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TNJR V1 2 2010 Compleet.Pdf The Netherlands-Japan Review ・ 日蘭評論 Redactie / Board of Editors Prof. Dr W.J. Boot (hoofdredacteur / editor-in-chief) Mr Drs P.A. de Hoog (eindredacteur / copy editor) Prof. Dr W.R. van Gulik Drs J.P.A. Kuijpers Redactie Adres/ Publishing Address SieboldHuis Postbus 11007 2301 EA Leiden Tel: +31-(0)71-5125539 Fax: +31-(0)71-5128063 Email: [email protected] Website: http://magazine.sieboldhuis.org © 2010, Leiden Zonder schriftelijk toestemming van de redactie is gehele of gedeeltelijke overname van artikelen, foto’s, en illustraties nadrukkelijk verboden. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part of articles and images without written permission by the publisher is prohibited. Designs by Roxane van Beek and Coen Zimmerman. 42 日蘭評論 ・ The Netherlands-Japan Review Contents The Netherlands-Japan Review ・ 日蘭評論 Inhoud / Contents Column: Bericht uit Tokyo - Rien ne van plus 44 Bas Valckx Verschuivende Perspectieven 46 Willem van Gulik Cha Zen ichi mi 64 Calligraphy by Arthur Witteveen Het verhaal van de zwerfhond 66 Isaka Yōko/ vertaling Frans Verwayen Priests, money and women: Religion in Seji kenbunroku 69 Mark Teeuwen 43 Volume 1, Nr. 2, Summer 2010 Bas Valckx Bericht uit Tokyo - Rien ne van plus Bas Valckx Onrust in de wereld van de vlietende schoonheid, of beter gezegd, schoonheden, want in Kabukichō werd in maart de eerste demonstratie van kyaba-jo (medewerker in een hostess bar) georganiseerd door de in december opgerichte vakbond voor deze beroepsgroep Cabauni (http:// ameblo.jp/cabauni/). 190 mensen waren op de been in Kabukichō en vroegen (paraderend?) aandacht voor de slechte werksituatie in hun industrie: sekuhara, achterstallig loon, boetes voor te laat op het werk komen, etc. Hoewel, achteraf bleek dat er slechts enkele kyaba-jo meeliepen en voor de rest eigenlijk alleen sympathisanten (klanten van deze etablissementen?). Kabukichō had overigens de reputatie van sin city van Tokyo, totdat enkele jaren geleden de huidige gouverneur van Tokyo, Ishihara Shintarō, de wijk heeft laten schoonvegen (en daarmee vele van de criminele elementen naar de omliggende wijken heeft verjaagd). Ook nu is het nog de plek om yakuza, prostituees, slechte gemanierde buitenlanders en verwaterde dames in waterholes met twee of drie krukjes in een plek tegen te komen. De mafia is ook onrustig, want er zijn bewegingen om een lucratieve inkomstenbron uit de illegaliteit weg te nemen: gokken. Gokken is illegaal in Japan. Althans, paardenrennen, wielrennen en bootraces zijn toegestaan, omdat zij het algemeen welzijn tot doel zouden hebben. Daarnaast wordt de mogelijkheid om de duizenden pachinko-balletjes om te wisselen in geld (weliswaar via de fiches die je er aanvankelijk voor krijgt) door de politie gedoogd. Kortom, ondanks dat gokken illegaal is, heeft de gemiddelde Japanner legio mogelijkheden om zijn zuurverdiende yen kwijt te raken. En binnenkort wordt daar nog een legale mogelijkheid aan toegevoegd, namelijk casino’s! Gouverneur Ishihara liet een aantal jaren geleden al een proefballonnetje op om er een te stichten in de wijk Ōdaiba, maar moest het idee laten varen door de torenhoge wettelijke obstakels. Gouverneur Hashimoto Tōru van Osaka is afgelopen jaar een paar keer naar Singapore geweest om kennis te nemen van de goksituatie aldaar en enkele weken geleden heeft de flamboyante gouverneur van Chiba, Morita Kensaku bijgenaamd ‘Mori-ken’ (groot fan van pachinko overigens), laten weten, dat hij in zijn prefectuur graag een casino wil realiseren. Hij is blijkbaar nog niet van de schok bekomen, dat de huidige Minister van Land, Infrastructuur, Transport en Toerisme, Maehara Seiji, heeft laten weten dat hij Haneda (in Tokyo) wil veranderen in een 24-uurs hub vliegveld. In Chiba hoopt men nu via Narita, dat andere internationale vliegveld, de reizigers naar het casino te dirigeren, alwaar zij met hun geld de uitgedunde kas van Chiba zullen spekken. Er is inmiddels ook al een werkgroep van parlementsleden opgericht die een wetsvoorstel gaan voorbereiden om het oprichten van casino’s mogelijk te maken. Omdat er dan wellicht problemen zullen komen met pachinko-uitbaters ziet het ernaar uit dat, als deze wet op de casino’s er doorkomt, pachinko ook gelegaliseerd zal worden. Het zal echter nog wel even duren voordat een dergelijke wet zal worden doorgevoerd, 44 日蘭評論 ・ The Netherlands-Japan Review Bericht uit Tokyo – Rien ne va plus ondanks de populariteit van gokken onder politici. Er zullen momenteel ongetwijfeld flink wat weddenschappen uitstaan op de vraag of minister-president Hatoyama de maand mei zal overleven of niet. Het vraagstuk Futenma is op dit moment onvermijdelijk; ieder net besteedt er tijd aan en overal wordt er afgeteld naar 31 mei, de datum waarop Hatoyama een oplossing klaar moet hebben. Het vraagstuk krijgt ook een steeds persoonlijker gezicht door de demonstraties op het eiland Tokunoshima (Prefectuur Kagoshima) waar 60% van de bevolking (16.000 mensen op 25.000 zielen) bijeenkwam in een demonstratie tegen de plannen om een deel van de legerbasis naar dit eiland over te brengen. De verwachtingen waren zo hoog gespannen een half jaar geleden toen Hatoyama aantrad, maar daar is bar weinig van over: slechts 25%, tegenover 71% aanvankelijk, van de bevolking heeft er nog vertrouwen in. De aanpak van het probleem met Futenma is representatief voor de aanpak van alle grote vraagstukken; beloftes die niet nagekomen kunnen worden, ruziënde ministers die elkaar tegenspreken en een regeringswoordvoerder (Hirano) die in de namiddag moet ontkennen wat hij ’s ochtends heeft gezegd. Kortom, veel onrust in Japan dus en de vraag is wie zal het eerst verdwijnen; de sakura in Hokkaido of Hatoyama? Bas Valckx is beleidsmedewerker van de Pers en Culturele Afdeling van de Nederlandse ambassade in Tokyo. Hij studeerde Japanse taal en cultuur aan de universiteit van leiden van 1997 tot 2004. De helft van zijn studententijd bracht hij door in Japan, onder andere in Nagasaki, Kyoto, Shikoku en Shimane. In 2004 studeerde hij af met een scriptie over de Shikoku pelgrimage onder begeleiding van Dr. Henny van der Veere. In 2005 vertrok hij naar Tokyo en sinds 2007 is hij werkzaam op de ambassade. 45 Volume 1, Nr. 2, Summer 2010 Willem van Gulik Verschuivende Perspectieven Willem van Gulik Abstract ‘SHIFTING PERSPECTIVES’1 presents an overview of the use of perspective in Japanese and, more generally, in East Asian art. We begin with the Japanese painter Kawahara Keiga, who made a great number of paintings at the request of Von Siebold. Most of his paintings are in full colour, but he was also a master of the genre of monochrome ink-paintings (suibokuga). It was a style of painting that had become popular in Japan under the influence of Zen Buddhism, and was fully assimilated in the fifteenth century, with painters such as Sesshū. One of the characteristics of this type of art was the ‘shifting perspective,’ i.e., the combination of different perspectives that we find in vertical Chinese landscape paintings (kakemono): the viewer looks down on the lower part, which is close, and looks up to the higher part, which represents the far mountain peaks. The illusion of depth is created through the shifting points of view. A different application of multiple perspectives is found in the illustrated scrolls (emaki), in which one follows the painting as one rolls out the scroll from right to left. One sees a succession of ‘frames,’ never the whole picture at once. The perspective applied in the individual scenes on a scroll is diagonal: the eye follows a line from the underside left to the topside right, looking deeper and deeper into the scene. Often this is combined with a ‘bird’s eye perspective” from which one looks from above inside the building in which the scene is set. The European linear perspective with its central vanishing point became known in Japan through the students of Dutch learning (Rangaku). Experiments with this perspective were undertaken by Shiba Kōkan. In the same period, many optical prints were made, that had to be looked at through a combination of lens and mirror (another European invention) in order to see depth. Inleiding Een ieder die een bezoek brengt aan het enkele jaren geleden nieuw geopende Sieboldhuis te Leiden, zal reeds bij het betreden van de eerste grote zaal, op de begane grond, getroffen worden door de indrukwekkende hoeveelheid Japanse voorwerpen van kunst en kunstnijverheid die massaal in de aaneengesloten vitrines en in het halfduister langs de wanden staan opgetast, tot hoog aan het plafond. Deze Panoramakamer zal op eerste gezicht doen denken aan de rariteitenkabinetten van weleer, waarin artefacten samen met voortbrengselen van de natuur 1 ‘Shifting Perspectives’ is based on the lecture Prof. Van Gulik gave on November 23, 2010, when he stepped down as professor of East-Asian Art at Leiden University. 46 日蘭評論 ・ The Netherlands-Japan Review Verschuivende Perspectieven door particulieren als curiositeiten werden verzameld, bewaard en tentoongesteld ter lering ende vermaak van hun bewonderende gasten. De ogenschijnlijke wanorde in de huidige presentatie van de Panoramakamer zou geen recht doen aan de principes waarmede Von Siebold destijds zijn Japanse verzameling bijeen had gebracht en volgens welke hij beoogde zijn ‘Japansch Museum’ in te richten. In tegenstelling tot de eenzijdige nadruk op het uiterlijk van voorwerpen die door hun wonderlijke vorm opvallend kunnen zijn, ging het er bij hem veeleer om de functie en betekenis van het object, alsmede het doel en het gebruik ervan in de context van het dagelijks leven in Japan duidelijk te maken. Met deze ‘holistische’ benadering van het verzamelen was Von Siebold zijn tijd ver vooruit. De opzet van de Panoramakamer weerspiegelt de systematische en thematische ordening die hij in de bewerking van zijn collecties volgde. Von Siebold en Keiga Het ‘Japansch Museum’ dat Von Siebold in zijn woning had ingericht en voor het publiek had opengesteld, was voor hem geenszins een rariteitenkabinet, ofschoon het misschien wel als zodanig door het nieuwsgierige publiek werd opgevat.
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