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Irak Siyasetini Anlama Kilavuzu RAPOR IRAK SIYASETINI ANLAMA KILAVUZU IRAK SİYASETİNİ ANLAMA KILAVUZU COPYRIGHT ©2013 SETA SETA Yayınları XXVIII I. Baskı : 2013 ISBN : 978-605-4023-29-5 Kapak Tasarımı : M. Fuat Er Tasarım ve Uygulama : Ümare Yazar Baskı : Pelin Ofset, Ankara İletişim : SETA Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı Nenehatun Cad. No.66 GOP Çankaya 06700 Ankara Tel: (0 312) 551 21 00 | Faks: (0 312) 551 21 90 www.setav.org | [email protected] IRAK SİYASETİNİ ANLAMA KILAVUZU Levent Baştürk Furkan Torlak Saliha Ziya Gülşah Neslihan Akkaya Müjge Küçükkeleş Zehra Senem Demir ÖNSÖZ 13 BIRINCI BÖLÜM 15 IRAK’TA SİYASİ PARTİLER IKINCI BÖLÜM 57 IRAK’TA SİYASİ AKTÖRLER ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 149 DİNİ YAPILAR VE AKTÖRLER DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 171 IRAK’TA KURUMLAR: PARLAMENTO, YARGI VE GÜVENLİK GÜÇLERİ BEŞINCI BÖLÜM 189 MEDYA ALTINCI BÖLÜM 203 IRAK’TA YATIRIMI OLAN ÖNEMLİ PETROL ŞİRKETLERİ İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ | 13 1. IRAK’TA SİYASİ PARTİLER | 15 1.1 ŞİİLER | 17 1.1.1 İslami Dava Partisi, (1957) | 17 1.1.2 Irak Yüksek İslam Konseyi (1982) | 21 1.1.3 Irak Ulusal Uzlaşma Hareketi (1990) | 23 1.1.4 Milli Islah Hareketi | 26 1.1.5 Hürler Grubu / Sadr Grubu | 27 1.1.6 Bedir Partisi | 28 1.1.7 İslami Fazilet Partisi | 29 1.1.8 Bağımsızlar Bloğu | 29 1.1.9 Irak’ın Birliği İttifakı | 30 1.2 SÜNNİLER | 30 1.2.1 Irak Ulusal Diyalog (Hivar) Cephesi (2005) | 30 1.2.2 Irak Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi (2008) | 32 1.2.3 Ulusal Reform ve Kalkınma Hareketi | 34 1.2.4 Yenilik (Tecdîd) Listesi | 34 1.2.5 El Hadba Listesi | 35 1.2.6 Gelecek Grubu | 36 7 1.3 KÜRTLER | 36 1.3.1 Kürdistan Demokrat Partisi | 36 1.3.2 Kürdistan Yurtseverler Birliği | 40 1.3.3 Kürdistan Sosyalist Demokrat Partisi | 42 1.3.4 Irak Kürdistan Komünist Partisi | 43 1.3.5 Gorran (Değişim) Hareketi | 43 1.3.6 Kürdistan İslam Birliği | 44 1.3.7 Kürdistan’da İslami Hareket | 45 1.3.8 Kürdistan İslami Cemaati | 45 1.3.9 Feyli Kürtleri | 46 1.4 TÜRKMENLER | 47 1.4.1 Irak Türkmen Cephesi | 47 1.4.2 Irak Türkmen İslam Birliği | 49 1.4.3 Türkmen Kardeşlik Hareketi | 50 1.5 DİĞER PARTİLER | 51 1.5.1 Asurî Demokratik Hareketi | 51 1.5.2 Keldani Süryani Asurî Halk Meclisi | 54 2. IRAK’TA SİYASİ AKTÖRLER | 57 2.1 ŞİİLER | 57 2.1.1 Nuri el-Maliki | 57 2.1.2 İbrahim Caferi | 63 2.1.3 İyad Allavi | 66 2.1.4 Ammar El Hekim | 70 2.1.5 Hadi el Amiri | 72 2.1.6 Hüseyin El-Şehristani | 73 2.1.7 Hudayr el-Huzai | 74 2.1.8 Hemmam Hammudi | 75 2.1.9 Bakır Zubeydi | 76 2.1.10 Kusay El-Suheyl | 77 2.2 SÜNNİ ARAPLAR | 77 2.2.1 Usame el-Nuceyfi | 77 2.2.2 Salih el-Mutlak | 80 2.2.3 Rafi el-İsavi | 84 2.2.4 Tarık El-Haşimi | 86 2.2.5 Esil El-Nuceyfî | 89 2.2.6 Cemal El-Kerbuli | 90 2.2.7 Muhammed El Ceburi | 92 2.3 KÜRTLER | 93 2.3.1 Celal Talabani | 93 2.3.2 Mesud Barzani | 96 2.3.3 Kusret Resul Ali, | 100 2.3.4 Neçirvan Barzani | 102 2.3.5 Berham Salih | 106 2.3.6 Hoşyar Zebari | 110 2.3.7 Babekr Bedirhan Şevket Zebari | 112 2.3.8 Safin Dizai | 113 2.3.9 Noşirvan Mustafa | 115 2.3.10 Selahaddin Muhammed Bahaddin Sadık | 117 2.3.11 Ali Bapir | 118 2.3.12 Hero İbrahim Talabani | 120 2.3.13 Mesrur Barzani | 121 2.3.14 Kubat Talabani | 122 2.4 TÜRKMENLER | 123 2.4.1 Erşad Salihi | 123 2.4.2 Abbas Beyati | 125 2.4.3 Fevzi Ekrem Terzioğlu | 126 2.4.4 Sinan Çelebi | 127 2.5 DİNİ AZINLIKLAR | 128 2.5.1 Yunadim Kanna | 128 2.5.2 Sarkis Agacan Mamendo | 130 2.6 DİASPORA | 131 2.6.1 Ayetullah Seyit Mahmut Haşimi Şahrudi | 132 2.6.2 Ali Allavi | 135 2.6.3 Muhammed Abdullah Muhammed El Şehvani | 138 2.6.4 Sinan El-Şebibi | 140 2.6.5 Hamis el Hancer | 142 2.6.6 Saad El-Bezzaz | 142 2.6.7 Kenan Mekiye | 144 2.6.8 Enes el-Tikriti | 147 3. DİNİ YAPILAR VE AKTÖRLER | 149 3.1 ŞİİLER | 150 3.1.1 Necef Havzası Dini Merkezi | 150 3.1.2 Ayetullah Uzma Seyyid Ali Sistani | 155 3.1.3 Mukteda Es Sadr | 157 3.1.4 Seyyid Muhammed Cevad Şehristani | 159 3.1.5 Seyyid Ahmed Safi | 159 3.2 SÜNNİLER | 160 3.2.1 Irak Sünni Vakfı Divanı | 160 3.2.2 Şeyh Ahmed Abdulğafur El Samarrai | 162 3.2.3 Halil İbrahim Hammudi el Samarrai | 164 3.2.4 Müslüman Âlimler Heyeti | 165 3.2.5 Şeyh Haris Ed Dari | 168 3.3 DİĞER GRUPLAR | 170 3.3.1 Hıristiyanlar ve Diğer Dinlerin Vakıfları Divanı | 170 4. IRAK’TA KURUMLAR: PARLAMENTO, YARGI VE GÜVENLİK GÜÇLERİ | 171 4.1 IRAK PARLAMENTOSU | 171 4.2 IRAK YARGISI | 174 4.3 IRAK MERKEZ BANKASI | 176 4.4 IRAK ORDUSU | 178 4.5 IRAK POLİSİ | 180 4.6 IRAK ULUSAL İSTİHBARAT SERVİSİ | 181 4.7 KÜRT BÖLGESEL YÖNETİMİ PARLAMENTOSU | 183 4.8 PEŞMERGE | 185 4.9 ASAYİŞ – PARASTİN - ZANİYARİ | 186 5. MEDYA | 189 5.1 Televizyonlar | 193 5.1.1 El Irakiyye TV | 194 5.1.2 El Rıyadıyye TV | 194 5.1.3 El Furkan TV | 195 5.1.4 El Hurra Irak TV | 195 5.1.5 Biladi TV | 195 5.1.6 Afak TV | 195 5.1.7 Bağdad TV | 195 5.1.8 El Babiliyye TV | 196 5.1.9 El Bağdadiyye TV | 196 5.1.10 El Sumeriyye TV | 196 5.1.11 El Şerkıyye TV | 196 5.1.12 El Ğadir TV | 197 5.1.13 El Furat TV | 197 5.1.14 El Feyha TV | 197 5.1.15 Kurdsat TV | 197 5.1.16 Geli Kurdistan TV | 198 5.1.17 Kurdistan TV | 198 5.1.18 Zagros TV | 198 5.1.19 Türkmeneli TV | 198 5.1.20 İştar TV | 198 5.1.21 Aşur TV | 199 5.2 GAZETELER: | 199 5.2.1 El Sabah Gazetesi | 199 5.2.2 El Meşrıg Gazetesi | 199 5.2.3 El İttihad Gazetesi | 199 5.2.4 Ez Zaman Gazetesi | 199 5.2.5 El Beyyinetu’l Cedide Gazetesi | 200 5.2.6 El Beyan Gazetesi | 200 5.2.7 Ed Dustur Gazetesi | 200 5.2.8 Ed Dava Gazetesi | 200 5.2.9 El Adale Gazetesi | 200 5.2.10 El Meda Gazetesi | 201 5.2.11 Et Teahi (Kardeşlik) Gazetesi | 201 5.2.12 Kurdıstan Nuve Gazetesi | 201 5.2.13 Habat Gazetesi | 201 5.2.14 Hewler Gazetesi | 202 5.2.15 Rojname Gazetesi | 202 5.2.16 Asuva Gazetesi | 202 5.2.17 Hewelati (Vatandaş) Gazetesi | 202 5.2.18 The Kurdısh Globe | 202 6. IRAK’TA YATIRIMI OLAN ÖNEMLİ ENERJİ ŞİRKETLERİ | 203 6.1 Exxon Mobil, ABD | 204 6.2 BP, İngiltere | 205 6.3 TOTAL, Fransa | 206 6.4 CNPC, Çin | 206 6.5 Lukoil, Rusya | 207 6.6 STATOIL, Norveç | 207 6.7 Petronas, Malezya | 208 6.8 Royal Dutch Shell | 208 ÖNSÖZ Ortadoğu’da olup da Irak’ta olmayan siyasi, toplumsal ve iktisadi bir dinamik bulunmuyor. Özellikle bölgemizdeki etnik, mezhebi, dini, siyasi ve ekonomik dinamiklerin tamamı Irak’ta mevcut. Irak adeta Ortadoğu’nun mikrokozmozu gibi. Dolayısıyla Irak üzerinden bölgesel krizlerin derinleşmesi de sakinleşmesi de mümkün. 2003 yılında Amerikan işgali işte tam da bu dinamiklerin en ham ve en kontrolsüz şekilde hareketlenmesine yol açtı. İşgalle beraber Irak’ta siyasi ve toplumsal kimliklerin yıllar süren siyasal açlıkla ve güvenlik arzusuyla arz-ı endam edişine şahitlik ettik. Kısa süre içerisinde ‘siyasal’ın varlığına kast eden bir manzara ortaya çıktı. Böylece, siyasal ve toplumsal hayatı adeta mahkum eden yeni bir kaos süreci başladı. Bu sürecin en belirgin olduğu an ise 2010 seçimleri idi. Neredeyse bütün aktörler tam anlamıyla kendilerini etnik-sekteryen modele teslim ettiler. Kim olduğunu- zun ve ne söylediğinizin anlamsızlaştığı bu süreçte belirleyici olan etnik ve mez- hebi aidiyet oldu. Seçim sonuçları hangi siyasi akımın ne kazandığından ziyade hangi mezhebi grubun veya etnik unsurun ne kadar kazandığına odaklandı. So- nuçta “etnik-mezhebi şablon” zaferini ilan etti. Bu zafer aynı zamanda siyasalın da ölüm ilanıydı. Öyle ki 2010 seçimleri sonrası artık hangi pozisyona hangi un- surdan ismin geleceği bir format zımnen kanıksandı. Cumhurbaşkanlığı bir etnik unsura, başbakanlık ve meclis başkanlığı bir mezhebe, dış işleri bakanlığı yine bir etnik unsura göre belirlenir oldu. Seçimin bir anlamı kalmamış, etnik-mezhebi unsurlar sonuçları belirlemişti. Bu durum elbette Saddam enkazı ve işgal yıkımı üzerine Irak’ın yeniden her yönüyle inşa edilmesini oldukça zora sokacaktı. Tah- 13 IRAK SIYASETINI ANLAMA KILAVUZU min edildiği gibi de oldu. Irak, işgal döneminde bile görmediği bir şiddet kısır döngüsüne teslim oldu. Artık her ay yüzlerce, bazen binlerce insanın ölmesi sıradanlaşan bir gelişmeye dönüşmüş oldu. Ortaya çıkan kaosun içerisinde Irak siyasetine kimlerin nasıl yön verdiğini anlamaya çalışmak bile başlı başına önemli bir soruna dönüştü. Zaten işgal sonrası kaostan düzen çıkarmaya çalışan Irak siyaseti içinden çıkılmaz bir anlamsızlığa mahkum oldu. Irak’ın yakın gelecekte istikrara kavuşması da hali hazırdaki siyasi aktörlerin etnik-mezhebi farklılıklara yaslanarak siyaset yapmak yerine mezkur kimliklerini aşma kapasiteleriyle doğrudan alakalıdır. Kaldı ki 2010 seçimlerinde etnik-mezhebi şablonu bir nebze aşma ihtimali olan hareketi Iraklılar seçimlerden birinci çıkarmışlardı. Irak’ın geleceği Irak’taki farklılıkları yatay kesmeyi başaran yeni bir siyasi dil ve platformdan geçmektedir. Aksi bir siyaset, Saddam dönemini aratmayan, herkesin kendi dünyasında mevzi savaşı verdiği koskoca bir siyasal anlamsızlığa tekabül etmektedir.
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