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Social and Cultural Lives of Immune Systems

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Social and Cultural Lives of Immune Systems 1111 2 Social and Cultural Lives 3 of Immune Systems 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13111 Social and Cultural Lives of Immune Systems introduces a provocative new 4 hypothesis in medico-social theory – the theory that immunity and disease 5 are in part socially constituted, and that immune systems function not just 6 as biological entities but also as symbolic concepts charged with political 7 significance. Bridging elements of psychology, sociology, body theory, 8 immunology, and medical anthropology, twelve papers from leading inter- 9 national scholars explicate some of the health-hazards of emotional and social 20111 pressure, whilst analyzing the semiotic and social responses to immunity and to imagery associated with it. Is it possible, as some experts now claim, that 1 the terminology of immunity, dependent upon the defense of the self from 2 invasion by an alien other, has entered modern consciousness to a point where 3 it serves as a metaphor and indicator of wider political realities? If one’s 4 social status affects one’s immune competence, can health interventions 5 avoid taking poverty and discrimination into account? Can immunological 6 rhetoric genuinely be shown to affect operations as diverse as military action, 7 crime policy, and international food distribution? If this is the case, what 8 conclusions can be drawn from the fact that tactics of disclosure, emotional 9 openness, and inclusion are clinically proven to boost immunity, whereas 30111 division, denial, and containment – apparently modeled on the activities of 1 immune cells – ironically raise susceptibility to disease? 2 Social and Cultural Lives of Immune Systems features contributions from 3 David Napier, Emily Martin, Daniel E. Moerman, and others alongside criti- 4 cal data from trauma-writing interventions in the US and New Zealand, 5 European drug trials, US clinical practice, and global fieldwork on stress, 6 status, and cultural capital. Possibly the first cultural analysis of embodiment 7 to give close attention to immune function, and certainly one of the first stud- 8 ies of immunology, disease, and healing to look seriously at concepts of the 9 social self, it offers a comprehensive framework for future study in an excit- 40111 ing new area. 1 James M. Wilce Jr is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Northern 2 Arizona University. He specializes in sociocultural perspectives on language, 3 illness, and healing, and is author of Eloquence in Trouble: Poetics and 44111 Politics of Complaint in Rural Bangladesh (1998). Theory and Practice in Medical Anthropology and International Health A series edited by Susan M. DiGiacomo University of Massachusetts, Amherst Editorial Board H. Kris Heggenhougen, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Daniel E. Moerman, University of Michigan, Dearborn R. Brooke Thomas, University of Massachusetts, Amherst International Advisory Board George Armelagos, Hans Baer, Peter Brown, Xòchitl Castaneda, Deborah Gordon, Xòchitl Herrera, Judith Justice, Montasser Kamal, Charles Leslie, Shirley Lindenbaum, Margaret Lock, Setha Low, Mark Nichter, Duncan Pedersen, Thomas Ots, Nacy Scheper-Hughes, Merrill Singer Founding Editor Libbet Crandon-Malamud Volume 1 Volume 6 Hippocrates’ Latin American What’s Behind the Symptom? Legacy: Humoral Medicine in the On Psychiatric Observation and New World Anthropological Understanding George M. Foster Angel Martinez-Hernáez Volume 7 Volume 2 The Daughters of Ha¯ritı¯: Forbidden Narratives: Critical Childbirth and Female Healers in Autobiography as Social Science South and South-East Asia Kathryn Church Edited by Santi Rozario and Volume 3 Geoffrey Samuel Anthropology and International Volume 8 Health: Asian Case Studies New Horizons in Medical Mark Nichter and Mimi Nichter Anthropology: Essays in Honour of Charles Leslie Volume 4 Edited by Mark Nichter and The Anthropology of Infectious Margaret Lock Disease: International Health Volume 9 Perspectives Medical Pluralism in the Andes Edited by Marcia C. Inhorn and Edited by Joan D. Koss-Chioino, Thomas Peter J. Brown Leatherman and Christine Greenway Volume 5 Volume 10 Against Death: The Practice of Social and Cultural Lives of Living with AIDS Immune Systems Robert M. Ariss Edited by James M. Wilce Jr 1111 2 Social and Cultural Lives 3 4 of Immune Systems 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13111 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 Edited by James M.Wilce Jr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 2003 James M. Wilce Jr for selection and editorial material; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Social and cultural lives of immune systems / edited by James M. Wilce, Jnr. p. cm. – (Theory and practice in medical anthropology and international health) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Medical anthropology. 2. Immune system. 3. Culture – semiotic models. 4. Body, Human – Social aspects. 5. Body, Human – Symbolic aspects. I. Wilce, James MacLynn, 1953– . II. Series. GN296.S613 2003 306.4′61 – dc21 2002031935 ISBN 0-203-40451-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-34183-X (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–31004–0 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–31005–9 (pbk) 1111 2 Contents 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13111 List of illustrations vii 4 List of contributors ix 5 Acknowledgements x 6 7 1 Introduction: social and cultural lives of immune systems 8 in a semiotic universe 1 9 JAMES M. WILCE JR 20111 1 2 PART I 3 Theoretical perspectives 17 4 2 Telling stories: the health benefits of disclosure 19 5 JAMES W. PENNEBAKER 6 7 3Relating to our worlds in a psychobiological context: 8 the impact of disclosure on self-generation and immunity 36 9 ROGER J. BOOTH AND KATHRYN P. DAVISON 30111 1 4 Metaphors our bodyminds live by 50 2 JAMES M. WILCE JR AND LAURIE J. PRICE 3 4 5 “Immune” to emotion: the relative absence of emotion 5 in PNI, and its centrality to everything else 82 6 MARGOT LYON 7 8 PART II 9 PNI in the wild: anthropological fieldwork using 40111 endocrine and immune variables 103 1 2 6 Childhood stress: endocrine and immune responses to 3 psychosocial events 105 44111 MARK V. FLINN AND BARRY G. ENGLAND vi Contents 7 Cultural congruity and the cortisol stress response among Dominican men 147 SEAMUS A. DECKER, MARK V. FLINN, BARRY G. ENGLAND, AND CAROL M. WORTHMAN 8 Life event stress and immune function in Samoan adolescents: toward a cross-cultural psychoneuroimmunology 170 THOMAS W. MCDADE PART III Civilization and its stressed discontents: from individual stress to cross-national comparisons 189 9 The enigma of hypertension and psychosomatic illness: lessons for psychoneuroimmunology from beyond the conscious mind 191 SAMUEL J. MANN 10 Cultural variations in the placebo effect: ulcers, anxiety, and blood pressure 206 DANIEL E. MOERMAN 11 Corporeal flows: the immune system, global economies of food, and new implications for health 232 RICHARD CONE AND EMILY MARTIN PART IV Critical retrospectives 267 12 Stressful encounters of an immunological kind: the social dimensions of psychoneuroimmunology 269 DAVID NAPIER 13Reflections on embodiment 282 LAURENCE J. KIRMAYER Index 303 1111 2 Illustrations 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13111 Figures 4 5 3.1 Word use analysis of emotional writing 44 6 6.1 Longitudinal monitoring of cortisol levels as a tool for 7 investigating stress response among children in a 8 Caribbean village 108 9 6.2 Household composition and cortisol 117 20111 6.3 Average (mean) cortisol levels of step and genetic children 1 residing in the same household 118 2 6.4 Morning and afternoon cortisol levels of “Jenny” during 3 summer 1994 119 4 6.5 Marital conflict and cortisol levels in the “Franklin” family 120 5 6.6 Household composition and cortisol during “non-stressful” 6 periods 122 7 6.7 Chronic stress, cortisol levels, and frequency of illness 124 8 6.8 Temporal association between naturally occurring stress 9 events and frequency of illness 125 30111 6.9 Temporal changes in salivary cortisol, neopterin, interleukin-8 1 and s-immunoglobulin A levels of a 12-year-old male over 2 a five-day period 127 3 6.10 Cortisol and s-IgA levels 127 4 6.11 Neopterin and stress 128 5 6.12 Interleukin-8 response to illness and chronic stress 128 6 6.13 Temporal changes in immune measures during illness 129 7 6.14 Temporal changes in immune measures during illness 8 for chronically stressed children 129 9 7.1 Salivary cortisol by time of day 153 40111 7.2 Partial regression residual plot of subjects’ mean cortisol 1 residuals and frequency of distressed mood 155 2 7.3 Partial regression of residual plot of cortisol and mean 3 peer rating 156 44111 viii Illustrations 7.4 Least squares means and standard errors of subjects’ mean cortisol residuals 157 7.5 Least squares means and standard errors of subjects’ mean cortisol residuals 157 8.1 Interaction between life events and socioeconomic status in predicting EBV antibody
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