-1724 and Secretary of State (Southern Department) from 1724 onwards. He later succeeded as Prime Minister. Lincoln was Paymaster of the Forces 1715-1720 Bishop of Rochester and Dean Christopher Layer barrister, hung drawn of Westminster instigator of the Atterbury Plot and quartered at in 1723 for his to restore James III in 1722 part in the Atterbury Plot 143 144

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Procession of the Knights of Bath by Canaletto 1743

Medal commemorating the reinventing of the in 1725 with Prince William aged 4. Walpole asked the king to create the order as a means of rewarding his supporters. In the past it had never had been an Order as such and the last occasion it was used had been the coronation of Charles II in 1661.

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George Hunting at Gohrde in 1725 with his brother Ernest, grandson Frederick, son-in-law After the Austro-Spanish alliance formed at Peace of Vienna in May 1725 George saw a need to Frederick William of Prussia, Secretary of State Townsend and Lady Townsend and others form an alliance with France and Prussia. This resulted in the Treaty of Hanover (above) which including Mehmet and Mustafa. This was George’s fifth visit to Hanover since becoming king. was later joined by the Netherlands (1726) and Sweden (1727). 147 148

Osnabruck Palace built by George’s father when he was Bishop (1667-1698) and chief residence of his brother Ernest when he was bishop (1715-1728). This is where George dies on his 6th and final visit to Hanover since becoming king. 149

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