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Chapter 1 Introduction Part- 1: Folklore

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Chapter 1 Introduction Part- 1: Folklore CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION PART- 1: FOLKLORE “Folklore comprehends all knowledge that is transmitted by word of mouth and all crafts and techniques that are learnt by imitation and examples as well as the product of such art.” William R. Bascom, professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley, has given an elaborate and illustrative definition of folklore. According to this definition, folklore is a generic term, which includes a whole range of material namely “folk art, folk craft, folk tools, folk customs, folk beliefs, folk medicines, folk recipes, folk music, folk dance, folk games, folk gestures and folk speech as well as those verbal forms of expression which have been called Folk literature” (283). Encyclopedia Britann ica (2006) defines folklore as “ traditional knowledge and beliefs of cultures having no written language. It is transmitted by word of mouth and consists as does written literature of both prose and verse narratives, poems and songs, myths, dramas, rituals, proverbs, riddles and the like.” Standard Dictionary of Folklore Mythology and Legend, 1st volume, contains 21 concise definitions regarding folklore, wherein the most common criterion is its transmission of word by mouth, suggested as ‘Verbal art’ or ‘Spoken words’. In Zaverchand Meghani’s words, “F olklore is the Gangotri of shista sahitya ”. (Source of elite literature) Well known Gujarati scholar Dr. Hasu Yagnik says that Folklore is a public wealth of that particular region of the people speaking the language and it lives on throbbing in the traditions of its people” (1). Martha Sims and Martine Stephene have explained their views on folklore vividly, “Folklore is many thi ngs, and it’s almost impossible to define it succinctly. It’s both what folklorists study, and the name of the discipline they work within. Yes, folklore is folk songs and legends. It’s also quilts, Boy Scout Badges, high school 1 marching band initiations, jokes, chain letters, nicknames, holiday food…..and many other things you might or might not expect. Folklore exists in cities, suburbs and rural villages, in families, work groups and dormitories. Folklore is present in many kind of informal communication, whether verbal (oral and written text), customary (behavioral, rituals) or material (physical objects). It involves values, traditions, ways of thinking and behaving. It’s about art. It is about people and the way people learn. It helps us who we are and how to make meaning in the world around us .” (1) After this preliminary knowledge of folklore, it is not difficult to see that folklore is almost as old as the human society. There has been no society, not excluding the most ancient or primitive in which knowledge, beliefs, customs etc. have not been shared and handed down. “Folklore is one of the important parts that go to make up the culture of any people…..There is no known culture which does not include folklore. No group of people, however simple their technology, has ever been discovered which does not employ some form of folklore. Because of the same tales and proverbs known to both, folklore is a bridge between literate and non-literate societies” (26). While folklore in the first sense has always been a part of culture since the very beginning of human society itself, the study of folklore is hardly two hundred years old. Scholars agree that interest in systematic collection and preservation of folklore started in Europe- in Germany, to be precise; towards the last part of 18 th century, almost in synchronization with two intellectual movements of Romanticism and Nationalism. Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803), a German nationalist poet and thinker discovered what he called ‘Volksseele’ - soul of the people - in traditionally preserved tales, songs and beliefs of the peasantry living in the German country side. His famous anthology of folksongs ‘ Simmer der Volker in Leidern ’ was published in 1778- 79. He used such terms as ‘Volkslied ’- folk song, ’ Volkseele’ - folk soul and ‘Volksglaube ’ - folk belief. He was the first to argue that language contributes to shaping the frame works and patterns with which each linguistic community thinks and feels. Thus, Herder put forward the idea of national conscience in the literature of the common people. 2 Among those inspired by von Herder’s appeal were two young German brothers, Jacob Grim (1785-1863) and Wilhelm Grim (1786-1859), who assiduously took up the task of collecting, examining and publishing German tales and myths in a systematic manner. The rise of Romanticism in Europe during 19 th century revived interest in traditional folk stories. Grimm Brothers undertook this work with dedication with the goal of researching a scholarly treatise on folk tales. Thus, they introduced the methodology for collecting and recording folk stories that became the basics of folklore studies. Grimm Brothers published the first collection of eighty-six stories - the first volume of their celebrated ‘ Kinder-und Haus marchen’ (1812), translated as ‘Grimm’s Fairy Tales ’. Grimm Brothers collected more than 200 stories from the country side peasant societies of Germany, which became available in more than 100 languages and also adapted by the film makers. Even in the 21 st century, in the time of science and technology, the Grimm Brothers’ stories are ever fresh and provide subject matter for the new versions of the st ories like ‘Cinderella’, ‘Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs’ and ‘Sleeping Beauty’ etc. Three generations of our time have grown up reading these stories. These stories ignite imagination of the young minds and satisfy their curiosity. Folklore did not receive its due respect as the area of interest until the end of 18 th century. It was mistakenly thought that only people who study folklore are antiquarian type, devotees of ballads which were no longer sung and collectors of quaint customs which were no longer practiced. It was considered as the product of deprived people. Many fallacies had been attached with the term itself. Elitists believed, folk has something to do with unlettered and uneducated. Folk were understood to be a group of people who constituted the lower stratum: the so called ‘Vulgus in populo’ in contrast with the elite society. Literate class of the people believed that much of the folklore was fantasy. It was associated with error, myth, superstition, old wives’ tales and as irrational relics of the past. (Dorson 1) Folklore emerged as a new field of learning in the nineteenth century, when antiquaries in England and philologists in Germany began to look closely at the ways of the lower classes. Folkloristics: 3 Folkloristics is the formal academic discipline devoted to the study of folklore. Occ asionally, it is also known as ‘ Tradition Studies’ or ‘Folk -life Studies’, in Britain. This term gained currency in1950.The term itself is derived from German designation ‘Folkloristik’ . Ultimately, the Folkloristics is used to distinguish between the material studied - Folklore, and the study of folklore - Folkloristics. In scholarly usage, Folkloristics represents an emphasis on the contemporary, social aspects of expressive culture, in contrast to the more literary or historical study of culture texts. It was established as a field of study across both, Europe and America. Folklore did not emerge as the systematic study of branch of knowledge until 19 th century; however the work in the field of study of folklore had already been undertaken by the interested and committed persons since much earlier. Grimm Brothers had used the word ‘volkskunde ’ to denote the subject of folklore. But the term ‘Folklore’ was coined by William John Thomas (1803-1885), a British antiquarian in 1846. He fabricated the term folklore to replace the various other terms used at the time including ‘Popular Antiquities’ or ‘Popular Literature’. While writing to a respected English weekly, ‘Athenaeum’, Thomas William declared, “W hat we in England designate as popular antiquities……would be most aptly described by a good S axon compound ‘Folklore’ - the Lore of the People”. He began a column entitled ‘Folklore’ in Athenaeum. His early attempts to produce a collection of folk tales advertised as ‘Folklore of England’. Within a year , Thomas could proudly announce that his term had achieved a household currency. William was very proud of finding the new term; he says, “I claim the honor of introducing the epithet folklore’, as Disraeli does of introducing ‘Fatherland’ in to the literature of this country”. Doing so, Thomas was echoing scholars from across the European continent to collect artifacts of older, mostly of oral cultural tradition still flourishing among the rural populace. Thomas’s concept of folklore and his definition includes manners, customs, observance, superstitions, ballads, proverbs and so forth. Describing the development of folklore as the discipline, American folklorist Alan Dundes says that, the increasing awareness of folklore was closely associated with nineteenth-century intellectual currents of Romanticism and Nationalism. The 4 glorification of the common man included a nostalgic interest in his speech and manners which were believed to be dying out (4).Thus, discipline of folklore studies developed considerably as a new branch of knowledge in 20th century. Folklore Studies or Folkloristics found its due respect as an interdisciplinary branch of knowledge dealing with auspices of literature (Humanities) and Anthropology. Folkloristics opened the new branches of knowledge in the fields of Philology, Ethnography, Sociology, Culture Studies etc. So, twentieth century saw sudden rise and development in the discipline of Folkloristics. The key phrase in Thomas’s proposal was ‘popular antiquities’, a term too cumbersome for his taste but well understood by his countrymen. The quest for antiquities of all kinds had intrigued English - men throughout the 17 th and 18 th century. They wrote books on Greek, Roman and Norman antiquities. His successors explored this subject with an intellectual vigour and brilliance that excited all England in the late Victorian decades.
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