BASIC INFORMATION OF

I BASIC INFORMATION ON CAMBODIA

I-1 Geography and Climate mandate was held on 27th July 2008 in which the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) won landslide victory and currently occupied 90seats, Geography followed by Party (SRP), Human Right Party, FUNCINPEC Cambodia is situated on the southwestern part of the Indochina peninsula. and Norodom Ranaridh Party which won 26 seats, 3 seats, 2 seats and It shares a 2,615 km boarder with (1,270 km), (805 km), 2 seats respectively. The election of National Assembly for 5th mandate and Laos (540 km). Its total area is 181,035 square kilometers, which is will be held on July 28, 2013. about half the area of . Cambodia’s Senate election is held once in six years. The Election for the Senate members of 3rd legislature was held on 29th January 2012. According Climate to the of [ cial results released by the National Election Committee, the CPP Cambodia has a tropical monsoon climate with two seasons: a wet season gained 46 seats and SRP gained 11 seats. Remaining 4seats were appointed from May to October and a dry season from November to May. The annual by the and the National Assembly (each 2 seats). average temperature is about 27.7 degrees centigrade, and the average Above all, the CPP has formed the Royal Government with FUNCINPEC temperature exceeds 30 degrees centigrade in the hottest months, April Party and Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo has been and May. elected as the Prime Minister OF the Kingdom of Cambodia.

I-2 Political System I-3 Legal System Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy. The present King, His Majesty Legal hierarchy , acceded to the throne on 29 October 2004. In the current legal system in Cambodia, the hierarchy of laws and The Constitution stipulates that Cambodia adopts a policy of liberal regulations is understood as shown in Table I-3-1. democracy and pluralism, and that the Cambodian people are masters of the country. The Constitution also sets out that the power of the Legislative, Legislation process Executive and Judicial branches shall be separated. (Article 51) The process of legislation by a member of the National Assembly is The country has a bicameral legislature, which consists of the National shown in the \ ow chart in Figure I-3-1. After the adoption by the National Assembly and the Senate. The election of National Assembly for 4th

Table I-3-1 Legal Hierarchy in Cambodia

1) The Constitution: The Supreme Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2) Treaties and Convention: According to Article 26 of the Constitution, the King shall sign and ratify international treaties, both multilateral and bilateral, and conventions, following the approval of the National Assembly and Senate. After such rati[ cation, international treaties and conven- tions shall become laws and may be used as the basis for judicial decisions. 3) Laws (Chhbab): Laws adopted by the National Assembly 4) Royal Kram (Preah Reach Kram) and Royal Decree (Preah Reach Kret): To be issued under the name of the King for executing his con- stitutional powers 5) Sub-Decree (Anu-Kret): To be signed by the Prime Minister after adoption by the Cabinet Meeting. In case the sub-decree has not been adopted by the Cabinet Meeting, countersignature by the Minister(s) in charge shall be required. The Prime Minister can use this in exercising his own regulatory powers. 6) Ministerial Order (Prakas): To be issued by members of the government in exercising their own regulatory powers. 7) Decision (Sechkdei Samrech) : Individual decision of the Prime Minister and Decision (Prakas-Deika) of a Minister or a Governor, which is used in exercising his own regulatory powers. 8) Circular (Sarachor): In general, to be issued by the Prime Minister as head of government, and by a minister as an of [ cial of the ministry either to explain or clarify certain legal regulatory measures or to provide instructions 9) Provincial Deka (Arrete): To be used by a provincial governor within the geographical limits of his province

Submission of draft law to Decision by the Vote on the Law drafting Examination inter-ministerial Cabinet adoption meeting

Reviewing Commission National Assembly

Vote on the Submission of Submission of draft law Examination law to the King rati [ cation to the Senate for signature

Senate Figure I-3-1 Process of Legislation by Member of National Assembly

I-1 Assembly, the Senate reviews the law, followed by the Royal Kram of the Table I-5-1 Projected Population in 2012: Top Ten Provinces and King to promulgate the Law. National Total

The preliminary review will be undertaken by the Private Sector Working Rank Province Projected Population in 2012 % to Total Population Group, the Judicial Council and the Economic, Social and Cultural Council 1 Kampong Cham 1,745,184 11.8 before the draft law is sent to Cabinet for examination. 2 1,637,473 11.1 3 Kandal 1,383,298 9.4 I-4 International Relations 4 Battambang 1,148,444 7.8 5 Siem Reap 1,023,990 6.9 Foreign Policies 6 Prey Veng 980,811 6.7 7 Takeo 879,328 6.0 The Constitution declares a policy of permanent neutrality and non-alignment 8 Kampong Speu 775,704 5.3 for Cambodia. The Kingdom of Cambodia follows a policy of peaceful 9 Banteay Meanchey 760,770 5.2 co-existence with its neighbors and with all other countries throughout 10 Kampong Thom 673,247 4.6 the world, shall not invade any country, or interfere in any other country’s Cambodia Total 14,741,414 100.0 internal affairs, directly or indirectly, and shall solve all problems peacefully with due respect for mutual interests. The Kingdom of Cambodia shall not Percentage of national population by age and sex group in 2011, projected joint in any military alliance or military pact that is incompatible with its in 2008 Census, was as follows. policy of neutrality (Article 53). - Children (0-14 age): 31.4%, - Economically productive age group (15-64): 64.3 % Membership in Major International Organizations - The elderly population (65+): 4.3%. 1 Cambodia joined the UN in 1955. After the prolonged civil war was (Source: General Population Census 2008 , NIS) ended in the early 1990’s, the pace at which Cambodia joined various international economic organizations picked up. Table I-4-1 shows some Anticipated Population Pyramid of Cambodia 2011 of the Cambodia’s membership in international organizations to which (Unit: thousand persons) 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 Cambodia belongs. In addition, Cambodia is also a member of FAO, IMF, 75+ Interpol, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, WHO, etc. 70 Ͳ74 65 Ͳ69 60 Ͳ64 55 Ͳ59 Table I-4-1 Membership of Major International Organizations 50 Ͳ54 45 Ͳ49 Member Organization 40 Ͳ44 Since Male 35 Ͳ39 Female Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1950 30 Ͳ34 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 1952 25 Ͳ29 United Nations (UN) 1955 20 Ͳ24 International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) 1956 15 Ͳ19 International Civil Aviation Organization 1956 10 Ͳ14 International Maritime Organization (IMO) 1961 5Ͳ9 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 1966 0Ͳ4 Universal Postal Union (UPU) 1969 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 1970 International Development Association (IDA) 1970 Source: General Population Census 2008, NIS International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 1992 Figure I-5-1 Anticipated Population Pyramid of Cambodia 2011 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 1995 International Finance Corporation (IFC) 1997 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 1999 Ethnic groups Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 1999 The majority are Khmer (90 %). Small ethnic groups include Cham, International Labour Organization (ILO) 1999* Vietnamese and Chinese. World Customs Organization (WCO) 2001 World Trade Organization (WTO) 2004 Religion Asian Productivity Organization (APO) 2004 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) 2005 Buddhism is established as a national religion by the Constitution (Article Asia-Paci [ c Telecommunity 2007 43, The Constitution) and 90 % of the population is Buddhist. Other International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) 2009 religions practiced in Cambodia include Islam, Christianity and others. Note: * Cambodia rati [ ed six fundamental conventions of the ILO in 1999. Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Language and literacy The of [ cial language is Khmer. The adult literacy rates in 2008 were 77.6 % in total, 85.1 % for males, and 70.9 %for females. (Source: General I-5 Social Climate Population Census 2008, NIS)

Population Education system According to the 2008 Population Census, Cambodia’s population was The educational system in Cambodia consists of primary school (grade 1 13.4 million with annual growth rate of 1.54%. Phnom Penh, the capital to 6), junior high school (grades 7 to 9), senior high school (grades 10 to and the largest city, has a population of 1.3 million. Percentage of urban 12) and university and other institutions of higher education. Compulsory population is 19.5% and density of population per square kilo meters is 75. education is until grade 9. “Report of Population Projection of the 2008 Population Census” projects The situation of schools at various grades in 2011-2012 is shown in the population of major provinces in 2012 as shown in Table I-5-1. Table-I-5-2.

Note 1: General Population Census of Cambodia 2008: National Report on Final Census Results, which was released in September 2009.

I-2 BASIC INFORMATION OF CAMBODIA

Table I-5-2 Schools, Students, Teaching Staff in Cambodia Table I-5-5 The Number of Higher Educational Level Students in 2010

# of Schools # of Classes Enrolment Repeaters Teaching Staff and 2011 Pre-school 2,575 4,006 121,306 - 3,881 2010 2011 Primary School 6,849 58,594 2,142,464 127,068 45,296 Male Female Total Male Female Total Lower Secondary (Grade 7-9) 1,597 12,251 541,417 10,005 27,067 Upper Secondary (Grade 10-12) 426 6,750 318,165 7,472 10,160 Bachelor The number of students 102,310 70,954 173,264 124,203 83,463 207,666 Source: Education Statistics and Indicators_2011-2012, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport, Cambodia Sex ratio 59.0% 41.0% 100.0% 59.8% 40.2% 100.0% Master degree The percentages of enrollment and completion by education level in 2011 The number of students 10,544 2,343 12,887 11,487 2,787 14,274 are shown in Table I-5-3. Sex ratio 81.8% 18.2% 100.0% 80.5% 19.5% 100.0% Doctorates Table I-5-3 School Enrollment Rate and Completion Rate in 2011 The number of students 926 55 981 950 56 1,006 Sex ratio 94.4% 5.6% 100.0% 94.4% 5.6% 100.0% Education Level Gross Enrollment Rate 2 Net Enrollment Rate 3 Completion Rate 4 Source: Education Congress Report_2011-2012, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport, Primary school (grade 1 to 6) 123.3 96.4 89.75 Cambodia Junior high school (grade 7 to 9) 55.0 35.1 42.13 Senior high school (10 to 12) 30.6 19.6 27.83 Source: Education Statistics and Indicators_2011-2012, Ministry of Education, Youth Currency and Sport, Cambodia Although the of [ cial national currency is the Riel, US dollars are commonly used in business and commercial transactions.

The school attendance situation by age group in March 2008 is also shown Public holidays in the Table I-5-4. Public holidays in 2013 are as shown in Table I-5-6. Table I-5-4 School Attendance by Age Group in 2008 Table I-5-6 Public Holidays in Cambodia in 2013 % to Total Attendance Status Age Group Male Female Total Population by Age 1 January : International New Year’s Day Never 5-6 220,596 208,957 429,553 73.1 7 January : Victory Day Over Genocide Regime 7 - 12 yrs 142,220 126,264 268,484 14.6 25 February : Meaka Bochea Day 13 - 15 yrs 42,044 38,615 80,659 7.6 16 - 18 yrs 47,134 51,798 98,932 9.9 8 March : International Women’s Day 19-22 yrs 65,973 95,215 161,188 14.4 14, 15, 16 and *17 April : Khmer New Year’s Days Now 5-6 yrs 79,924 78,474 158,398 26.9 1 May : 7 - 12 yrs 796,487 759,211 1,555,698 84.3 13, 14, 15 May : King Norodom Sihamoni’s Birthday 13 - 15 yrs 449,000 405,870 854,870 81.0 24 May : Visaka Bochea Day 16 - 18 yrs 281,019 220,812 501,831 50.3 28 May : Royal Plowing Day 19-22 yrs 146,674 91,897 238,571 21.2 1 and *3June : International and Cambodian Children’s Day Past 5-6 yrs 0 0 0 0.0 7 - 12 yrs 10,935 9,686 20,621 1.1 18 June : Queen Sihanouk’s 13 - 15 yrs 56,119 63,792 119,911 11.4 Birthday 16 - 18 yrs 182,576 215,044 397,620 39.8 24 September : Constitution Day 19-22 yrs 342,803 380,598 723,401 64.4 3,4,5 and *7 October : Pchum Ben Day Total 5-6 yrs 300,520 287,431 587,951 100.0 15 October : Tribute Day of His Majesty the late King 7 - 12 yrs 949,642 895,161 1,844,803 100.0 Father of Cambodia 13 - 15 yrs 547,163 508,277 1,055,440 100.0 23 October : Paris Peace Agreement Day 16 - 18 yrs 510,729 487,654 998,383 100.0 29 October : Coronation’s Day of King Norodom Sihamoni 19-22 yrs 555,450 567,710 1,123,160 100.0 9 and *11 November : Independence day Source: General Population Census 2008, NIS: http://celade.cepal.org/khmnis/census/khm2008/ 16,17,18 and *19 November : Water Festival 10 December : International Human Rights day

As for higher education, there are 97 higher education institutions consisting Note: Any holiday falling on the weekend (Saturday or Sunday) shall move of 38 public institutions and 59 private institutions in Cambodia. 57 of to the following day of next week. However, if the holidays fall on both them are under the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport Performance Saturday and Sunday, only one day shall be carried over into the next (MoEYS)’s supervision. As can be seen from the Table I-5-5, there are 207,666 bachelor level students in 2011, which increased by 19.9% comparing to 2010. Both the numbers of master degree and doctorates also slightly increased from 2010 to 2011.

Note 2: Gross Enrolment Rate : The number of pupils or students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage in the age group for the same level of education. Note 3: Net enrolment Rate: The number of pupils or students in the age group for the given level of education enrolled in that level, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group. Note 4: Completion Rate to Primary Education: The number of new pupils in grade 6 in that year, expressed as a percentage in total number of population aged 11,

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