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Some prisoners of it were brought before Boetius Clancy and hung on the orders of Sir William Fitzwilliam. Mobilized three years after the Treaty of Nonsuch, it was scheduled to rendezvous with the army of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, but the Battle of Gravelines derailed the plan. After surviving a storm, its humiliation by Norris and Drake ended with many of its ships washing up on the Irish coast, with the rest seeking refuge in Scotland. For 10 points, name this supposedly undefeatable fleet deployed by Phillip II to lead an invasion of England. Answer: Spanish Armada [or Grande y Felicísima Armada; or Great and Most Fortunate Navy; or Armada Invencible; or Invincible Armada; or Invincible Navy] (HSAPQ4)

One of these was created by Count Loris-Melikov and was to be proclaimed on the day that the People’s Will struck. Some of the Decembrists thought that this was the name of the prince’s wife, while demanding “Constantine and” this during the accession of Nicholas I. The (*) 1906 one guaranteed the rule of law, named the as the protector of the Orthodox faith, and restricted the powers of the Duma. For 10 points, what are these Russian documents, of which the 1906 one was also called the “Fundamental Laws?” Answer: Russian constitutions (HSAPQ3)

The 2004 Saville inquiry overturned Lord Widgery’s earlier findings about this event. It was a result of the closing of Guildhall Square, which led soldiers to divert a march to the Free Corner. It occurred at a demonstration against imprisonment without charge that took place in (*) Londonderry in 197** Thirteen of the protesters were killed by shooters, though the question of who shot first was contested by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association. For 10 points, identify this sanguine event, named for its occurrence on a certain day of the week. Answer: Bloody Sunday (HSAPQ3)

One perpetrator of this incident screamed “By God, his Mary has helped!” after mocking the prayers of one of its victims. The people responsible for this event supported the “Winter King” Frederick V, who was defeated the next year at White Mountain. It occurred because the Letter of (*) Majesty was violated by the closing of Calvinist chapels at Broumov. Its victims, emissaries of the Hapsburg emperor, were saved by a pile of manure. For 10 points, name this Thirty Years’ War-sparking event in which two men were thrown from a Central European window. Answer: 1618 Defenestration of Prague [or Second Defenestration of Prague] (HSAPQ3)

This body first met in 1302 to support the king’s feud with Boniface VIII. It was suspended for centuries after a contentious 1614 session, but reconvened when the taille (TIE-yuh) proved insufficient. Under the influence of a pamphlet by Abbé Sieyès, one of its (*) components left in 1789 and formed the National Assembly instead. For 10 points, name this body composed of the priestly, noble, and peasant classes, whose summoning by Louis XVI to approve a tax increase led to the . Answer: the Estates-General [or States General; or Etats-généraux] (HSAPQ3)

Eoin O’Duffy founded a group named for the “blue” type of these items in Ireland. The reforms of Lazaro Cardenas were opposed by Mexican Revolutionary Action, known as the “gold” ones. The supporters of Juan Perón were characterized by the lack of these items. Another group known for using these items organized the 1922 (*) March on and used their “black” variety. Another group nicknamed for these was led by Ernst Rohm and was purged in the Night of the Long Knives. For 10 points, identify these articles which the Nazi SA wore in “brown” versions. Answer: shirts (HSAPQ3)

Two foreign “traitors” during this period were Jacques Margeret and Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie, the latter of which lost the Battle of Kleshino. One leader during this period was assassinated at his wedding to Marina Mniszech, while another put down a rebellion at Vosma. Sigismund III Vasa invaded during this period, which saw three men (*) pretend to be Prince Dmitri as well as the reign of Boris Godunov. For 10 points, name this dark period in Russian history, which ended with the accession of Mikhail Romanov as tsar. Answer: the Time of Troubles [or Smutnoye Vremya] (HSAPQ3)

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Erwin Iserloh claimed that their manner of promulgation was a story invented by Philip Melanchthon. The Albert of Mainz forwarded them to Rome. They note Lawrence's claim that the treasures of the Church were the Church's poor, and the twenty-ninth makes reference to the legend of Severinus and Paschal. Chiefly concerned with the sale of indulgences, they were posted on a church door in Wittenberg on October 31, 15** For 10 points, name these opinions of Martin Luther that sparked the Protestant . Answer: the Ninety-Five Theses (HSAPQ2)

2. During this event, a group led by William Smith O'Brien attempted to overthrow the government, but disbanded after a skirmish at Widow McCormack's house. The lowest point during this event occurred during "Black '47," when the Soup Kitchens Act was withdrawn. Those affected by this event often attempted to flee via "coffin boats," and it was exacerbated by absentee landlords. For 10 points, name this 1845 to 1849 event caused by an infestation of the Phytophthora infestans blight, a mass starvation on the Emerald Isle. Answer: the Great Famine [or the Irish famine; or the potato famine; or any combination thereof; or Great Hunger; or An Gorta Mor; or An Drochshaol; prompt on famine] (HSAPQ1)

18. One cause of this event, which was codenamed Operation Hummingbird, was Franz von Papen’s speech at the University of Marburg, and this action was spurred on by an army which was limited to one hundred thousand men by the Treaty of Versailles. Its victims included Kurt von Schleicher and Gustav von Kahr, but its main attack was against Ernst Rohm and the SA. For 10 points, name this 1934 purge orchestrated by Hitler which purged his potential rivals out of the Nazi Party. Answer: Night of the Long Knives [or Nacht der langen Messer] (HSAPQ1)

12. One of these occurred when Russian Nikon began to enforce reforms resisted by the Old Believers. Another of these was ended when the removed both Gregory XII and Benedict XIII and elected Martin V. Another of these in 1054 was started by the patriarch of Constantinople and led to the creation of the Orthodox Church. For 10 points, name these events in which fundamental differences cause a church to split into two different factions. Answer: Great [prompt on schisms] (HSAPQ1)

The first man to hold this post was stoned to death in the church at Treves, and another man to hold this post was a patron of Saint Columban and rival of Willibad of Burgundy. Apart from Parthemius and Waldalenus, early holders of this post include a man who led forces at the Battle of Brinnacum, Landric, as well as Gogo. One of these named Ragenfrid was deposed by the victor of the Battles of Ambleve and Vincy, who would later defeat Abd el-Rahman at a more famous battle. With the blessing of Pope Stephen II, one nicknamed “the short” finally ended the charade and declared himself king. For ten points, name this post that held true power under the late Merovingians, held by Charles Martel. Answer: Majordomo [accept: Mayor of the Palace] (09EuroHis)

One factor leading to this document was an attempt to make Prince Edmund the King of Sicily, which sparked a threatened excommunication by Pope Alxander IV. At the Mise of Amiens, King Louis IX of agreed not to recognize this document, which Pope Boniface VIII condemned in two papal bulls. This document was passed during an Eastertime meeting of the so-called “Mad Parliament”. After the Battle of Evesham, the dictum of Kenilworth repealed this act, whose terms required Parliament to meet three times a year and created a Great Council of fifteen members with power over the King. For ten points, name this 1258 document that Simon de Montfort and the Barons forced upon Henry III. Answer: Provisions of Oxford (09EuroHis)

In one country, these institutions were created by the Duris Laws and were known as JZD’s. In another country, these

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were created under a plan known as the July Theses and overseen by Louis Feher, and one country’s resistance to the creation of these institutions led to the March Deportations. Their use in their country of origin, where they received MTS loans, was defended by Joseph E. Medley but criticized by Hedrick Smith, who came up with a famous statistic about their inefficiency, and these institutions that led to the holodomor were also opposed by a group whose name means “fist”. Including PGRs in Poland and sovkhozes and kolkhozes in the USSR, this is, for ten points, what type of agricultural institutions where most land is held in common? Answer: collective farms [do not accept kolkhoz or sovkhoz, these are too specific; prompt on commune] (09EuroHis)

Dolfo Spini led a group opposed to this event known as the Compagnacci. Fra Domenico trained hundreds of children to participate in this event, which may have been inspired by an earlier one organized by Bernardine of Siena. One historian who wrote about this event was Burlamacchi, who claimed that a passing Venetian merchant offered 22,000 gold forms to stop this event. The man who organized this event had earlier levied a tax known as “la decima” and was the author of the works “Infelix Ego” and “On the Downfall of the World”. Held on Shrove Tuesday, the traditional beginning of carnival, it is unclear whether this event in the Piazza della Signoria included the participation of Botticelli and Michaelangelo. For ten points, name this 1497 event in , where Savonarola put hundreds of masks, paintings, and books to the torch. Answer: the bonfire of the vanities [accept: falo delle vanita] (09EuroHis)

This event happened three years after the Battle of Vadla and two years after the Battle of Brannkyrka. After this event, the Ribbing brothers were beheaded and Didrik Slagheck became a . Soren Norby and Otto Krumen unsuccessfully tried to stop this event, and after this event the body of a man who died on Lake Malaren after losing the Battle of Bogesund was exhumed and burned. This event was mostly carried out by Jorgen Holmuth, a German mercenary, and the targets of this event were accused of heresy by Archbishop Trolle, but were really guilty of supporting Sten Sture the Younger. For ten points, name this event where Christian II of invaded and killed a bunch of people to restore the . Answer: Bloodbath [accept: Stockholm Massacre; Blodbad] (09EuroHis)

In the Principality of Moldavia, this legislative action was inspired by a murder-suicide involving a man named Dinca and his French lover, and in Sweden it was done by King Magnus IV in 136** In the papal bulls Sublimus Dei and Sicut Dudum, Eugene IV and Paul III advocated this action. In Revolutionary France, the Girondist Jacques Pierre Brissot was the chief proponent of this action, which was reversed by in 1802, and the Mussolini government did this in Ethiopia after occupying it. In Brazil, this act was supported by Princess Isabel and was accomplished through the “Golden Law”, which succeeded the earlier Law of the Rio Branco. In the British Empire, this was enacted in 1833, a victory for William Wilberforce. For ten points, name this action accomplished in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment. Answer: Abolition of Slavery [prompt for “slavery” with synonyms of abolition] (09EuroHis)

This practice was the subject of the Thornborough Lamentation, and local priest John Rous wrote a 1459 letter to Parliament complaining about this practice. One tract in support of this practice was titled “Goths and Vandals” and was written by Arthur Young. Studies of this practice were conducted by B.A. Holderness and J. Purdum. John Reynolds of Desborough, who called himself “Captain Pouch”, led one movement against this practice, which was also the target of the Newton Rebellion and Kett’s Rebellion. The Great Debasement created inflationary pressure that drove this practice. A General Act regarding this practice was passed by Parliament in 1801, and this practice is cited as an example of primitive accumulation by Marxists. For ten points, name this British practice of transfering commonly-held land to private owners. Answer: Enclosure (09EuroHis)

In 1958, a British ship named the Cape Palliser caused an international incident when she hoisted the Soviet flag while smuggling this resource. When the Hanseatic League attempted to monopolize the trade of this commodity in the

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1480s, John Jay and Thomas Croft of Bristol outfitted two ships to search for the mythical island of Hy-Brasil, where it was said to be very common. One dispute over this resource led to a confrontation between the HMS Russell and patrol boat Aegir off Vestfjord. In 1883, Thomas Huxley announced that supplies of this good were inexhaustible. Mark Kurlansky wrote a 2001 “tale” of this good and a 1997 “biography” of this good claiming that it “Changed the World”. This good was commonly mixed with salt to ensure it survived transport by ship, and a giant one of these hangs on Beacon Hill over the State Legislature of Massachusetts. For ten points, name this North Atlantic fish closely related to the Haddock. Answer: Cod [accept: Gadus, but do not accept Gadus with a species name. The question never differentiates between North Atlantic Cod and Greenland Cod; prompt on “fish”; prompt on “Scrod”, a term also used for Haddock and even Whiting] (09EuroHis)

A month and two days after this event, General Schwartz was defeated at the Battle of El Bruc. This event led Andres Torrejon and Simon Hernandez, mayors of the small town of Mostoles, to issue a declaration of war. Luis Torres and Pedro Velarde led an artillery mutiny that joined the losing side in this conflict, while much of the heaviest fighting in this conflict that began outside the Palacio Real occurred by the Puerta de Toledo and the Puerta de Sol. The result of the occupying army attempting to move the to their country, it was put down by Marshal Murat, while General Grouchy ordered the execution of many of its participants the following day. For ten points, name this anti-French uprising in the Spanish capital, depicted in a Goya painting featuring charging Mamelukes, which sparked the . Answer: Second of May, 1808 [accept: Dos de Mayo; grudgingly accept Battle of ] (09EuroHis)

In Poland, this right was granted to one group by the Statute of Kalisz, and later extended to all persons by the 1573 Warsaw Confederation. In 1568, under the influence of his ministers Giorgio Biandrata and Ferenc David, Prince John II Zapolya of Transylvania granted this right to his people via the Edict of Turda. One ruler issued an edict proclaiming this that was written on thirty-three pillars scattered through his empire. The Edict of Fontainebleau revoked one document granting this, resulting in an offer of this by the Edict of Potsdam. For ten points, name this freedom found in the First Amendment and the . Answer: Freedom of Worship [accept: freedom of religion, religious toleration, other equivalents] (09EuroHis)

This event is the titular subject of a 1958 book by Steven Runciman, and the nationalist historian Michele Amari rejected the idea that it was caused by foreign intervention. Leonardo Bruni claimed it started in response to a mass fondling, and its first victim was Sergeant Drouet. It led to the Battle of Col de Panissars, and treaties resulting from this event include the Peace of Caltabellotta, which brought Frederick III to power, and the Treaty of Anagni. Michael VIII may have encouraged Peter III to invade after this event outside the Church of the Holy Spirit. For ten points, name this uprising against Charles of Anjou, a massacre of French soldiers named for the Italian island where it happened and the church service it interrupted. Answer: Sicilian Vespers (09EuroHis)

King Olaf Trygvason of Norway established one of these events at Nidaaros, but the most famous one in Norway occurred simultaneously with the Disthing at Uppsala. The Timarion describes one of these occurring in twelfth-century Thessalonica, which then had the largest one in Europe. Humbert de Romans commented that those that occurred weekly were morally worse than those occurring annually. In England, legal cases stemming from these events were handled by a Court of Pie-Powder, and they were often held under namesake crosses. In medieval law, towns needed to obtain a special status to hold one of these events, and regulating this type of event became a common weapon for rulers against the power of the Hanseatic League. For ten points, name this type of economic event, where farmers bring their goods to town for sale. Answer: market or fair [accept “peasant fair” or equivalent] (09EuroHis)

This event caused the future Baron Sydenham to emigrate to , and this event was followed by a "fag-end

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period" that was marked by the Syria question. It was caused by the weak support of a certain leader's plan for suspending the consitution of Jamaica as well as the unpopularity of Home Secretary John Russell. The leader at the center of this conflict later admitted to personal secretary Sir Anthony Bigge that "perhaps I should act differently if it was all to be done again", although that ruler's actions were based on the loyalty in the earlier (*) Flora Hastings Affair of people like Baroness Lehzen and Lady Portman. Eventually rectified by Prince Albert after the queen married, this event marked a break in the government of Lord Melbourne and occurred when Victoria refused to meet the demands of the proposed new the Prime Minister, Robert Peel, causing him to decline the office. For 10 points, name this 1839 event involving the attempted removal of Whig ladies as ladies-in-waiting. Answer: Bedchamber Crisis [or Bedchamber Question; prompt on early buzzes of stuff like "The Resignation of Lord Melbourne"] (CO09)

This gathering commissioned a revised catechism written by St. Carlo Borromeo. It defined ordination as imparting a sacramental mark on a person's soul, and its twenty-second session affirmed that the Mass was a representation, not a repetition, of Christ's sacrifice. This council fixed the number of sacraments at seven, established a distinction between fides nuda and fides caritate formata, and was reassembled by Marcellus II after being moved to Bologna. First convoked by Paul III, it appointed a commission to develop an index of prohibited books, and condemned Luther's doctrine of justification by faith. For 10 points, name this held in three periods between 1545 and 1563, which sparked the Counter-Reformation, and took place in a city in Northern . Answer: (08MO)

A conversation between Arleigh Burke and Cat Brown in the leadup to this conflict saw Brown question “whose side are we on?” Charles Keightley led one operation in this conflict, dubbed Musketeer, and another commander drew flak for his bloody attack on Jebel Heitan. Moshe Dayan attempted to take the Mitla Pass in Operation Kadesh, an early campaign in this conflict. Christian Pineau and Maurice Challe were two French negotiators at the secret Protocols of Sevres, which discussed this conflict. The United Nations Emergency Forces proposed during this conflict earned Lester Pearson a Peace Nobel, and this conflict began during a speech in which the name “Ferdinand De Lesseps” was intentionally mispronounced, leading to the nationalization of a trade route. For 10 points, name this standoff that pitted Britain, France, and Israel against Nasser, and that toppled the government of Anthony Eden. Answer: the Suez Crisis [accept Tripartite Aggression] (08MO)

This event occurred concurrently with Fru Christina’s election as “king” while she was holed up with a peasant army. One of the targets of this event was a man who had died at the Battle of Bogesund, whose corpse was dug up and burned. Many of the targets of this event had attempted to destroy of the mansion Almarestaket, which incurred the wrath of Archbishop Trolle. This event resulted in the death of Erik Johansson, whose son Gustav Vasa would throw off the Kalmar Union three years later. For 10 points, name this event that occurred in the Stortoget Square, in which Christian II of Denmark executed followers of Sten Sture the Younger after invading Sweden, resulting in the titular sanguinity. Answer: the Stockholm Bloodbath [accept Stockholm Massacre; accept Stockholms blodbad; or Stockholmske blodbad] (09MO)

One man executed for his role in this plan wrote that the prime of his youth was "but a frost of cares." This plan was undermined by a man who alternately styled himself "Number Four," and who explained to the Baron de Chateauneuf how the bunghole of a beer keg could be used to send letters under the nose of a strict Puritan named Sir Amyas Paulet. This scheme hinged on John Savage carrying out the central murder, and it was planned by John Ballard and undermined by the duplicity of Gilbert Gifford. A letter sent during the planning stage of this scheme was intercepted and given to Thomas Phelippes, a master codebreaker. Its purpose was the same as the Parry, Ridolfi, and Throckmorton Plots, and it was completely transparent due to the machinations of Francis Walsingham. For 10 points, name this plot that led to the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, which saw a certain Anthony attempt to kill Elizabeth I.

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Answer: Babington Plot (09MO)

One of them was supposedly enacted by a group of commissioners who were secretly practicing infanticide, according to Joshua Hobson, who published the “Book of Murder” about one of them. One was amended by Edward Knatchbull to allow for the purchase of buildings by church leaders or other authorized people, and a system based on the price of bread and number of children was named for the of Speenhamland. Nassau Senior led the 1832 Royal Commission to change these laws that recommended banning , while the seminal one was enacted in 1601 and determined that “impotent” individuals were worthy of relief. Another amendment to one of them proposed namesake Gilbert Unions of parishes to set up common . For 10 points, name these British laws that were aimed at the impoverished. Answer: (08MO)

The formation of this group was inspired by Peter Reichensperger’s columns in the Kolnische Volkszeitung, and its tenets were espoused in the Soester Program. Its opposition to Bernhard von Bulow’s African policy led to the dissolution of his government, and one of its leaders, Heinrich Bruning, taught at Harvard after being accused of Bolshevism by Hindenberg. Their newspaper was Deutsches Volksblatt, and Matthias Erzberger signed the Armistice of 1918. Franz von Papen was a member of its far right wing, and one of its leaders, Ludwig Windthorst, opposed the educational policies of Adalbert Falk. Known for opposing Falk’s legislation, the May Laws, it was the first German political party to cross class and state lines. FTP, name this predominantly party that increased membership in the wake of Bismarck’s Kulturkampf. Answer: Catholic Centre Party [also accept Zentrumspartei] (CO08)

One of these events in Indian history is known as the Chalisa and was followed by another one called the Doji bara or the “Skull” one. Japanese history saw three consecutive examples of these events known as the Kyoho, Tenmei, and Tenpo, while the earlier Kansho one coincided with the succession crisis of the Hatakeyama clan. A stele discovered on the island of Sehel attests to one of these in ancient Egypt and tells of a dream by the Third pharaoh Djoser. One of these was notably written about by Robert Conquest and James Mace and is known as the Holodomor, while the year 1315 witnessed a so-called “great” one which affected medieval Europe. FTP, name these events, an “artificial” one of which happened in the Ukraine and is often cited as genocide, while another one involved potatoes in Ireland. Answer: famines (or any equivalent, like “lack of food”) (CO08)

Before ascending to the throne, King Hans was forced to add to the charter of this entity the principle of jus resistendi, or the legal removal of an unjust tyrant. Formal recognition of Hans in one member state was put off for sixteen years by the maneuverings of the elder Sten Sture. This polity was weakened by earlier rebellions led by Amund Bolt in one member and Engelbrekt in another, leading to the deposition of its monarch, Eric of Pomerania. The struggle between Archbishop Gustav Strolle and Sten Sture the Younger provided Christian II the chance to regain full control of this entity by invading the capital of one member, culminating in the beheading of 80 nobles known as the Stockholm Bloodbath. Gustav Vasa’s accession to the throne presaged the final dissolution of, FTP, what 1397-1521 political merger of the kingdoms of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark? Answer: Kalmar Union (CO08)

This document resulted from an event sometimes known as the “protest of the Five Knights.” An argument against its passage was put forth by Robert Heath and was nearly successful, until it was pointed out that Darnell’s Case was only a temporary judgment; Heath was opposed by the Lords Sele and Say. An addition to it was suggested by Thomas Weston and the Earl of Arundel, but that compromise version was rejected, as was the version of Thomas Wentworth, which was spoken against by John Eliot. Largely targeted at George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham, some of its provisions forbade the quartering of soldiers and martial law in time of peace, and it was drafted by Edward Coke. FTP, name this document which also decried taxation and unjust imprisonment, a 1628 statement of civil liberties in opposition to King Charles I.

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Answer: Petition of Right (CO08)

An assault against this group was led by Lucius II, but his forces were turned back, and he was reportedly killed by a flying stone. Its participants first elected Giordano Pierleoni as leader, but he was deposed during a time of popular support for Eugene III. Arnold of Brescia provided doctrinal support to this movement, and for his part was excommunicated and hanged. Its army under Oddo Frangipane was defeated at Monte Porzio by the combined forces of Tusculum, Albano, and the man who would later be defeated by the Lombard League, Frederick Barbarossa. However, it made a pact with Pope Clement III in 1188, which recognized the authority of its senate. FTP, name this 12th century popular group which wrested control of government away from the civil and papal authorities in the namesake city. Answer: Commune of Rome (or “Roman Commune,” prompt on just “Rome”) (CO08)

With “Bromberg” it is applied anti-German violence in Poland at the outbreak of World War II, and it is also often applied to the first day of fighting at the battle of Paardeberg during the Boer War. Also applied to the culmination of the abortive Soviet attempt to stop Lithuanian independence, events precipitated by Chun Doo-Hwan at Gwangju in 1980 are often given this name, as is a 1965 attempt to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Father Gapon was responsible for the strike at the Putilov plant, whose workers were gunned down at the Winter Palace in one in 190** FTP, identify this term, also applied to a 1972 shooting of protesters in Derry, Northern Ireland. Answer: Bloody Sunday (CO07)

One person associated with this period removed installed Dagobert as the of Farfa after ousting corrupt Campo. Another figure in this period called a council at Hohenaltheim, earning the friendship of King Conrad, but that man was allegedly smothered in prison after his Petrus was murdered. In addition to John X, this period saw the reign of Lando, and much of the information known about this period comes from the writings of Liutprand of Cremona. It began with the office of the man who is alleged to have illegitimately fathered the future John XI, and who re-exhumed the body of Formosus and beheaded it in the Second Cadaver Synod, Sergius III. For 10 points, identify this period in which the papacy was under the control of Theodora and Marozia, two women of the Theophylacti family, unarguably Stephen Webb's most favorite period in the 's history. Answer: Pornocracy [or Rule of the Harlots] (08MO)

Clause sixty-one of this document, known as the “Security Clause,” created the Great Council. This document was issued after a defeat at the Battle of Bouvines, and Pope Innocent III declared it null and void. An attempt to defy it led to the First Baron’s War. This document introduced the concept of Habeas Corpus and was signed at Runnymede by a Plantagenet king on the insistence of his nobles. For 10 points, name this document signed by King John of England that granted rights and limited royal power in England. Answer: Magna Carta Libertatum [prompt on Great Charter of Freedoms] (09HFT)

The collapse of these entities is described by the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. A process by which thermonuclear fusion may occur in one of these entities is connected to the phenomenon of sonoluminescence. That phenomenon is a burst of light resulting from cavitation in one of these entities. One of these named for the stellar wind grows at a rate of the square root of time. Liquid hydrogen was employed in detectors like Gargamelle named for these entities, an example of an inventiontion by Donald Glaser called this kind of “chamber.” For 10 points, name these entities found in carbonated drinks. Answer: bubbles (09HFT)

This navy sank an entire Chinese fleet at the Battle of , and it decisively defeated two neighboring navies at the Battle of Palermo. This navy supported an invasion of Mexico during the Pastry War, and this navy won the 1781 Battle of the Capes, which took place off the coast of Virginia. An early defeat for this navy was the Battle of Sluys, where it lost to Edward III, and this navy was also defeated at the Battle of the Nile. For ten points, name this navy defeated by

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Sir Horatio Nelson at the , which belongs to a country whose capital is . Answer: the [or La Marine de le France] (09HFT)

The Marquis of Santa Cruz first proposed it and Charles Blount and Thomas Gerard planned how to respond to it. It was first seen from St. Michael’s Mount by men under Howard of Effingham. Under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia and blessed by Pope Sixtus V, who allowed it to be funded with crusade taxes, its first engagement came at Gravelines. The forces arrayed against it were inspired by the Tilbury Speech and included commanders such as John Hawkins and Francis Drake. FTP, identify this force that tried disastrously to invade England in 158** Answer: Spanish Armada (accept Invincible Armada from someone with a flair for the ironic) (08HFT)

One took two months to spread across in the summer of 1391, while the first occurred in France and Germany in 1096 and was part of the First Crusade. This term, which means “violent outbreak,” was first applied to one in 1821 that followed the death of an Orthodox patriarch, and it passed into English after a series of them organized by the Okhrana secret police after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II. Occurring most violently in Odessa, they also raged during the Russian Revolution. FTP, identify this Russian term for a massacre of Jewish civilians. Answer: pogrom (08HFT)

One of these provisions was reaffirmed by a legal code of Louis I, which extended many of its provisions to the iobagiones, or “castle-warriors,” and included an Article Twenty-Four preventing Jews and Muslims from holding official positions. That provision recognized the “King's Servants” as members of the nobility, and could not be repealed by Bela IV due to the chaos ensuing from a Mongol invasion. That document issued by Andrew II to the Hungarian Nobility shares a name with a provision confirmed by the Treaty of Kruschwitz, which directed Konrad I of Masovia to ensure the Prussian claims of the (*) Teutonic Knights. Sicily and Rimini became namesakes of these documents issued by Frederick II, while the most famous one was issued after a promise to secure one man's position against Visconti machinations, and included a ban on the formation of stadtebunde communities. That document also selected Frankfurt as the location for a certain process, and was promulgated at the Diet of Nuremberg and authorized by Innocent VI. With the most famous 1356 example issued by Charles IV and establishing the rules for the election of the Holy Roman Emperor, FTP, identify these medieval documents, named for the precious metal used to adorn their seals. Answer: Golden Bulls (TXTerrapin)

A month after the creation of this document, one of its principal subjects was embarrassed by the publication of an annexation treaty written in his own handwriting. The creation of this document was cited fifteen years later to justify a close 6-5 cabinet vote against taking action over the arrest of William Schnaebele. This document led to the eventual downfall of the man responsible for the creation of the “Liberal Empire,” Emile Ollivier, while the Havas printing of this document notably failed to (*) translate the word “adjutant.” It references an “interception on a promenade” in regards to a recent decision by Prince Leopold, and mentions information acquired "via Paris and Madrid." Vincent Benedetti conducted the exchange most central to this document, which relayed a request that any future Hohenzollern candidacy for the Spanish throne would be opposed. Reaction to this document resulted in clashes at Metz and Sedan, and it relayed a conversation between a French ambassador and Wilhelm I. FTP, identify this telegram whose modification by Otto von Bismarck triggered the Franco-Prussian War, named for a Prussian spa town. Answer: Ems Dispatch (or Telegram) (TXTerrapin)

George Lyman Kittredge contrasted the European and American variations on this practice, which was demanded by the Haddington Petition. Matthew Hopkins championed this practice, which in Italy led to unintended public interest in the Lady of the East. Peter Binsfield wrote a set of judicial commentaries central to this practice, which led to the downfall of Francis Stewart, the Lord Admiral of Scotland, after one monarch's difficulties during a voyage to pursue a marriage with Anne of Denmark. Agnes Sampson was central one of these actions in North Berwick, which inspired the aforementioned King, (*) James I, to pen a 1597 tract laying down guidelines for and calling for a general increase in this practice. Johannes Nider led a discussion at the Council of Basel that set the guidelines for this practice, while the

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papal bull Summis desiderantes affectibis led to a publication advocating this practice that described the innate, inextinguishable sexual lusting common to all women. That work by Heinrich Kramer and Jakob Sprenger described such classic tenets of this practice as trial by ordeal, and torturing the living hell out of people until they admitted to having sex with the devil. Advocated by the Malleus Malifcarum, FTP, identify this popular medieval pastime in Southern Germany, in which thousands of innocent people were stoned, drowned, or immolated for allegedly practicing black magic. Answer: Witch Hunting or Trials or any equivalent involving bad things happening to witches; accept just Witchcraft before “advocating” as demonstration of precise knowledge) (TXTerrapin)

Cuthbert Tunstall's dissatisfaction with the argument of this text prompted a debate that led to the passage of the Six Articles, while present-day controversy exists over the legitimacy of its altered Variata version. Much of this document, which appears after the Athanasian Creed in the Concordia, was drawn from notes taken during a meeting at Torgau by a group including Alfonso Valdez and Christopher Stadion. It consists of 21 primary thesis articles, and seven supplementary sections labeled as “abuses corrected,” which include the deliciously-titled “of the distinction of meats.” This document rejects the Sacramentarians and complete enumeration as requisite for absolution, and was (*) delivered by Christian Beyer in public at the insistence of numerous members of the Schmalkaldic League. It directs that laws are to be followed unless they prescribe sinning, that saints are models rather than conduits, and that observances and good works are extensions of faith rather than prerequisites. Most famously declaring the doctrine of through Faith Alone, its actual text was prepared by Philipp Melancthon since Martin Luther was banned from accepting Charles V invitation. FTP, identify this defining document of , a “confession” named for a city that saw a famous “Peace” 25 years later. Answer: Confession of Augsburg (TXTerrapin)

Yuri Danilov correctly predicted it, but his so-called “Plan 19” to stop it was not fully carried out. It was delayed at Namur and Liège until “Big Bertha” could clear the path, while Alexander Von Kluck’s deviation from it gave an opportunity to a Joseph Gallieni’s garrison. Its original conception envisioned a march through the Netherlands, but Helmut von Moltke changed it, and it was finally abandoned after Joseph Joffre commandeered taxis to take his men to the Battle of the Marne. FTP, identify this German World War I strategy to go through Belgium into France. Answer: Von Schlieffen Plan (08HFT)

The end of this period was hastened by victory at the Battle of Fleurus, while it had begun when the atheist Jacques Hébert agitated for the arrest of Jacques Pierre Brissot. It saw mass conscription, de-Catholicization, and the deaths of Philippe Égalité and Madame Roland. It was followed by the Thermidorian Reaction, but not before Charlotte Corday murdered Jean-Paul Marat and Georges Danton was executed by the Committee of Public Safety. FTP, identify this fifteen-month period of violence in Paris led by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. Answer: the Reign of Terror (or la Terreur; do not accept “the French Revolution,” which didn’t end with the Battle of Fleurus) (08HFT)

Admiral Saumarez hoped to undermine it by issuing licenses to Norway-bound Danish ships, and its hoped-for effects were mitigated when King John VI fled to Brazil. Based on principles set forth in the Berlin Decree accusing a certain country of violating international law, it was expanded in the Milan Decree and Treaty of Tilsit, where Russia agreed to join it. Starting in 1806, it was the result of France’s failure to defeat the Royal Navy at Trafalgar. FTP, name this economic policy by which Napoleon refused to allow European countries to trade with Britain. Answer: (accept Blocus continental) (08HFT)

The Teutonic grand master Hermann von Salza was granted Prussian land for aiding Conrad of Mazovia under a charter of this name granted by the Hohenstaufen emperor Fredrick II. Another charter of this name stipulated that the king’s county officials, foispan, could not hold hereditary positions and was issued by the Hungarian king Andrew II. The defeat of the Normans under Robert Guiscard “the Crafty” and Bohemond at Durazzo by the Venetians led to another

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one of these (*) documents, issued by the Byzantine emperor Alexius, which granted the Venetian’s the right to free trade and the ability to operate a bakery. A constitution of this name, concluded at Metz and first issued at Nürnberg by Charles IV, sought to eliminate disputes over the election of the Holy Roman Emperor. For 10 points, what is this decree, named for a certain type of seal used by Byzantine and Medieval rulers? Answer: golden bull [or chrysobullos logos] (09PB)

Part of this incident took place at Cliveden, a house owned by Lord Astor, and this incident was nicknamed “Bowtie” by the FBI. Stephen Ward committed suicide after this event rather than face charges for a related crime, and another part of this event took place at a London tavern called Murray’s. The namesake of this incident was replaced in his post by John Ramsden, and George Wigg first mentioned this in the records during a debate about William Vassall. One participant in this event was the lover of Eugene Ivanov, Russian spy. For ten points, identify this 1963 incident, in which Harold McMillan’s government was disgraced when his Minister for War had an affair with Christine Keeler, showgirl. Answer: The Profumo Affair (08IO)

The Law for the Protection of the Nation, which was passed in Bulgaria only a few years later, was largely inspired by these acts. They were a largely spur of the moment decision by their author, since his foreign minister, Neurath, persuaded him that his original speech supporting the Italian invasion of Ethiopia was too provocative. They made it illegal for members of the target (*) group to become citizens of the country, and prohibited intermarriage or the display of the national flag by members of said group. For 10 points, what was this set of discriminatory laws passed in 1935 by Adolf Hitler, abridging the civil rights of Jews and named for a city where some trials later occurred? Answer: The Nuremburg Laws (09PB)

This event saw a moving oration by Paulus Vladimiri asserting the right to self-determination, which led John of Falkenberg to retort, “the Poles must be exterminated!” In keeping with one of its secondary resolutions, participants like John of Ragusa formed subgroups based on nationality, an approach rejected at the ensuing Council of (*) Florence. It compiled the text “The Art of Dying” and resolved a disastrous situation involving the successors to Benedict XIII and Gregory XII, which was only further confused when the elected Alexander V, who was then succeeded by John XXIII. More famously denouncing John Wycliffe and incinerating , For 10 points, identify this 1414-1418 ecumenical council held in that elected Martin V to end the Western . Answer: Council of Constance (09PB)

Girolama Seripando was the representative of the Augustinian order at this meeting, where Marcello Cervini served as the secretary. The Peace of Crespy was key in securing this meeting, which saw controversy over the phrase “church universal.” It abandoned the task of updating a document was later updated by Leo XIII and abolished Paul VI, the List of (*) Prohibited Books, and saw early debate centering around the Smalcald Articles. It declared that good works were necessary for Justification, rather than mere faith alone, and confirmed clerical celibacy and the veneration of relics. The seven sacraments and the were discussed at length at this council, which lent its name to the . Called by Paul III and ended by Pius IV, FTP, identify this 16th century church council which responded to Martin Luther and promoted the Counter-Reformation. Answer: Council of Trent (09Terrapin)

Gerhard Ritter wrote a Critique of a Myth about this in 1956, while Hermann Stegemann's contemporary chronicle made no mention of it. Instead, it was brought into the popular psyche by histories written by men like Wolfgang Forester and Hermann von Kuhl. It was correctly anticipated by Yuri Danilov who proposed, under pressure from his allies, to use not only but expeditions of some 19 corps of his troops to counteract it. Ferdinand Foch devised one of its principle counterparts, which foolishly relied on the "élan" and resulted in the unsuccessful attempt to take Alsace and Lorraine in a campaign later dubbed the Battle of the Frontiers. It was effectively ended after

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General Moltke isolated his troops from the front line and the Race to the Sea proved indecisive. Calling for a quick offensive through Belgium into northern France and foiled in part by the quick mobilization of Russian forces and a French victory at the Battle of the Marne, FTP, identify this German strategy for winning World War I, named for a German field marshal. Answer: von Schlieffen Plan (08Terrapin)

George Wigg was responsible for revealing it, and it led to the suicide of Dr. Stephen Ward. Alledgedly triggered during a party at the house of Viscount Astor, it is often mentioned as a major factor behind the election loss of Alec Douglas- Home. Alfred Denning led the official investigation into it, and it saw Yevgueni Ivanov being recalled in the aftermath. The then cabinet secretary, Sir Norman Brook, supposedly ended it based on MI5 evidence that Christine Keeler's association with Ivanov led to a potential intelligence threat, as Ivanov was using Keeler to get access to government secrets. Revealed in 1963 and a major thrill for the tabloids, FTP, what is this British political affair, named after Harold MacMillan's Secretary of State for War? Answer: Profumo scandal (or affair) (08CC)

One edition of this event led to the building of the Leonine walls, and in another, Norman forces under Robert Guiscard had previously forced Henry IV to flee. Charles III of Bourbon and Georg von Fundsberg were the commanders in another edition of it, and in yet another one, Totila and his Ostrogoths were involved. A more famous version of it saw Petronius Maximus abandon his wife Licinia Eudoxa to Gaiseric and his Vandals, and in yet another version, Brennus was allegedly prevented from finishing it by the geese of Juno. By pleading personally with Attila, Pope Leo I managed to avoid it, and Hannibal never achieved it. FTP, What is this violent event involving the Italian capital? Answer: Sack of Rome (accept conquering Rome, capturing Rome, destroying Rome and equivalents) (08CC)

Count Wintzingerode protested against it while in the making, and Leopold von Plessen was one of the initiators. The third part of this law created an investigating committee based at Mayence. Frederich Gentz suggested obtaining the support of Russia for this law, whose supporters included Baron Berstett, and parts of it were drafted by Adam Muller. Proponents of this law were concerned by the possibility that Karl Follen was in league with an organization that attended the Wartburg Festival, known as the “Unconditionals”. Passed in response to August von Kotzebue being assassinated by Karl Sand, for 10 points, name this set of repressive laws passed by the German Confederation in 1819 and favored by Metternich, whose goal was to suppress radical student groups. Answer: Carlsbad Decrees [accept: Karlsbader Beschlusse] (08CC)

Henry VII used it to perfection as it enforced the law when other courts were corrupt or inadequate. It was not bound by English Common law and did not depend on juries for indictments or verdicts. For ten points, identify the court that was utilized by Puritans as a symbol of Charles I's oppression. Answer: Star Chamber

Shortly after Gregory XI died, the 16 cardinals present elected Urban VI, who was soon acting very offensively to all in the church. The cardinals met again at Agnani and on Aug. 2 declared Urban's election null. At Fondi on Sept. 20 they elected Robert of Geneva pope as Clement VII. Clement VII fled to , when he reigned surrounded by the former Roman court. This, FTP, started what division in the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417? Answer: The Great Schism

Otto van Bismarck expelled the Jesuits from Prussia in June 1872. He also made civil marriages obligatory, put education under the control of the state, and dissolved religious orders. The struggle lasted about a decade until Bismarck realized that the socialists were far more dangerous than the Catholics. Two centuries before the 1996 Republican convention, Bismarck described his policies with a term that loosely translates to "culture war." For 10 points, identify this German word.

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Answer: Kulturkampf (prompt on "culture war")

The Gniezno incarnation resulted from Boleslaw III's acceptance of the suzerainty of the , and led to the de-facto independence of the Polish church. A 1242 instance of this saw Hungarian king Bela IV grant city rights to present-day Zagreb, though the most famous example of one of these confirmed the role of the city of Frankfurt and explicitly specified the role of the archbishop of Mainz. Emperor Frederic II was identified as the source of the 1218 one of Berne, considered a forgery, but definitely did issue one dealing with the holdings of Teutonic knights in Prussia named for the town of Rimini. The best-known of these documents was issued in 1356 by Charles IV and codified the Diet of Nuremberg's rulings regarding Holy Roman Emperor election. For 10 points, identify these decrees named for the precious metal used on their seals. Answer: Golden Bull [accept chrysobull after the Byzantine name; accept Papal Bull until Byzantine empire is mentioned]

This legislation established the Consolidated General Order to oversee a system modeled on John Becher's work at Southwell, and it was protested by Joshua Hobson's Murder Book. Driven by Edwin Chadwick's reading of a sensationalist Mark Peters article and by the violent Swing Riots, this legislation scrapped the failed Speenhamland and pro-human auctioning Roundsman systems. This bill sought to correct the failed modifications proposed by Knatchbull and Gilbert for a 1601 law, and tragically discouraged one action's "outdoor" form. The Andover scandal resulted from the ensuing bureaucratic war zones created by legislation, whose "less illegibility" provision actually banned tolerable conditions in workhouses. Passed two years after the Great Reform Bill and inspired by the ideas of Bentham, and Malthus, for 10 points, identify this 1834 legislation that ended up starving and killing rather than aiding many of its namesake impoverished Britons. Answer: The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 (or PLAA) or the New Poor Law [do not accept Old Poor Law or Poor Law of 1601 or Elizabethan Poor Laws]

Some leaders of this movement called for a €œsacred month,€ and it saw notable gatherings at Hatshead Moor and Kersal Moor. One leader of this movement broke with its main body to found a National Association, and with John Collins co-wrote a tract supporting it while in jail. Another leader of this movement published the Northern Star, and George Julian Harney was among those who supported the drafting of €œulterior methods€ for achieving its aims. This movement grew out of the LWMA, and its leaders included Francis Place and Feargus Edward O€™Connor. It saw numerous members executed after John Frost's Newport Rising, and sought annual elections and secret balloting as part of its six points. FTP, name this working class movement that pushed for universal male suffrage in mid-nineteenth century Britain, named for William Lovett's founding document. Answer: [or Chartists]

One of the major practices associated with these events occurred in between rows of seven stone columns in the courtyard of the Hall of Heroes, and saw an item named for the bodily fluid of Andreas Bauriedl used to anoint fresh banners for the coming year; that "Blood Flag" was normally kept in the Brown House. Accounts of these events were published in "Red" and €œBlue Books,€ and they were organized primarily by the local machine of Julius Streicher. A supposedly too controversial speech about Ethiopia was replaced at the last minute by the most famous announcement at one of these events, which concerned the hiring of young women and dealth with the status of Mischlings. Featuring a massive array of searchlights, the "Cathedral of Light" of Albert Speer, for 10 points, identify these events documented in Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will, annual rallies in support of Adolf Hitler held in a German city that later saw some infamous Nazi trials. Answer: Nuremberg Rallies

This council debated Jean Petit€™s defense of tyrannicide, specifically considering the case of noted Pole-hater Johann von Falkenberg. At this council, Paulus Vladimiri condemned the €œconversion by the sword€ tactics of the Teutonic Knights. This council issued the decree Sacrosancta to controversially declare their superiority to the pope. It deposed

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Baldassare Cossa, also known as John XXIII. It was here that Pope Gregory XII helped elect Oddone Colonna as his own replacement. It was called by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, and it was a follow-up to the Council of Pisa. This council appointed , condemned the teachings of John Wycliffe, and led to the burning of Jan Hus. For 10 points, name this 1414 to 1418 ecumenical council that ended the . Answer: Council of Constance

Due to the insistence that these acts be ratified within four days, a secret set of minutes was prepared which included the legislative objections on them, while the published minutes showed a unanimous, unquestioned vote. The next year, the legislature was stripped of debating privileges and allowed only to vote under the "Final Act," which strengthened these laws. The idea for these acts was formulated during demonstrations at the Wartburg Festival. Their provisions included establishing a secret police at Mainz, empowering the confederation Diet to censor all periodicals, and dissolving the "youth associations" at Jena and other universities. A response to Karl Sand's murder of August Kotzebue, they were agreed to by eleven ministers at a meeting in Bohemia. For 10 points, identify these 1819 laws written by Metternich, which restricted liberal and nationalist groups in German lands. Answer: Carlsbad Decrees

This document was reissued four times in the half-century after it was originally issued, and on its third reissuance, it was shortened to thirty-seven clauses. This document has traditionally been divided into a preamble and sixty-three clauses, the seventh of which dealt with royal forests, and its thirty-ninth clause lays out the right today known as habeas corpus. This document€™s causes included defeat at the Battle of Bouvines, the prodding of the Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton, and heavy taxation needed to pay for the Third Crusade. For 10 points name this document, induced by baronial unrest which was reluctantly agreed to at Runnymede by King John of England in 1215. Answer: Magna Carta

Matthew Marryott inspired an alteration to them contained in Knatchbull's Act, while the creation of Select Vestries was allowed by ones named for William Sturges Bourne. One of them contained the so-called "bastardly clause", and books on them were written by Beatrice and Sydney Webb. An amendment to one of them created the , and they were replaced by the Local Government Act of 1929. The Old one was passed under Elizabeth I, while the New one of 1834 ended outdoor relief and led to a scandal at Andover, one of many workhouses. For 10 points, name this series of British laws that established a welfare state. Answer: Poor laws [accept workhouses before "Sturges Bourne" is read]

Heinrich Abeken served as the go-between for two of the major figures associated with this object. It resulted from Spanish overtures offering their throne to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern and followed after Count Vincent Benedetti sought reassurances for the French government. Named for a bathing resort on the Lahn River, it presents the details of a conversation between the French ambassador and Kaiser Wilhelm I. FTP, what is this 1870 communiqué altered by Otto van Bismarck to precipitate the Franco-Prussian War? Answer: the Ems Dispatch [accept similar terms for Dispatch]

Hendrik Voes and Johann van den Esschen were the first people executed because of this event, when their Augustinian monasteries in Antwerp were banned. Backing up an earlier statement, Georg, Duke of Saxony, provided a list of grievances here. One prominent participant in this meeting had to hide at the Wartburg at its conclusion. It was summoned, at the suggestion of Friedrich the Wise, the Elector of Saxony, by Charles V as a formal hearing for its subject, for whom Georg Rörer invented the reply, "Here I stand; I can do no other." FTP, name this 1521 meeting which ended with the edict outlawing Martin Luther for heresy. Answer: Diet of Worms

This council drew a distinction between sin and concupiscence, or incentive to sin, which "the Catholic Church has never understood...to be called sin." It decreed that a bishop, by himself, has the power to degrade clerics from "sacred

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Orders" "on account of grievous crimes," though themselves are immune to witnesses who are not of "good life" or "in good esteem and reputation." Salmeron and Lainez were the only participants who were allowed to preach. This council was briefly moved to Bologna, then moved back to the original location due to pressure from Charles V. For 10 points, name this council lasting from 1545 to 1563, in which all major doctrines of Catholicism, like transubstantiation, were reaffirmed in response to Protestant "heresies". Answer: Council of Trent

The Commissions of Array were enacted in order to oppose one article passed by this legislative body, the Militia Ordinance. One of its leaders, William Strode, had earlier been imprisoned for political opposition. The Solemn League and Covenant was advocated by another of its members, John Pym. It was convened following a battle in which Alexander Leslie led his troops across the Tyne River, the Battle of Newburn. This body passed the Triennial Acts and the Self-Denying Ordinance, abolished the Star Chamber, and ended when one hundred and twenty one of its participants were forced out in Pride's Purge. For 10 points, name this assembly, which was followed by the Rump Parliament. Answer: Long Parliament

Among the minor participants in this event were Pedro Gómez Labrador and Richard Trench, while the Iroquois Confederacy also played a minor role. Some minor consequences of the event were the transfer of control of the Seychelles and Olivenza, but it is perhaps better known for establishing the Kingdom of Hanover and condemning the slave trade. This event was responsible for guaranteeing the neutrality of Switzerland, a provision promoted by Charles Pictet de Rochemont. Castlereagh and Talleyrand were, for ten points, part of which conference that established the Concert of Europe, chaired by Metternich? Answer: Congress of Vienna

This event saw the condemnation of a form of communion practiced by Jakoubek of Stribro. John XXIII offered to resign from the papacy during the second session of this event and the primary election at this event occurred despite not having Peter de Luna's cardinals present. This event saw the order to exhume the bones of John Wycliffe and occurred due to the wishes of Emperor Sigismund. One of the major consequences of this event was the wars fought by figures such as Jan Ziska, a result of the execution of Jan Hus that occurred after this event. For ten points name this 1414-1418 Church Council that installed Oddo Colona as Pope Martin V thereby ending the Western Schism. Answer: Council of Constance

A less significant version of this body was reinstituted at the demands of a force led by Charles Fleetwood, and it was later attacked by John Lambert. John Lilburne's The Legal Fundamental Liberties was a document directed towards William Lenthall who presided over its better known version. Its achievements include the repeal of the Act of Uniformity, and it also passed the Blasphemy Act which targeted Ranters, while its demise arose from the contentious "bill for a new representative." It resulted from the removal of members unsupportive of the decision to execute Charles II, by way of Pride's Purge, and it was forcibly dissolved by Cromwell in 1653. FTP, identify this legislative group which convened between the Long Parliament and the Barebones Parliament. Answer: Rump Parliament or the Rump or Rumpers or Purged parliament

The attendees at this event included satirist Joseph Hall and Simon Episcopius, who acted as a spokesman for one party. It resulted in a version of the Bible known as the Translation of the States, a version of which remains in the Arquebusiers Armory where this conference was held. Moderated by Bogerman, it set forth the doctrines of perseverance of saints, irresistible grace, total depravity, limited atonement, and unconditional election. These became known as its canons and refuted the five articles of the Remonstrance of 1610, which was drafted by the followers of Arminius. FTP, name this 1618 meeting of Reformed churches in the Netherlands, a synod named for a Dutch town. Answer: Synod of Dort (or Dordt or Dordrecht)

Louis IX of France reportedly produced one regarding various clerical reforms, but it was eventually found to be a

14 12_Other.txt 3/25/2010 forgery. Another limited papal power over France but was superseded by the 1516 Concordat of Bologna, and one of 1759 forbade the union of the Kingdoms of Naples and Two Sicilies. In 1830, Ferdinand VII of Spain relied on one to insure that he would be succeeded by his daughter. That use directly invoked the best known of these concordats, an agreement which was made in 1713 and which resulted in France, Prussia, Bavaria, and Saxony challenging the successor of Emperor Charles VI, Maria Theresa. FTP, give the shared name of these agreements, one of which led to the War of the Austrian Succession. Answer: Pragmatic Sanction

This entity shares its name with one controlled by the astronomer and investigator of mesmerism, Jean Sylvain Bailly. It saw the execution of General Lecomte, and Marshall MacMahon led a campaign against it that culminated with a mass execution at the Wall of the Federalists. Its aftermath saw a mass deportation to , and it was opposed by Adolphe Thiers. Louis-Auguste Blanqui was its nominal leader despite being imprisoned at the time, and it ended in the "Bloody Week" amidst fierce barricade fighting. Growing out of the Franco-Prussian War, for 10 points, name this socialist government that held power for two months in 1871 in the French capital. Answer: the Paris Commune

This event was related to the riots that sprung up at the funeral of Felix Faure. Emile Loubet successfully attempted to have Rene Waldeck-Rousseau pardon the subject of this event. The document which touched this event off was found in the office of von Schwartzkopfen, and it was made public by Scheurer-Koestner. The person at the center of this event was attacked by La Libre Parole, and this event was touched off when Colonel George Picquart found evidence that the spy C.F. Esterhazy's handwriting was on the letter that began the treason trial. For ten points, identify this scandal over the irregular trial of the namesake Jewish captain, which was highlighted in Emile Zola's J'Accuse. Answer: the Dreyfus Affair

One ruler of this region won a major victory over King Osberht, after which he subjected another ruler to the blood eagle ritual, and its armies would later suffer defeat at the battle of Tettenhall. Many of the innovations of this region were incorporated into and formally recognized by the Wantage document, and formal recognition of this region's autonomy took place under the Treaty of Wedmore. Edward the Elder used fortified towns to conquer this region, whose name comes from its distinctive customs that included aristocratic jury trials and fines for the breach of peace, which contrast with the customs of Mercia to the west and Wessex to the south. For ten points, identify this region of northern England settled by the namesake Scadinavians in the late 9th century. Answer: Danelaw or Dena lagu

One figure in this period defeated rebels at the Battle of Vosma. During this period, Bishop Ignatius replaced the patriarchs Job and Hermogenes, who were deposed and imprisoned. The "bandit of Tushino" appeared during this period, which included a peasant revolt in Kaluga. During this period, Stanislaw Zólkiewski won the Battle of Klushino, which led to the election of Wladyslaw IV. Vasilii Shuiskii briefly ruled during this period, which began with the assassination of Fyodor I and ended when a zemskii sobor elected Mikhail Romanov. For 10 points, name this period featuring three False Dmitris and the rule of Boris Godunov, a pretty turbulent era of Russian history. Answer: Time of Troubles [or Smutnoye Vremya]

Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy was appointed as and spiritual leader immediately following this event. Guibert de Nogent provided one of two extant eye-witness accounts of this event, while most accounts are based on the Gesta Francorum. Decrees passed during it were recorded in the Liber Lamberti and include a reaffirmation of the "Truce of God." Due to an adulterous relationship with Bertrade de Montfort, Countess of Anjou, Philip I was excommunicated at this church council, which was preceded by the council of Placentia. A few months after it, forces began to rally around the monk Gottschalk, Walter the Pennnyless, and Count Raymond of Toulouse. Initiated due to the pleas of ambassadors sent by Alexios I Komnenos, for 10 points, name this Church council in which Peter the was in

15 12_Other.txt 3/25/2010 attendance and Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade. Answer: Council of Clermont

Among the leaders of the movement that drafted this document were John Fitz Geoffrey and Roger Mortimer, two leaders of the April Confederation, some of whose leaders were also members of the Mad Parliament. Designed to stay in effect for twelve years, John Mansel and Hugh Bigod were among the four who given the power to appoint a fifteen- member council established by this document, which was ultimately annulled by the Dictum of Kenilworth, and before that bythe Mise of Amiens. Drafted as a reaction to Henry III's incompetent rule by a baronial council, and temporarily replaced by a similar document named for Westminster, for 10 points, name this 1258 document, England's first written constitution. Answer: Provisions of Oxford

This text's 31st section is concerned with education and requires the learning of the "Italian and Slavic tongues." This document reaffirmed a principle set forth in the Declaration of Rhens, while its ninth section concerned the allocation of gold and silver mines and "Jew taxes." Its promulgation caused Rudolf IV to forge a title in hopes of becoming co- equal with certain individuals enumerated in this document. This document granted certain privileges to the of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, but those could be outvoted by princes from Saxony, Brandenburg, the palatinate of the Rhine, and Bohemia. Issued in 1356 by Charles IV, for ten points, identify this decree which set up the system for electing the Holy Roman Emperor. Answer: Golden Bull of 1356 (or of Charles IV)

The chief creator of this document went on to expound futher proposals in Power and Influence and A Defence of Free Learning. The flurry of policy statements regarding parts of this document led that creator to dub its reception "the White Paper chase." Commissioned by Arthur Greenwood, its opening abstract stated that "proposals for the future...should not be restricted by consideration of sectional interests" and that "now, when the war is abolishing landmarks of every kind," the country had reached "a time for revolutions, not for patching." Harold Wilson assisted in the compilation of this document, which was intended as a survey of social security programs but ended up recommending such organs as the National Health Service. For 10 points, name this 1942 document which laid out the plan for the British welfare state. Answer: The Beveridge Report [or Social and Allied Services]

It eventually forced the 3rd Earl of Sunderland, Charles Spencer, out of office. This event inspired the street ballad "Every fool aspired to be a knave" and drew comparison to the Trojan Horse by the second Earl Cowper. It involved a rumor of Earl Stanhope's reception of overtures. James Craggs and his son John were both tried for this event, and through a Parliamentary inquiry, John Aislabie was expelled for his involvement with it. Madam von Platen and the Duchess of Kendal's bribe-taking helped pass a measure by which the entity responsible for it assumed the British national debt. That entity, established by Robert Harley, excited Exchange Alley investors with its promise of abundant wealth with zero taxes from Philip V, despite being limited to one vessel after the Treaty of Utrecht. For 10 points, name this 1720 British speculation crisis. Answer: South Sea Bubble

Guy de Maillesec was elected to preside over the opening of this event.It was the first church council to actively solicit the participation of academic theologians, with Peter d'Ailly in attendance and John Gearson writing commentaries on it.The cause of Petros Philargi was argued for by Baldasarre Cossa, the future antipope John XXIII. Philargi was elected and took the name Alexander V, but the results were ignored since Urban VI and Clement VII both refused to recognize this council. Setting the stage for the Council of Constance, for 10 points, identify this 1409 ecumenical council that resulted in three Popes and failed to resolve the Great Schism, named for an Italian city. Answer: Council of Pisa

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According to one account, the men involved in this incident ate food from the same dish as the dogs, who then refused to eat from that dish. The family of one of the men involved was said to be cursed to always have either too much or too little water, and a legend about another of the men involved claims that he founded the McMahon family in Ireland. Edward Grim was wounded during this incident. Its target had opposed the marriage of the Count of Poitou to Isabel de Warenne, which may have led Richard Brito to participate in it. After learning that the Scottish king favored hanging them, the perpetrators took shelter at Knaresborough before surrendering and performing penance at Black Mountain. This event was inspired by an off-the-cuff remark asking for "someone to rid me of this pesky priest," which Brito, William de Tracy, Hugh de Moreville, and Reginald Fitzurse took seriously. For 10 points, name this event in which four Norman knights supposed that Henry II wanted a certain Archbishop of Canterbury dead. Answer: murder of Thomas à Becket [accept equivalents mentioning Becket; prompt on Murder in the Cathedral for Becket]

The Frenchman Robert Hubert falsely confessed to causing it on behalf of the pope, and it sparked anti-Dutch violence since it occurred during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Thomas Bloodworth failed to take action against it, but gunpowder was ordered to be used by Charles II. A column called the Monument stands at Thomas Farriner's bakery on Pudding Lane, where it began shortly after midnight. Samuel Pepys recorded it in his diary, which also covered the plague that occurred in the same year. For 10 points, name this disaster that began on September 2, 1666 and burned down St. Paul's Cathedral. Answer: The Great Fire of London

It prompted Isaac Newton to say he calculated movements of the stars, not the madness of men. It was brought on in part due to an erroneous belief the residents of present-day would give up precious resources in exchange for access to wool and fleece garments. Alas, it was not noted that was only allowing one ship per year to access the Spanish colonies. However, this did not daunt investors, who drove up prices in the namesake company to insane levels, thus severely damaging the economy when the stock price went in the tank. Starting when its namesake agreed to finance the English war debt after the Peace of Utrecht, this is, FTP, what English stock bubble of 1720? Answer: South Sea Bubble

Its effects were aggravated by the vacillation of Mayor Bludworth and the haphazard use of gunpowder against it by the Trained Bands before its second phase erupted from the legal district known as The Temple. A column known simply as The Monument stands where it first arose from the home of Thomas Farynor, the king's baker, in Pudding Lane. It came just months after a devastating plague had died down, and it was described at length by Samuel Pepys. FTP, name this 1666 conflagration that led to Christopher Wren and others rebuilding the city. Answer: Great Fire of London

It was renamed in honor of Sir Christopher Hatton. It was originally accompanied by the Marigold, Swan, and Christopher. Originally known as the Pelican, it was renamed near the Cape of Virgins following the execution of Thomas Doughty. Its notable achievements include the capture of the Cacofuego and an arrival in Plymouth on September 26, 1580, almost three years after it departed. FTP, name this English vessel which circumnavigated the globe under the command of Sir Francis Drake. Answer: the Golden Hind

It notes that letters of pardon issued by one of its signatories have been given to such men as Father Pandulf and Henry, archbishop of Dublin. One section promises to return his sisters to Alexander, king of the Scots, while another promises to remove from their bailiwicks such men as Gerard of Athee and Engelard of Cigogne. Its 14th and 61st clauses led to the creation of the Great Council, and it was signed a year after the battle of Bouvines, at which Norman lands belonging to a number of the signatories were lost. FTP, name this agreement whose renunciation led to the First Barons' War, which was signed in 1215 at Runnymede by King John.

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Answer: Magna Carta (accept Great Charter)

Its third section discusses various kinds of its namesake "literature," and compares certain German writers to who wrote "silly lives of Catholic saints" over ancient manuscripts. That section mentions Karl Grün as the classical type of a kind of "foul and enervating literature," and derides as "duodecimo editions of the New Jerusalem" such concepts as the "Home Colonies" and "Little Icaria." Its second section claims that upper class marriage is merely a "system of wives in common" in which men amuse themselves by seducing each others' wives, and offers ten applications of its philosophy, including confiscation of the land of emigrants and rebels. In its fourth and last section, it describes temporary alliances with Polish agrarians and French Social Democrats, though it notes that its immediate interests are in a projected German revolution. FTP, name this 1848 pamphlet which claims that a specter is haunting Europe, a work written by Marx and Engels. Answer: The Communist Manifesto

Its project was unsuccessfully opposed by Robert of Bavaria and Carlo Malatesta. It was presided over by the Bishop of Palestrina, and came to a climax with a stirring denunciation delivered by Simon de Cramaud, the Patriarch of Alexandria, after which Baldassare Cossa successfully intrigued on behalf of Peter Philarghi. It asserted that Pedro de Luna and Angelo Corraro were heretics, and five years after it occurred another council met and elected Oddone Colonna as Martin V. FTP, name this meeting which elected Alexander V pope, a council convened in 1409 to end the Great Schism. Answer: Council of Pisa

Precursors to this event occurred in 1894, in response to the formation of the Bell and Union parties and a tax strike in Sasun, and again in 1896 after the occupation of the national bank by members of the "loyal millet." It is often held to have started on April 24 with the arrest of two hundred prominent community leaders, and the most widely accepted numerical description of it is based on fieldwork done by future historian Arnold Toynbee during his career in the British Foreign Office. Discussion of it is suppressed today by Article 301, which has led to the persecution of Hrant Dink and Orhan Pamuk. The main thrust of this campaign occurred under the pretext of a deportation to Syria and Iraq and resulted in six hundred thousand deaths. FTP, name this World War I-era campaign by the Ottoman and Turkish governments against a minority population. Answer: the Armenian genocide [or Medz Yeghern; if some moronic Turkish nationalist gives an answer like "the random deaths of a lot of Armenians that Turkey wasn't responsible for," you can prompt him, but he's not right until he says the word genocide]

Formed in response to the battle of Newburn, its actions led to the revival of the Commissions of Array. It executed Archbishop Laud and the Earl of Stafford by bills of attainder and passed a list of alleged misdeeds known as the Grand Remonstrance. Its Speaker was William Lenthall, who responded, "I see the birds have flown" when five of its members were accused of treason. It was initially dominated by John Pym. Convened in order to raise money for the Second Bishops' War, 121 of its members were expelled in Pride's Purge. For 10 points, name this English body that preceded the Rump Parliament. Answer: Long Parliament

This gathering condemned the belief that the world had three ages corresponding with the three persons of the as proposed by Joachim of Flora. It also declared Constantinople's primacy to all other patriarchies, but inferior to that of the Pope. In wake of the formation of the , the creation of the Order of the Preachers was discussed here, though this council later prohibited the establishment of new religious order to allay fears that the Church was becoming too diverse. The most important result of this meeting was establishing the doctrine of transubstantiation. For 10 points, name this 1215 council presided over by Innocent III at a palace. Answer: Fourth Lateran Council [prompt on Lateran Council]

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Martin du Gard's Jean Barois incorporates news clippings of this event and it led to a break between Anton Chekhov and his friend Suvorin. Its effects on politics included the formation of a new cabinet by Rene-Waldeck Rousseau and riots at the funeral of president Felix Faure. Although first brought to the public eye by Scheurer-Kestner, it had begun when an agent from the Section of Statistics discovered an unsigned document in the office of von Schwartzkoppen. The identity of the bordereau's author was finally discovered by Georges Picquart, but the forger Colonel Henry committed suicide and Major Esterhazy escaped to England unpunished. FTP, name this scandal in the French military over the innocence of the namesake Jewish captain, made famous by Emile Zola's J'accuse. Answer: Dreyfus affair

David Harris wrote an authoritative study of these events in 1939. The world learned of their details through the correspondence of George Washburn and Eugene Schuyler. They were provoked when the citizens of Panagyurishte were incited to riot by the speeches of George Benkovski. On July 5, an ultimatum gave rebels 2 days to surrender at Rodosto, but soon the cities of Malgara, Khaskovo and Philippopoli were put to the torch by several hundred bashi- bazouks as they squelched a rebellion of Ivan Stambulov in the name of Sultan Abdul Aziz. They were named by William Gladstone, who attacked Disraeli's response to them. FTP, name this series of 1876 massacres inflicted by the Turks on the namesake Balkan people that softened British support for the . Answer: the Bulgarian Atrocities or Bulgarian Horrors (accept other close equivalents)

Leading historians of this institution include Henry Kamen and Benzion Netanyahu, the father of the Israeli prime minister. Abolished in 1834, it was overseen by a five-member commission known as the Suprema, which sought to ensure the observance of "terms of grace" for those who came before it. Among its actions were several edicts against the Alumbrados, or Illuminati, and its last action was the garroting of the deist Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. , a former Suprema secretary, claimed that it killed thirty thousand people between 1480 and 1808, though other scholars and the infamous "black legend" hold that many more were killed under its most famous leader, Tomas de Torquemada. FTP, name this effort to stamp out religious heresy on the Iberian peninsula. Answer: the Spanish (prompt on Inquisition)

Mounier offered the initial opinion on it; this was seconded by Target and Barnave. Only one delegate refused to sign it, asserting that the representatives and people held political authority. After assembling at the Menus Plaisirs to discuss reforms proposed by the finance minister, the group, led by Abbe Sieyes and Mirabeau, withdrew and formed the National Assembly. Announced by Jean Bailly, it was signed by 577 members of the Third Estate after they were locked out of their meeting hall in the Palace of Versailles. FTP, identify this 1789 document whose signing at the namesake sporting venue marked the beginning of the French revolution. Answer: Tennis Court Oath

Two years after its conclusion, forces of Father Kostadin Buvski and Leonid Vulgaris met at Gremen to decry it as ineffective. Romania was forced to exchange South Bessarabia to Russia for Dobruja, and the newly created Greater Bulgaria was further divided into North Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia, and Macedonia. Its eventual mediator offered himself as an "honest broker" between nations represented by Alexander Karatheodori and Alexander Gorchakov, although all of the signers of the 1856 were present. FTP, name this meeting convened to rethink the Treaty of San Stefano, an 1878 conference chaired by Otto von Bismarck in the German capital. Answer: Congress of Berlin

It was resolved here to move one force towards Rabaul while another army moved from India to Burma, and its operational plans were clarified four months later in the Trident conference. At this meeting, the delegates also decided whether Henri Giraud or Charles de Gaulle should be recognized as leader of the Free French, planned the intensive bombing of Germany, and determined to invade Sicily instead of landing in the West. Some have suggested that a proclamation at its end discouraged attempts to overthrow Hitler by demanding the "unconditional surrender" of Axis powers. It took place in January, 1943, and Stalin declined to participate, so, FTP, only Roosevelt and Churchill met at

19 12_Other.txt 3/25/2010 what World War II summit in North Africa? Answer: the Casablanca conference

Before the introduction of this program, a commission known as Gosplan was created for coordination. Some historians have suggested that it was formulated years earlier than its implementation in an essay entitled "Six Theses on the Immediate Tasks." It created an imbalance in wealth that led to the so-called Scissors Crisis, and it shares its name with an unrelated policy adopted by Malaysia in 1971. Much of the impetus for it came in the Kronstadt Rebellion, which demanded an end to War Communism, but it was itself abandoned after the Grain Crisis of 1928 by Stalin. FTP, name this program launched in 1921 to transform the Soviet economy. Answer: New Economic Policy (NEP)

Operation Crossbow targeted its storage facilities in St-Leu d'Esserent and Nucourt, and in Operation Hydra, its basis at Peenemünde was attacked. It was nicknamed "doodlebug" for its characteristic humming sound, and it was produced by Fieseler. It was mainly targeted at Antwerp and London, and in total, it cost more than twenty thousand lives. The Luftwaffe counterpart to the Wehrmacht's A4, it was launched from the Heinkel 111 craft or the ground. For 10 points, name this "flying bomb" used by the Nazis, whose code name was incremented for some surface-to-surface missiles designed by Werner von Braun. Answer: V1 [or Vergeltungswaffe 1]

Founded in Geneva in 1908, it established a counterpart for the youth audience in 1925 which shot to major popularity in the 1950s under the leadership of Alexei Adzhubei. In 1992, it was sold to the Greek Giannikos brothers, who shut it down in 1997 upon the claim that it could not turn a profit because its employees were constantly drunk. It was run by a police agent attempting to destroy it from 1912 to 1913; in 1917, it publicized the April Theses and, in April 1953, it published a retraction admitting that the Doctors Plot had been fabricated. It normally did not discuss international relations, leaving that sphere to Izvestiya. FTP, a name meaning "Truth" adorned what Moscow-based newspaper, the official Communist Party organ for the entirety of the USSR's existence? Answer: Pravda

There are three so-called "satellites" associated with it, which include the Inquisitio Comitatus Cantabrigiensis and the Inquisitio Eliensis, and an early draft of it is known as the Exon version. Incomplete thanks to the Harrowing of the North, it is divided into the "Great" portion which excludes the area north of the river Tees, and the "Little" portion dealing with Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk. It lists ownership changes over twenty years among other information, and it was the result of a project announced at Christmas in 1085. The survey which gathered the information for it took place the following year. FTP, name this book which containsa detailed census of English land and people, comissioned by William the Conqueror. Answer: Domesday Book

It was completed at least partially under the financing of Louis XV of France, and sits at a junction spanned by the Via Condotti. Built to unite the Via del Babuino with the Via Felice, original designs for this structure were made by Alessandro Specchi. To the south sits the boat of Pietro Bernini's Barcaccia fountain and to the north is the Sallustian Obelisk. The obelisk sits in front of the Trinitá dei Monti cathedral, which appears in this construction's usual Italian designation, and the one-time contiguous residences of Keats and Shelley have now been replaced by museums. Ultimately completed by Francesco De Sanctis, the central Ripetta is flanked by a pair of convex paths that unite at the top. Named for an embassy to the and often lined with pink azaleas, FTP, name this picturesque structure in Rome consisting of 12 flights of stairs. Answer: or Spanish Stairs (accept Scalinata di Trinita dei Monti before the word "cathedral")

S. L. Avaliani published a major study of them in 1910, 11 years after de Rocca's book on them appeared. The first one was created on the model of the "sejmiki" by a ruler who wanted to extend a war into Lithuania. Their decline began

20 12_Other.txt 3/25/2010 after one of them passed the Ulozheniye of 1649, though even in their latest years Golytsin required one to repeal the military preference system, the mestnichestvo. Traditionally meeting in the Palace of the Facets, a famous case of their use in foreign policy was the ratification of the Treaty of Pereyaslav, but they were more commonly used to approve domestic legal codes, and a rare exception to their obedience to the czar occurred when one petitioned Ivan IV to disband the oprichniki. FTP, name these Russian councils composerd of merchants, clergymen and boyars. Answer: Zemsky Sobor (accept Assembly of the Land or Landed Council or Zemskiye Sobori).

Only half of those directly affected by it took the oath of loyalty required by an attendant piece of legislation, and it had strong support from Henri Gregoire, who became the first to take the oath of loyalty it required. Jean de Boisgelin authored the Exposition of Principles opposing it, but the Jansenist Armand Gaston Camus argued that there was no conflict between it and the . Pius VI's rejection of Cardinal de Lomenie's suggestion of withholding mental assent assured that its passage would cause a schism, and it was finally revoked by the Concordat of 1801, which returned to the papacy the right to choose bishops but forced it to give up claims to all lands confiscated during the revolution. Abolishing "regular and secular chapters for either sex," providing for the election of bishops, and outlawing absentee bishops, FTP, name this law passed on July 12, 1790 which subordinated the Catholic Church in France to the state. Answer: Civil Constitution of the Clergy

It began at the Hanselbauer Hotel, where the man who ordered it was upset by the rampant homosexual activity on display. In its aftermath, Victor Lutze became the head of a group that had previously been led by a man who three years earlier had been recalled from Bolivia to command it. Among those killed were the socialist Gregor Strasser, former prime minister of Bavaria Gustav von Kahr, and the country's previous chancellor, Kurt von Schleicher. Taking place on June 30, it was designed as a "blood purge" of a paramilitary organization led by Ernest Röhm. FTP, name this event of 1934 in which Hitler consolidated his grasp of power by killing some leaders of the SA. Answer: the Night of the Long Knives

One of its first major actions was a response to the assassination of the German ambassador, Count Wilhelm von Mirbach-Harff. A month later, Fanny Kaplan's attempt at killing the country's leader led to its receiving the power to impose death sentences. When peasants refused to sell their grain to the government at fixed prices, it was empowered to seize the grain, which resulted in the so-called "Bread War." These things made it understandably unpopular, and a year before it was superseded by the State Political Administration its power to investigate ordinary crimes was withdrawn. When it was established by the Sovnarkom, it was given extraordinary powers to combat counter-revolution and sabotage. FTP, name this police force which preceded the GPU, and which was established in 1917 with Felix Dzerzhinsky as its first head. Answer: the Cheka (or VCHEKA, or: All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage)

The later version insisted that public functions are by necessity temporary, and concluded by noting that in certain circumstances insurrection becomes the most indispensable of duties. That version also abolished the class of "servants" by insisting that people can only contract their services and time, but cannot sell themselves. One response to this document called for a law to assist widows and girls who are deceived by false promises, and demanded the legalization of prostitution. The preface to this document declares that ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the titular things are the sole cause of public calamities, and defines "liberty" as the freedom to do everything which injures no one else. The first of its 17 articles asserts that social distinctions can only be founded on the general good, since men are born and remain free and equal. FTP, name this document which wasapproved on August 26, 1789 by the National Assembly of France. Answer: the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen or La Déclaration des droits de I'homme et du citoyen

The first stated that it was to be valid until the target "has acknowledged that the rights of war are the same on land as

21 12_Other.txt 3/25/2010 at sea" and allotted half of all proceeds as compensation for native merchants. The second scorned the enemy for "assimilat[ing] its legislation to that of Algiers" and opposed "the infamous principle that the flag of a nation does not cover goods." The first one ordered the seizure of any ship at a friendly port which had previously docked with the enemy, while the second extended that power to privateers and targeted even those ships which submitted to British inspection. Britain responded with the Orders in Council, which in turn prompted the U.S. to issue the Embargo Act. FTP, name these two writs by which Napoleon imposed the Continental System. Answer: the Berlin and Milan Decrees

It decreed that kings should not be anointed on their heads, and that chrism should be reserved for church ceremonies. The distinction betwen regalia, granted through the lance, and spiritualia, received through the ring and staff, was based on an earlier settlement between Paschal II and the English king. At the request of the archbishop of Mainz, its decisions were confirmed by the First Lateran Council the following year. Arguing that the emperor could be present during the election of bishops and , FTP, identify this 1122 agreement between Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V that sought to end the struggle over lay investiture. Answer: Concordat of Worms (do not accept "Diet of Worms" as that name is traditionally attributed to a 1521 meeting concerning Martin Luther)

Its commander, the Marquis de Launay, complied with the shouted command "down with the second drawbridge! no terms!" Nevertheless, his head ended up on a pike before he reached the Hotel de Ville. His eighty elderly veterans and thirty Swiss regulars killed at least 98 of the crowd from Faubourg Sainte-Antoine that captured his post and released its occupants. On its last day of operation only three mental patients and four forgers awaiting prosecution were behind the "massive stone walls and eight great towers" that confined Dickens's Dr. Manette. FTP name this infamous prison of the ancien regime, stormed by a revolutionary mob on July 14th, 1789. Answer: the Bastille

It especially targeted sheriffs who did not collect ship money and enforced the decrees against enclosures. Not bound by common-law protections against self-incrimination or the use of pillory on the gentry, it was expanded to punish rioters under Thomas Wolsey and became known thereafter as incorruptible. Along with its counterpart at the High Commission, it was abolished in 1641 by the Long Parliament. FTP, name this supplementary court used to persecute the Puritans by Charles I, named for the figure painted on the ceiling of its meeting room. Answer: Court of the Star Chamber

Consolidation of its eastern lands was aided by the complacency of the rälssi class and by the archbishop Maunu Tavast. The inability of its miners to trade iron during wartime led to the Engelbrekt Rebellion, after which Christopher of Bavaria unseated its first ruler. Instituted for Albert of Mecklenburg's failure to pay 60,000 silver marks, its strongest king was Eric of Pomerania, but it ended after a series of executions in Square, known as the Stockholm Bloodbath, led to greater national feelings. FTP, name this entity created by a 1397 declaration in which Margaret I united Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Answer: Kalmar Union

The arrival of the French bishops raised the question regarding the divine basis for the obligation for bishops to reside in their sees. Debate raged over its title because it was feared that adding the phrase "representing the Church universal" to its title would be taken to express superiority over the Pope. Defining the mass as a true sacrifice, it fixed the Old and New Testament canon, set the number of sacraments at 7, and defined the Nicene Creed as the basis of the Catholic faith. Convened by Paul III, it ended under Pius IV almost twenty years after it began. For 10 points, what church council confirmed transubstantiation and condemned Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone? Answer: Council of Trent

One issued in 1222 by King Andrew II of Hungary confirmed the rights of the nobility on the pattern of the Magna Carta,

22 12_Other.txt 3/25/2010 while another two years later granted certain rights to Saxon inhabitants of Transylvania. The first was issued in 1213 by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, but perhaps the most famous was issued more than a century later and was promulgated at the Diet of Nuremberg. Attempts during the Thirty Years War to alter its provisions in favor of the Bavarian ruling house caused much grumbling. FTP, name this document issued by Charles IV in 1356, which defined the process of selecting a new Holy Roman Emperor. Answer: Golden Bull

Disallowed under Article 88 of the Treaty of Saint Germain, this concept was abandoned by the republican government under the Geneva Protocol of 1922, even though a recent plebiscite in the Tyrol seemed to indicate popular support. Accomplished under the name of "Ostmark" sixteen years later, it replaced Chancellor Kurt Schussnigg with Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a National Socialist. FTP, give this German term for "union" that denotes Hitler's March 1938 seizure of Austria. Answer: Anschluss

Its origins can be traced to the Middle Ages, when it was arbitrarily applied and often commuted, but it was revived under Charles VII and made a permanent source of royal income. In the northern districts, it was levied on an individual basis, called the personnelle, and in the south it was collected on nonprivilieged land. As it was exempted for military service, the nobility who fought as well as the clergy were not subject to its levies, nor were the inhabitants of towns and cities, and so its burden fell largely on the landed peasantry. FTP, name this tax, a hated symbol of the ancien régime which was abolished during the French Revolution in 1789. Answer: taille (pronounced "ty")

It was revoked by Louis XI 23 years after its promulgation, but it was periodically reasserted, and it exerted a profound influence on church authority and the progress of the Reformation. Reaffirmed in part by the Concordat of Bologna, it was based on the decisions of the Council of Basel. It claimed certain liberties for the Gallican Church, and asserted the supremacy of councils over the Pope. FTP, identify this document, issued in 1438 by French King Charles VII. Answer: Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

Kett's Rebellion was primarily a revolt against this practice. It was the major domestic achievement of Gustavus IV Adolphus, who implemented it after observing British success with its standardization by the Public General Act of 1801. Toynbee blames it for the depopulation of the East Midlands with migration to cities like Leeds and Birmingham after its acceleration due to the expansion of the 15th century Flemish wool trade. Begun in the 12th century, FTP, name this process, a precursor to the agricultural revolution, by which manorial rights were eliminated through consolidation of arable land into modern farm plots. Answer: enclosure or first enclosure movement

Jan Bruegel portrayed the people involved in this event as monkeys. Resulting from an expedition by Conrad Guestner in 1559, a similar event occurred in the Ottoman Empire until Ahmed III. An example of 'windhandel', the Carolus Clusius and his assistant Cluyt began it at the "hortus" at the University of Leiden. One of the Brasserie type was exchanged for a French brewery and tavern owner Wouter Winkel made his children wealthy by leaving them a flowerbed full of them. In 1637 the Dutch government brought an end to, for 10 points, what period of speculation on bulbs of a certain flower? Answer: Tulipmania or Craze or Madness or Tulpenwoede

Goya's depiction of one was located in the "Deaf Man's Villa", while the works of Apulius and Petronius may have inspired later depictions. Pierre de Lancre wrote about attending one in 1610, and seeing a feast eaten without salt. Some of them were said to take place in the Harz Mountains, and the Blocula in Sweden, and one religious tradition has them held on solstices and equinoxes. The most famous occurred on a night named for of Heidenheim, and German townspeople would make noise during the night to ward off evil spirits. Said to consist of sacrifices, initiation

23 12_Other.txt 3/25/2010 rites, and sexual congress with Satan, FTP, name these festivals, the most famous of which took place on Walpurgisnacht. Answer: Witches' Sabbath accept reasonable equivalents

Berstett did his best to bring them on and Friedrich Gentz suggested that the government revoke Article XVIII of the Confederation Act. Adam Mueller made significant contributions to the deliberations. The diet ordered the dissolution of the Burschenshaften and set up an investigative commission at Mainz. Adopted by a diet dominated by Metternich after the assassination of August von Kotzebue, they provided for press censorship and close supervision of the Universities. For 10 points, name these laws aimed at suppressing liberal agitation. Answer: Carlsbad Decrees

This body was addressed by Johann von Falkenburg, whose treatise argued for the legal right to kill the King of Poland and all other Poles. This meeting also saw Jean Petit defend the Duke of Burgundy for murdering Louis d'Orléans. Often regarded as the Sixteenth Ecumenical Council, other issues this council oversaw were the canonization of St. Bridget of Sweden, and the termination of the Utraquist Wars by condemning of Prague and Jan Hus. Called to resolve the triple-claim to the papacy, FTP, identify this 1414-18 council that ended the Great Schism by electing Martin V as pope. Answer: Council of Constance (prompt on early Sixteenth Ecumenical Council)

This event was carried out without the knowledge of Lord-General Fairfax. It was executed by its namesake, accompanied by Lord Grey of Groby, who identified those that were to be detained. This event was engineered by the author of the Remonstrance of the New Model Army Henry Ireton, who was head of the Grandees. This event consisted of its namesake arresting forty-five men and preventing one hundred eighty-six others from entering the House of Commons. FTP, identify this 1648 event that created the Rump Parliament. Answer: Pride's Purge

Margaret I, daughter of the King of Denmark and wife of King Haakon VI of Norway, defeated the King of Sweden and persuaded the Diets of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden to accept her grandnephew as king of all three nations. FTP, name this Union, which existed from the crowning of Edward of Pomerania in 1397 until it was dissolved by Gustavus I of Sweden in 1523. Answer: Union of Kalmar

Named for the grandfather of Queen Anne, attempts were made to lessen its effects with declarations of indulgence in 1662 and 1672. Largely superseded by the Test Act of 1673, its provisions included the enforced use of the Book of Common Prayer and the prohibition of a minister within 5 miles of his former church. Named for Edward Hyde, the chief advisor to Charles II, it was composed of the Corporation Act, the Five Mile Act, the Act of Uniformity, and the Conventicle Act. FTP, name this series of four legal statutes passed between from 1661-1665 that reestablished the supremacy of the Anglican Church in England. Answer: Clarendon Code

It was first instituted in 1864, and representation in it was based on land ownership and elected bodies on the district level would vote for a provincial assembly, who would then appoint a committee that would take care of such matters as hospital maintenance and road construction. They were replaced by the soviets as a form of local government in 1917, mainly because they had served a vehicle for which Russian liberals had pushed through reform. Later curtailed by Alexander III, FTP, name these local governing bodies, one of the key reforms of the reign of Tsar Alexander II. Answer: zemstvos

It began on October 1 with a number of concerts and balls to entertain the delegates, leading the Prince de Ligne to famously say that "it doesn't work, it dances." Work did get done, however, like installing the Prince of Orange on the throne of the United Netherlands, giving the left bank of the Rhine to Prussia, and making Sweden sovereign over

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Norway. On March 13th, the delegates officially termed Napoleon an outlaw, but Talleyrand stayed to continue his diplomatic work. Meeting in 1814 and 1815, FTP what was this summit of European powers called to reshape the continent after Napoleon's defeat? Answer: Congress of Vienna

John Bright and Richard Cobden founded a league that mobilized popular support against them. Their protests succeeded in inducing Sir Robert Peel to amend them in 1842, allowing a sliding scale for prices and imports. Finally abolished in 1846, the first had been passed at the end of the . FTP, name this series of acts that sharply restricted the import of grain into Britain. Answer: the Corn Laws

A treaty with Poland confirming recognition of the Oder-Neisse boundary. A German-Soviet treaty renouncing "the use of force in Europe." A four-power agreement clarifying the international status of West Berlin and granting its citizens freedom of movement. The chancellor's bow in front of a Warsaw monument to Holocaust victims. All were manifestations of, FTP, German leader Willy Brandt's policy of reducing conflict between West Germany and the Soviet bloc. Answer: Ostpolitik

It was suggested to James I by Raymond of Pennafort, and the resulting Bull "Declinante jam mundi" ordered Archbishop Esparrago to begin. The Council of Lerida confided it to the Dominicans and Franciscans, and its terms were defined by the Synod of Tarragona in 1242. Officially declared by Sixtus IV in 1478, it was overseen by the Consejo Supremo, while Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martin oversaw it in . Organized by Tomas de Torquemada, it was not abolished until the revolution of 1820. For 10 points, name this Holy Office that attempted to root out heresy in Spain. Answer:

One notorious example of this type of event lasted for three days at Chisinau in 1903. Revived in Germany and Poland after Hitler took power, they had greatly increased in number after the abortive revolution of 1905, over 20 years after the first major outbreak of them following the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. With a name meaning "riot", FTP, what were these violent attacks on Russian Jews in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? Answer: pogroms

It had 577 signitaries, and only one man--Martin Dauch--refused to sign, claiming that he could do nothing without the sanction of the king. First proposed by Jean Joseph Mounier, it declared the delegates' intention "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established." FTP, name this defiant pledge signed by the members of France's Third Estate when the Estates General were locked out of their usual meeting place at Versailles. Answer: tennis court oath (accept equivalents) or serment du jeu de paume

John Knox Laughton, the premier British authority on it, wrote that Charles Blount and Thomas Gerard were the two pivotal strategists of the plan against it. It was created in response to the Treaty of Nonsuch and was to be bolstered by surprise reinforcements from the Duke de Parma; but conflicts at Portland Bill and Plymouth saw its decimation and the end came soon after at Gravelines. Lord Charles Howard was the commander who cost the duke de Medonia-Sidonia almost half of its strength. FTP, name this force organized by Philip II for a naval invasion of England in 1588. Answer: Spanish Armada or Invincible Armada

Though used since antiquity by large landowners, this system was first formalized in 1738 by Controller-General of Finances Jean Orry, who used it to simply book-keeping on the state level. Meaning "contribution," it was a periodic and short-term obligation, used most often used to produce public-sector goods like dikes and roads. FTP, identify this

25 12_Other.txt 3/25/2010 system of French forced labor. Answer: corvée

In the late eighteenth century, they were supplemented by the Speenhamland system that gave allowances to workers who received insufficient wages. The Elizabethan ones, codified from 1597 to 1601, required that each parish establish overseers who would collect the parish tax and provide assistance for the aged, young, and infirm. The New One of 1834 sought to punish the indigent and provided no relief except for work in the dreary workhouses for able-bodied paupers. FTP, give the term for these English welfare laws. Answer: Poor Laws

Eugene IV's supported the issuance of the first one, which established new freedoms in the French church and curtailed papal power. That one was credited to Charles VII, who declared it from Bourges. A more famous one was given under the influence of the king's wife, Maria Christina. That one was issued by Ferdinand VII in 1830 and revoked the , sparking the . The most famous one was given by Charles VI, though it was heeded by none of his neighbors, including Frederick the Great. FTP, name this decree of 1713 that permitted the succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne. Answer: Pragmatic Sanction

It was forced into early engagements near Plymouth and Portland Bill after departing from La Coruna. Its mission was deemed necessary due to the Treaty of Nonsuch, but was hampered by the death of its intended leader, the Marquess de Santa Cruz. Intending to join an army under the Duke of Parma, it was effectively opposed by Charles Howard's forces, and was unable to force close fighting to board the British ships, partly due to the inexperience of its leader, the Duke of Medina-Sidonia. Decisively defeated in 1588, FTP, what was this great naval force sent to engineer an invasion of England? Answer: the Spanish Armada (or the Invincible Armada)

Its abolition was founded on the interpretation of laws made during the reign of Edward III and also repealed any proscriptions made in the third year of Henry VII's reign. It was initially created when Parliament was compelled to pass an act asserting the ancient right of kings to hear petitions of redress. Francis Bacon became its clerk in 1589, long after Henry VII had devised it in 1487. The Long Parliament abolished it in 1641, as its supplementary powers over the common-law courts had grown too great. FTP, identify this English judicial body whose name came from the constellations painted on the ceiling of the room where it first met. Answer: Star Chamber

One of the factors that caused it was irritation over members of the Centre Party frequenting the Radziwill salons where they were believed to be influenced by Polish demands. The death of Pope Pius the Ninth calmed down much of the heated battle, but the conflict would go on for another decade. One of the divisive measures, the expulsion of the Jesuits, was soon followed up by minister Adalbert Falk's so-called "May Laws," which made civil marriage compulsory and subjected the clergy to state control among other things. FTP, identify this 1870's struggle for power between the Roman Catholic church and the German government, now synonymous with any type of cultural struggle. Answer: Kulturkampf

According to legend, it was removed from Egypt by Goidel, grandson of Pharoah Cingris. Believed to be the rock that was Jacob's Pillow when he dreamed of an heavenly ladder, it was known as the Lia Fáil to the Irish, but it was taken to the Dál Riada capital, now Dunstaffnage, Argyll, in the 6th century by Fergus Mac Erc. Eventually stolen by England's Edward I, for 10 points, what is this stone that rests beneath the English coronation throne? Answer: Stone of Scone

It was hidden under floorboards, buried with an orphan, and given to a servant after it was shot. It was played in a

26 12_Other.txt 3/25/2010 monastery, a gypsy camp, in an English concert hall, and during intercourse. Ultimately it was stolen at an auction by Charles Morritz and replaced with a copy. FTP, name this masterwork of Nicolo Bussoti, whose color comes from an additive to the varnish-the blood of Bussoti's dead wife-whose history is traced in a 1998 movie. Answer: the red violin

Its enactment was directly related to the impasse that followed the arrest of Thomas Darnel and four of his companions a year earlier. Soon following its acceptance, the Duke of Buckingham was assassinated, though one desired goal was achieved - a benevolence was no longer forcibly extracted. It sought the recognition of four principles: no quartering of soldiers on subjects, no imprisonment without cause, no martial law in peacetime, and no taxes without consent of Parliament. FTP, identify this document directed at King Charles I, a written declaration of 1628. Answer: Petition of Right

It was weakened by surprise attacks at Cascaes and St. Vincent, which led to the destruction of many of its supplies. Possibly its biggest loss was the Salvador, which led to the death of the paymaster and no more gold. Dutch intervention prevented the duke of Parma from reinforcing it, and Medina-Sidonia was at the mercy of Lord Howard's superior tactical force. FTP, name this force weakened by Frobisher, Hawkins, and Drake and which failed in accomplishing Philip II's dream of a naval invasion of England. Answer: Spanish Armada

Martin Dauch refused to sign, saying that he could not agree to anything that had not been sanctioned by his king, but 577 people immediately agreed to sign it. First proposed by Mounier in response to the closing of the Menus Plaisirs, it was also eventually signed by five members of the clergy, who agreed with its assertion that the group in question should continue meeting until a constitution had been written. FTP, name this agreement signed by members of France's Third Estate on June 20, 1789, when their usual meeting place was locked. Answer: Tennis Court Oath

Its colors are green and red and its members wear a blue sash and, since 1939, a kepi cover. One of its best-known units, the 13th Half-Brigade, fought in WWII at both Narvik, in Norway, and in North Africa. It was created in 1831 and took part in the conquest of Algeria, but its greatest moment was at Camerone where 65 of its men under Captain Donjou held off 2000 Mexicans for hours. It was also featured prominently in the film Beau Geste and fought bravely at Dien Bien Phu. FTP, name this multinational military unit of France. Answer: French Foreign Legion

Achieved after Albert of Mecklenburg failed to pay a tribute, its end was precipitated by the Stockholm Bloodbath, Christian II's murder of 82 noblemen. Realized with the coronation of Erik of Pomerania, it was the driven by the ambition of Queen Maragaret of Norway and was the subject of the meeting of three Rigsraads on Trinity Sunday in 1397. Dissolved by Gustav I Vasa in 1523, FTP name this 136 year union of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Answer: Kalmar Union

British conquest in Ceylon and was recognized as a result of it. One representative was so hard of hearing that he needed the exchanges shouted into his years, and another would commit suicide seven years later for fear of having his homosexuality exposed. Prince Hardenberg represented Prussia and Viscount Castlereagh represented Britain, but it was Alexander I who suggested a Holy Alliance. Talleyrand allowed for French borders to be returned to those of 1792 in, FTP, what meeting called by Metternich in 1815? Answer: Congress of Vienna

This Soviet-sponsored effort to integrate the economies of eastern Europe began as early as Jan. 25, 1949, in response to the Marshall Plan. The council's economic objectives were to coordinate each member country's efforts for development in technology and industrialization, growth of labour productivity, and specialization in industry. For ten

27 12_Other.txt 3/25/2010 points, name this council, disbanded in 1990 after democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe left the organization defunct. Answer: Accept either Comecon or Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

Its publication was advised by Sergey Witte, and it guaranteed freedom of speech, press and assembly; a broad franchise; and a legislature that had to approve legislation before it could become law. Prompted by a disastrous war with Japan and the Bloody Sunday uprising, FTP, what was this 1905 letter in which Nicholas II ended autocracy in Russia, named for the month in which it was issued? Answer: October Manifesto

Their institutions, laws, and ceremonies would not be codified until the publication of a 1672 work by Elias Ashmole. "Extra members" like Emperor Hirohito and Victor Emmanuel III of Italy were briefly expelled during World War II. The prelate is their highest officer, but it is the registrar who is named dean of Windsor. Their motto of Honi soit qui mal y pense, or "Shame to him who thinks evil of it," was uttered following a dancing incident during which Joan of Kent lost a leg band. FTP, name this society of knights founded in 1348 by King Edward III of England. Answer: The Most Noble

Its name was coined by scientist-politician Rudolf Virchow, who vehemently opposed its policies. Results of it included the government assuming the right to inspect religious schools, the expulsion of clergy from public schools, the dissolution of the Jesuit order, and the 1873 May Laws, which mandated state control of religious training and ecclesiastical appointments. FTP, identify this political conflict, which saw increased oppression of Roman Catholics by the Bismarck-led German government. Answer: Kulturkampf¨

Of the four known accounts of it, the one of the chronicler Fulcher of Chartres is believed to be the most accurate. During this parley, King Phillip of France was excommunicated for adultery, and Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy was chosen as a papal legate at its conclusion. The famous exclamation of Deus vult, or "God wills it" was first introduced there as well. Its primary decision was the result of a request for envoys by the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus. Called by Urban II in 1095, FTP, identify this church council that became the occasion for initiating the First Crusade. Answer: Council of Clermont

Pius V revoked this practice, which was frequently invoked by the statement "ab omni culpa et poena." Prominent examples include Innocent II's 40-day one for visiting and contributing to the adornment of the at Cluny, and Urban II's complete granting of one for participation in the First Crusade. But their most famous transaction involved a commissary for Albert, the archbishop of Mainz, whose preaching at Juterborg in Saxony enraged a famous theologian in Wittenberg on Oct. 31, 1517. FTP, name these partial remissions of punishment that worked through the and whose most famous collector, Johann Tetzel, provoked Luther's posting of the 95 Theses. Answer: indulgences

Of its twenty-five sessions, three actually took place at Bologna. Signed by 255 men, only sixty of so were at most of the sessions, and Salmeron and Lainez spoke first and last on every topic, as well as being the only ones allowed to preach. It suggested less concubinage, approved the Apocrypha, made Latin official for the Mass, set up an index of prohibited books, and declared that justification was by both faith and works. FTP, name this council, which went from 1545 to 1563 and started the Counter-Reformation. Answer: Council of Trent

The story was broken by Berlin Radio in 1943, and within a week the expatriate Polish government under Premier Sikorski had filed an official complaint with the International Red Cross. Moscow officials denied the Red Cross' request to investigate, but evidence pointed to a spring 1940 date. The perpetrators were probably the Russian NKVD, and over

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2,000 Polish officers were found shot in the head. FTP, identify the massacre named after a forest near Smolensk (SMALL-ensk), Russia. Answer: Katyn Forest Massacre (CAT-ain but accept anything phonetic)

They had existed since the Middle Ages, but only became a hot political issue after 1815. The one of 1815 banned foreign imports until domestic prices had reached 80 shillings a quarter. The one of 1828 provided a sliding scale. A league against them was founded in 1839, and they were abolished in 1846. FTP name these laws loathed by David Ricardo that regulated the price of grain. Answer: Corn Laws

Its presiding officer had to stand upon a lava promontory called Law Rock and recite all the laws passed by the body that year--a natural and effective check on legislative power and long-windedness. Located upon the plains of Thingvellir, it was founded in 930 AD, making it the oldest parliamentary body in the world. FTP, name the General Assembly of Iceland. Answer: Althing

Reportedly, when Hitler was questioned if people would object to his Final Solution, he asked if anyone had intervened to stop these events. The first series began when troops burnt villages and killed thousands who refused to pay vastly higher taxes in 1894. Two years later, partisans seized the Ottoman Bank in Istanbul to draw attention to their plight; 50,000 died in reprisals. The worst, however, occurred during World War I when the Turkish government deported much of the ethnic group to Palestine, causing the deaths of over half a million people. FTP name these atrocities. Answer: Armenian massacres (or atrocities or something similar)

The first type was used by the Germans against Belgian forts as early as 1914. The second set, which totaled four in number, were moved to their emplacements on railway tracks because of their size. Nicknamed "Paris guns," these weapons had a range of 75 miles and caused hundreds of deaths when they were first used to shell the French capital in early 1918. FTP give the common nickname of these two weapon systems, both named for the powerful head of the Krupp munitions dynasty. Answer: Big Bertha

Charles I was imprisoned in this town while awaiting execution, and Earl Godwin (the father of King Harold) may have been poisoned while attending a banquet here. Appropriately, its landmarks include the royal mausoleum, as well as a notable Town Hall designed by Christopher Wren. Located on the Thames River about 20 miles west of London, its castle has been a royal residence since the time of William the Conqueror. For 10 points name this English city, closely associated with a play by Shakespeare and, since 1917, with the former House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Answer: Windsor (accept Windsor Castle)

In 1997 in Norfolk, Virginia, officials were asked to recall personalized license plates issued to a man convicted of vandalizing churches. The plates bore the name of this compound, manufactured by Degesch and Tesch/Stabenow and patented by I.G. Farben. For ten points, name this crystallized prussic acid, used in the showers of Auschwitz and other concentration camps. Answer: Zyklon B or Cyclone B

Titian's Last Supper was placed in the refectory of this building's monastery, and the books of its library are shelved with their spines to the wall, so that air can get to the pages. Located in the foothills of the Sierra de Guadarrama, it was designed like a gridiron to recall a martyr's death. Called by a name meaning "slag heap," it was supervised by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera. FTP, name this palace of Spain's Philip II. Answer:

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Who was to blame? Eventual Postmaster-General James Craggs; , the grandfather of the historian; a penniless Scotsman named John Paterson; Robert Harley the Earl of Oxford; and above all, arch-swindler John Blunt. Who profited? James Stanhope and George I, at least for a while, but everybody lost big, and Robert Walpole forced Parliament to compensate for some of the losses. FTP, name this market crash caused by the failure of a company that bought a lot of English national debt before its 1720 bust -- er, burst. Answer: The South Sea Bubble

The overall effect of this church council, which declared Jerusalem and Constantinople patriarchates, was to give the church a more stable institutional character. Convoked by the emperor Marcian and held in what is now Kadikoy, Turkey, this council acknowledged the orthodoxy of Theodoret, excommunicated the Monophysite Dioscorus, and approved the Tome of Pope Leo I confirming two distinct natures of Christ. FTP, name this Christian church council of 451 which approved the creed of Nicaea (ny-see-uh). Answer:

The effects of this event were exacerbated by the "Gregory" clause and the initial laissez-faire approach of Assistant Treasury Secretary Trevelyan and Prime Minister John Russell. Earlier Robert Peel had used it to justify repeal of the Corn Laws. One of its results were the death of many in cramped "coffin ships" to the Americas, while it's indirect cause was a boom in population which necessitated the use of the large "Aran Banner" variety, which was immune to the fungus that caused it. FTP, identify this 1846-1850 catastrophe which hit the Emerald Isle. Answer: Great Irish Potato Famine (prompt on "Great Hunger" or "Great Famine")

Rica writes about this event three times in the Persian Letters and in letter 142, Montesquieu allegorizes it with the story of an obsessed classicist. The Royal Bank was modeled after the Wisselbank of Amsterdam and the Duke of Orleans' influence was the greatest cause for its start. Two years after its creation the Compagnie d'Occident was re- organized as the Compagnie des Indes. Despite monopolies on a number of products, the inflation of stock price led to worthless money and the loss of public confidence in John Law's policies. For 10 points, name this French financial scandal of the 1710's. Answer: Bubble

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