Puget Sound Marine Waters 2012 Overview
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2012 overview puget sound marine waters A B 2012 overview puget sound marine waters Editors: Stephanie Moore, Kimberle Stark, Julia Bos, Paul Williams, Jan Newton and Ken Dzinbal Produced by: NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center for the Puget Sound Ecosystem Monitoring Program’s Marine Waters Workgroup i About PSEMP: The Puget Sound Ecosystem Monitoring Program (PSEMP) is a collaboration of monitoring professionals, researchers, and data users from federal, tribal, state, and local government agencies, universities, non-governmental organizations, watershed groups, businesses, and private and volunteer groups. The objective of PSEMP is to create and support a collaborative, inclusive, and transparent approach to regional monitoring and assessment that builds upon and facilitates communication among the many monitoring programs and efforts operating in Puget Sound. PSEMP’s fundamental goal is to assess progress towards the recovery of the health of Puget Sound. The Marine Waters Workgroup is one of several technical workgroups operating under the PSEMP umbrella – with a specific focus on the inland marine waters of Puget Sound and the greater Salish Sea, including the oceanic, atmospheric, and terrestrial influences and drivers affecting the Sound. For more information about PSEMP and the Marine Waters Workgroup, please visit: https://sites.google.com/a/psemp.org/psemp/. ii Introduction This report provides an overview of 2012 water quality assurance and documentation remains the quality and conditions and associated biota in Puget primary responsibility of the individual contributors. All sections of this report were individually authored. Sound from comprehensive monitoring and observing Contact names and website links to more detailed programs. The report focuses on the marine waters of information and data are provided for each greater Puget Sound. Additional selected conditions contribution. The editors managed the internal are also included due to their influence on Puget cross-review process and focused on organizational Sound waters, such as selected climate indices and structure and overall clarity. This included crafting a synopsis in the Executive Summary that is based on conditions along the outer Washington coast. In all of the individual contributions and describes the addition to observations on marine phytoplankton, overall trends and drivers of variability and change in bacteria, and pathogens contained within the marine Puget Sound’s marine waters for 2012. waters, this year we have expanded to include observations on marine birds that use this marine The larger picture that emerges from this report helps the PSEMP Marine Waters Workgroup to (i) develop water habitat. an inventory of the current monitoring programs in Puget Sound and conduct a gap analysis to The objective of this report is to collate and distribute determine how well these programs are meeting the valuable physical, chemical, and biological priority needs; (ii) update and expand the monitoring information obtained from various marine monitoring results reported in the Puget Sound Vital Sign and observing programs in Puget Sound. Based on indicators (http://www.psp.wa.gov/vitalsigns/index. mandate, need, opportunity, and expertise, these php); and (iii) improve transparency, data sharing, efforts employ different approaches and tools that and timely communication of relevant monitoring cover various temporal and spatial scales. For programs across participating entities. The Northwest example, surface surveys yield good horizontal Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems spatial coverage, but lack depth information; regular (NANOOS), the regional arm of the U.S. Integrated station occupation over time identifies long-term Ocean Observing System (IOOS) for the Pacific trends, but can miss shorter term variation associated Northwest, is working to increase regional access with important environmental events; moorings to marine data. Much of the marine data presented with high temporal resolution describe shorter here and an inventory of monitoring assets can be term dynamics, but have limitations in their spatial found through the NANOOS web portal (http://www. coverage. However, collectively, the information nanoos.org). representing various temporal and spatial scales can be used to connect the status, trends, and drivers of The Canadian ecosystem report “The State of ecological variability in Puget Sound marine waters. the Ocean for the Pacific North Coast Integrated By identifying and connecting trends, anomalies and Management Area” (http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/ processes from each of the monitoring programs, science/coe-cde/soto/Pacific-North-eng.asp), this report adds significant and timely value to the encompasses approximately 102,000 km² from individual datasets and enhances our understanding the edge of the continental shelf east to the British of this complex ecosystem. We present here that Columbia mainland and includes large portions of the collective view for the year 2012. Salish Sea. The annual report provides information that is also relevant for Puget Sound and is a The data and interpretations presented here are the recommended source of complementary information proceedings of an annual effort by the PSEMP Marine to this report. Waters Work Group to compile and cross-check observations collected across the marine waters of greater Puget Sound during the previous year. Data iii Field work near the ORCA buoy deployed near Twanoh in southern Hood Canal. Photo credit: Robert Hubley. Recommended citation: PSEMP Marine Waters Workgroup. 2013. Puget Sound marine waters: 2012 overview. S. K. Moore, K. Stark, J. Bos, P. Williams, J. Newton and K. Dzinbal (Eds). URL: http://www.psp.wa.gov/ downloads/psemp/PSmarinewaters_2012_overview.pdf. Contact email: [email protected]. Contributors: Al Devol Kali Williams Stephanie Moore Bill Peterson Kate Litle Sue Thomas Brandon Sackmann Ken Dzinbal Suzan Pool Carol Maloy Kimberle Stark Teri King Cheryl Greengrove Laura Friedenberg Thomas Good Christopher Clinton Laura Wigand Vera Trainer Christopher Krembs Matthew Alford Wendi Ruef David Mora Michael Schrimpf Eric Grossman Mya Keyzers Gabriela Hannach Peter Hodum Jan Newton Richard Feely Jerry Borchert Richard Lillie Jim Johnstone Rosa Runcie Jim Thomson Sarah Grossman John Mickett Scott Mickelson Julia Bos Scott Pearson Julie Masura Skip Albertson Cover photo credit: Cheryl Greengrove. iv Table of Contents About PSEMP ii Introduction iii Executive Summary vii Large-scale climate variability and wind patterns 1 A. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 1 B. Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 2 C. North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) 3 D. Upwelling index 4 Local climate and weather 5 A. Regional air temperature and precipitation 5 B. Local air temperature and solar radiation 6 Coastal ocean and Puget Sound boundary conditions 7 A. Coastal ocean 7 B. Admiralty Inlet 9 CALL-OUT: Ocean and climate affect Puget Sound water quality 10 River inputs 11 A. Puget Sound rivers 11 B. Fraser River 12 Water quality 13 A. Puget Sound long-term stations 13 i. Salinity and Temperature 13 ii. Dissolved oxygen 14 iii. Nutrients and chlorophyll 15 B. Puget Sound profiling buoys 16 i. Temperature 16 ii. Salinity stratification and blooms 17 iii. Dissolved oxygen 17 v Table of Contents (cont.) Water quality (cont.) 18 C. Main Basin long-term stations 18 i. Temperature and salinity 18 ii. Dissolved oxygen 19 iii. Nutrients and chlorophyll 20 D. Seattle-Victoria surface transects 21 i. Temperature and salinity 21 ii. Chlorophyll 22 E. Snapshot surveys 23 i. Salish Sea tribal canoe journey surface survey 23 ii. San Juan Channel/Juan de Fuca fall surveys 24 iii. Hood Canal oxygen inventory 25 CALL-OUT: The Blue Ribbon Panel on ocean acidification 26 Plankton 27 A. Marine phytoplankton 27 B. Harmful algae 29 i. SoundToxins 29 ii. Alexandrium species cyst mapping 31 C. Biotoxins 32 CALL-OUT: The Environmental Sample Processor 33 Bacteria and pathogens 34 A. Fecal indicator bacteria 34 i. Puget Sound recreational beaches 34 ii. Main Basin stations 35 B. Vibrio parahaemolyticus 36 Marine birds 37 A. Pigeon guillemot 37 B. Rhinoceros auklet 38 References 39 Acronyms 40 vi Executive Summary From the editors: The collective view of Puget The effects of the unusually warm and dry period Sound’s marine water environment and some of its from August through early October were also discernible in Puget Sound’s marine waters. During associated biota in 2012 is presented here in the this period, air temperatures were almost a degree context of factors that drive variation, such as large- (Celsius) above normal and precipitation was almost scale climate patterns, coastal upwelling, and regional entirely absent. River flows were lower than normal weather. It is important to document and understand and surface waters in the San Juan Channel, Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Main Basin, and Carr Inlet regional drivers and patterns so that water quality were warmer than normal. A sharper than normal data may be interpreted with these variations in drop in the diatom phytoplankton component during mind, to better attribute human effects versus natural August and September was observed. In addition, variations and change. We show the conditions from an unusually large September phytoplankton bloom a variety of observations and approaches in order to occurred throughout much of Puget Sound, which resulted in reduced surface nitrate concentrations derive a general overview of