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Quality Analysis and Study of a Region of Kalpathy River Using Bacteria

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Quality Analysis and Study of a Region of Kalpathy River Using Bacteria Pramana Research Journal ISSN NO: 2249-2976 QUALITY ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF A REGION OF KALPATHY RIVER USING BACTERIA INOCULUM DIVYA K NAIR1, Prof.Chinnamma2 Malabar College of Engineering and Technology, Kerala Technology University, Thrissur(Dist),Kerala,India sea. All the rivers are entirely monsoon-fed Abstract and many of them shrink into rivulets or dry The study was conducted to find out the up completely during summer. changes in physio-chemical and Bharathappuzha ("River of Bhārata"), also bacteriological characteristics of Kalpathy known as the River Nila, is a river in India in River at Palakkad district Kerala, India. The the state of Kerala. With a length of river water samples were collected in and 209 km, it is the second longest river in around the region to be studied. After fixing Kerala, after Periyar. The word "Nila" the boundaries using QGIS software and indicates the culture more than just a river. sample were analyzed for various physio- Nila has groomed the culture and life of chemical and bacteriological parameters south Malabar part of Kerala. It is also using bacteria inoculum. Bacteria are referred to as "Peraar" in ancient scripts and introduced to water sample based physical documents. The headwaters of the parameters of water in the river and main tributary of Bharathapuzha originates analyzing the changes made by bacteria to in the Anaimalai Hills in the Western Ghats, the parameters of water. The study indicated and flows westward through Palakkad Gap, that the mean value of studied parameters, (also known as Palghat gap) biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical across Palakkad, Thrissur and Malappuramd oxygen demand (COD) of the river water istricts of Kerala, with many tributaries sample were within the permissible limit. The joining it, including the Tirur River. For the parameters include total suspended solids, first 40 km or so, the Bharathappuzha BOD, COD, of the river water sample were follows an almost northerly course tested after bacterial inoculation for a period till Pollachi near Coimbatore. At Parli, of time and finding out the changes occurred the Kannadipuzha and Kalpathippuza merge in the river by the bacteria before and after and flow as Bharathappuzha, following a the bacterial inoculation. westerly course until it empties into the Lakshadweep Sea at Ponnani. At Index Term- River water, Mayannur, Gayathripuzha merges with the Physicochemical characteristics, Drinking river. The Thootha River merges with the water Nila at Pallippuram. As the Thootha River is rich in water, after its merger, the Nila I. INTRODUCTION becomes thicker in flow. Rivers are the most important natural resource for human development but it is A Geographic Information System (GIS being polluted by indiscriminate disposal of Software) is designed to store, retrieve, sewage, industrial waste and plethora of manage, display, and analyze all types of human activities, which affects its geographic and spatial data. GIS software physicochemical and microbiological lets you produce maps and other graphic quality. The potential cause of degradation displays of geographic information for of river water quality due to various point analysis and presentation. GIS software lets and nonpoint sources. Increasing problem you produce maps and other graphic of deterioration of river water quality, it is displays of geographic information for necessary to monitoring of water quality to analysis and presentation. With these evaluate the production capacity. capabilities a GIS is a valuable tool to visualize spatial data or to build decision There are 44 rivers in Kerala, all but three support systems for use in your originating in the Western Ghats. 41 of them organization. A GIS stores data on flow westward and 3 eastward. The rivers of geographical features and their Kerala are small, in terms of length, breadth characteristics. The features are typically and water discharge. The rivers flow faster, classified as points, lines, or areas, or as owing to the hilly terrain and as the short raster images. On a map city data could be distance between the Western Ghats and the stored as points, road data could be stored 1 Volume 9, Issue 5, 2019 759 https://pramanaresearch.org/ Pramana Research Journal ISSN NO: 2249-2976 as lines, and boundaries could be stored as II.MATERIALS AND METHODS areas, while aerial photos or scanned maps 1.SOFTWARE could be stored as raster images.Geographic Information Systems store information QGIS (previously known as Quantum GIS) using spatial indices that make it possible to is a free and open-source cross- identify the features located in any arbitrary platform desktop geographic information region of a map. For example, a GIS can system (GIS) application that supports quickly identify and map all of the locations viewing, editing, and analysis of geospatial within a specified radius of a point, or all of data. the streets that run through a territory. 2 FUNCTION 2.1 Layers There are many bacterias used for water treatmentprocess.Photosynthetic bacteria c QGIS can display multiple layers containing an use short-chain organic acids different sources or depictions of sources. as electron donors for the production 2.2 Preparing maps of hydrogen at the expense of light energy. These bacteria have several advantages over In order to prepare map with QGIS, Print their fermentative counterparts, such as composer is used. It can be used for adding high theoretical conversion yield and the map, labels, legends, etc. utilization of wide spectral light energy to decompose organic acids into hydrogen and CO2. This positive free-energyreaction is impossible to be accomplished by anaerobic digestion.Inaddition, photosyntheticbacteria lack oxygen-evolving activity, which otherwiseposes oxygen inactivation proble ms in different biological systems. The combination of photosynthetic Fig no.1 Sample Location Map and anaerobicbacteria can provide an integratedsystem for the maximization of 3 SAMPLING hydrogen yield. order of gram-positive, low- GC, acid-tolerant, generally nonsporulating, It is an absolute necessity that one attempts nonrespiring, either rod-shaped (bacilli) or to collect samples that are representative of spherical(cocci) bacteria thatsharecommon the matrix under investigation. When metabolic and physiological characteristics. collecting samples, one must follow These bacteria, usually found in predetermined sampling protocols decomposing plants and milk products, (procedures and methods) which have been produce lactic acid as the major metabolic chosen (bearing in mind the sampling end product of carbohydrate fermentation. (collection) site, the number of samples to This trait has, throughout history, linked be collected, and the timing of the sampling) LAB with food fermentations, as to meet the purpose of the survey, and acidification inhibits the growth of spoilage which are appropriate to the media being agents. Proteinaceous bacteriocins are investigated. produced by several LAB strains and Water quality provide an additional hurdle for spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. 4 SAMPLING TIMING Furthermore, lactic acid and other metabolic products contribute to Time the sampling trip such that it is the organolepticand textural profile of a possible to collect a representative water food item. The industrial importance of the sample from the designated sampling point. LAB is further evidenced by their generally Take into account factors such as the recognized as safe (GRAS) status, due to weather, tides, currents, geography etc. their ubiquitous appearance in food and their contribution to the healthy microbiota 5 SAMPLING POINT of animal and human mucosal surfaces. The genera that comprise the LAB are at its For rivers, the primary sampling point is in core Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcu the surface water layer (0-5 cm from the s, Lactococcus,and Streptococcus,these surface) at the centre of the main flow. belong to the order Lactobacillales However, the top 1-2 cm of this surface 2 Volume 9, Issue 5, 2019 760 https://pramanaresearch.org/ Pramana Research Journal ISSN NO: 2249-2976 layer should be avoided so as not to collect floating dust, oil, etc. In addition, further 9 SAMPLING OPERATION samples can be collected through the full depth of the water column if required to The number and volume (size) of the meet the purpose of the study. samples to be collected will depend on the number and concentration of the target 6 SAMPLING TOOLS analytes, the difficulty and expense of analysis, and whether extra storage is The type of water sampling tool required required. Collect the water sample using the will depend on the sampling site and the most appropriate sampling tool given the type of sample to be taken. Sampling can be nature of the sampling site, the target achieved using buckets, open water grab analyte, and the instrument on which samplers (a ladle or bottle on the end of a quantitative measurement will be long pole), or vertical and horizontal performed. Sample containers should be messenger activated samplers (such Niskin washed 3-4 times with water from the exact bottles or Kemmerer water samplers). site of sampling prior to taking the sample. The samples should be carefully and gently poured into its container without making 7 SAMPLE CONTAINERS bubbles. For underground water, collect spring water directly into sampling bottles The size and type of sample to be taken will when the groundwater is gushing out. determine the type of sample container required. 10 FIELD RECORDS • For volatile organic compounds, use clear or brown bottles or vials with screw caps or On a form which has been prepared in stoppers lined with tetrafluoroethene resin advance, record all pertinent details e.g. the films, or similar products, which can be sampling date, sample name (code), closed to provide a gas-tight seal. sampling site’s name (code), an accurate • For semi-volatile or non-volatile organic position for the sampling site (map of G.I.S. compounds, use clear or brown glass jars position), general environmental conditions with a stoppers or Teflon lined screw caps.
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