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Pond Infiltration and Watertable Mounding

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Pond Infiltration and Watertable Mounding GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.com Pond Infiltration and Watertable Mounding 1 Introduction The objective of this illustration is show how to model the filling of a pond with a liner. The zone below the liner remains unsaturated and the watertable deep in the profile mounds, due to percolation from the base of the pond. The modeling can help evaluate the effectiveness of lining the reservoir with a clay liner. Not only can the final, steady-state condition be established for both scenarios, but the rise in the watertable with time can be determined by conducting a transient analysis. Feature Highlights • Transient boundary conditions • Watertable viewing over time • Unit flux boundary conditions • Unsaturated flow 2 Geometry and boundary conditions The containment facility is located on top of a hill, with a stream at the bottom of the embankment, as shown below. Since the change in the regional system needs to be evaluated with time, a transient analysis will be conducted. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Elevation (m) 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 101214161820222426283032 Distance (m) Before conducting a transient analysis, it is sometimes helpful to know the long-term, steady-state solution, so you know the conditions where the system is eventually going to stabilize. It can also be helpful as a point of reference to compare against your transient results, which can help you determine if the steady-state solution is reasonable or too far in the future to be considered obtainable. For both the steady-state and transient analyses, the pond is assumed to be filled and maintained at a depth of 1.25 m. Because it is anticipated that significant leakage will occur, it is reasonable to expect that a potential seepage face may develop along the edge of the embankment above the river’s edge. A flux boundary condition with the secondary condition of potential seepage face is applied to the face of the embankment to appropriately capture the rising watertable. SEEP/W Example File: Pond infiltration.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 1 of 5 GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.com As with all transient analyses, the initial head conditions within the profile must first be determined. To develop the initial heads, pond is assumed to be empty and the entire ground surface is exposed to an assumed long term average percolation rate of 1e-8 m/day. This is the same rate for the transient model The stream at the toe of the embankment is represented by total head = 4.5m boundary condition which is the elevation of the water in the stream. Once the initial conditions have been determined, and the steady-state location of the mounded watertable has been completed, a transient analysis can then be conducted, which will evaluate the impact the leakage from the pond has on the regional watertable with time. As with any transient analysis, a series of time steps must be defined. It is important to keep the time units consistent between the conductivity rates and the time steps. In this simulation, the conductivity units were adjusted to be represented in m/day, which allowed the time steps to also be defined in terms of days. Fifty time steps were defined, encompassing a total elapsed time of 180 days. 3 Material properties For transient simulations, both a hydraulic conductivity function and a volumetric water content function will be required for both the embankment material and the clay liner. The saturated conductivities for the embankment soil and clay liner are 8.6 x 10-2 m/day and 4.3 x 10-4 m/day respectively. These are shown below. 0.45 0.1 0.40 0.35 0.01 Clay Liner Clay Liner 0.30 0.25 0.001 0.20 X-Conductivity (m/day) X-Conductivity Vol. Water Content (m³/m³) Content Water Vol. 0.15 Embankment 0.0001 Embankment 0.10 0.05 0.00001 0.1110 100 0.1110100 1000 Matric Suction (kPa) Matric Suction (kPa) 4 Discussion of results The steady state initial condition pressure profile with infiltration flow lines from the applied surface flux is shown below. This will be the initial condition for the subsequent analysis in which the pond is filled and there is leakage through the pond liner. The watertable is the dark blue line, and it corresponds with the elevation of the downstream river. The subsequent transient analysis watertable locations are shown in the second image below as they change over time. A movie of the process can be viewed by clicking the following link: pond infiltration.avi. This link will work as long as the movie file and this *.pdf file remain in the same folder. One key aspect to observe in this example is the formation of two watertables. Although hard to see when viewing the full model section, if you zoom in to the pond, there is a saturation front part way through the clay liner. This is shown below. Also very clear in this view is that there is both saturated and unsaturated flow and that there is flow of water above a phreatic line. SEEP/W Example File: Pond infiltration.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 2 of 5 GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.com 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Elevation (m) Elevation 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 101214161820222426283032 Distance (m) Figure 4-1 Initial steady state conditions 12 11 10 9 8 7 1 80 80 day days s 6 40 days 5 20 days 0 sec Elevation (m) 4 3 2 1 0 02468101214161820222426283032 Distance (m) Figure 4-2 Transient position of the watertable over time SEEP/W Example File: Pond infiltration.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 3 of 5 GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.com 12 11 10 9 8 7 180 d ays Figure 4-3 Pond infiltration and sat / unsat flow A final aspect to discuss is the water balance. All nodes along ground surface geometry objects are selected as shown below, and then a graph of cumulative flow versus time is presented. The graph makes use of the Sum(Y) vs Average(X) option, which adds up all individual nodal flows. Figure 4-4 Boundary locations for graphing SEEP/W Example File: Pond infiltration.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 4 of 5 GEO-SLOPE International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada www.geo-slope.com Balance of inflow and outflow 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Cumulative WaterFlux (m³) 1 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Time (day) Figure 4-5 Balance of all boundary flow It is clear from the above graph that there is a lot of inflow at the early times and then as the line flattens out it is approaching steady state. At steady state, the line will be flat because all inflow will match outflow and there is no more change in volume of water over time. This graph is, in essence, a chart that shows the change in volume of water stored in the soil over time. SEEP/W Example File: Pond infiltration.doc (pdf) (gsz) Page 5 of 5 .
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