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THE ROMANIAN POLICE and ITS ROLE in the ROMA DEPORTATIONS PETRE MATEI Abstract in Romania, Roma Deportation Had Many Local Speci

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THE ROMANIAN POLICE and ITS ROLE in the ROMA DEPORTATIONS PETRE MATEI Abstract in Romania, Roma Deportation Had Many Local Speci THE ROMANIAN POLICE AND ITS ROLE IN THE ROMA DEPORTATIONS PETRE MATEI Abstract In Romania, Roma deportation had many local specificities and cannot be reduced to a single cause or discourse. These particularities could remain incomprehensible due to the researchers’ tendency to focus almost exclusively on the elites. This obstructs the understanding of a more complex interplay between different actors who contributed to the deportation of the Roma. It is important to bring into discussion the bottom-up perspective of Police as an agency, because: 1) it criminalized the Roma over a long period of time; 2) in 1942, when charged with identifying and deporting the „problem-Gypsies”, Police had a considerable leeway in labelling those who were to be deported. What I intend to do is to analyse how the law enforcement agencies perceived the Roma. Then, against this backdrop, I will compare these interwar perceptions and proposed measures to the measures taken by Antonescu’s regime during WWII, without neglecting the local initiatives.1 Keywords: law enforcement agencies, policing, control, labelling, deportations, genocide, Romania, Transnistria. THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LEGIONARY WORKERS IN THE BUCHAREST POGROM MARIUS CAZAN Abstract Our study aims to review the involvement of the far-right Legionary Movement from workers' centers in Bucharest, in the pogrom of January 21 to 23, 1941, by using archive materials. The increase in size of the Legionary Workers’ Corps (Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar - CML), enjoyed by the Legion from within the workers’ masses in Bucharest, during the months they govemed the country, meant that, in the confrontation with the army, which was faithful to Antonescu, Legionary workers were a major part of the 1 The research for this article was made possible thanks to the Tziporah Wiesel Fellowship offered by the US Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1 rebel forces. Also, the perpetrators of looting and murders that took place during the pogrom that doubled the Rebellion, belonged to the Legionary organizations. The article analyzes the involvement, in the events of January 1941, of legionaries who worked at the Bucharest Tramway Company (Societatea de Tramvaie Bucureşti - STB.), the General Gas and Power Company (Societatea Generală de Gaz şi Electricitate - SGGE), the Communal Plants of Bucharest (Uzinele Comunale Bucureşti - UCB), the "Distribution" (“Distribuţia”) Company for the distribution of oil products in Bucharest and the "Dumitru Voina" metallurgical enterprise. Although these were far from being the only centers that had strong Legionary organizations, whose members participated in the Rebellion, their scrutiny can show the organizational dynamics and workers’ involvement strategy used by the Legionary Movement during the time of the National Legionary State, during the Rebellion and the Bucharest pogrom. Keywords: Legionary rebellion, Bucharest pogrom, Legionary Workers Corps, legionary violence. ROMANIAN POLITICAL JUSTICE. HOLOCAUST AND THE TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS: THE CASE OF TRANSNISTRIA ANDREI MURARU Abstract During the communist period, the history of the Romanian occupation of Transnistria has been falsified, perverted and distorted. At the same time, in the historiography of Romanian Holocaust, the topic of punishing war crimes has been neglected for a long time. With minor exceptions, even after 1989, the subject did not benefitted from a professional perspective because of the lack of sources and also because of the disputes over the traumatic memory from the period 19401989. The attempt to rehabilitate some important figures of war criminals revealed the contradiction between the competitive martyrology and the professional manner in which history should be written. Over the last decades, in the Western historiography the concept of “political trial” received various interpretations. The organization of the trials of war criminals by totalitarian states or by states where dictatorial regimes were about to come to power gave birth to the idea that a “surgical” approach to each judiciary action could offer a balanced way for approaching the topic. The special courts in Romania - People’s Tribunals - created in 1945, functioned in a complicated context and the collective trials organised under their patronage were accompanied by multiple controversies. Given the fact that Romania administered Transnistria, the special tribunals had to deal with the crimes 2 and atrocities committed, during Romanian occupation, against Romanian deported Jews, Ukrainian Jews and Roma. In the three trials that took place between May and July 1945 and which are being analysed in this article, I tried to thoroughly investigate the manner in which the tribunal administered justice. I tried to examine the trials in detail referring to the way in which judicial actors played their role before the court in order to find the truth about de crimes and abuses committed in the districts of Odessa, Golta, Berezovka, Râbnita, Oceakov, Jugastru. In the end, the goal was to offer a broad picture about Romania and its political justice in the postwar period. Keywords: Holocaust, Transnistria, Romania, Ion Antonescu, Jews, political trials, war criminals, People’s Tribunal, communism, USSR, Odessa, Golta, Berezovka, Dumanovka, Vapniarka, Balta, Mostovoi, Râbnita. AN ATTEMPT OF RECONCILIATION BETWEEN THE HUNGARIAN AND JEWISH ELITE AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN TRANSYLVANIA LEVENTE OLOSZ Abstract After the Holocaust there was a desire for reconciliation by the leaders of the Hungarian and the Jewish minorities in Transylvania. In my paper I will examine the collaboration between the two main organizations and their attitude toward each other. Furthermore, I will show why the reconciliation did not work out well, although both organizations were determined for a successful outcome. My main questions are: Why the reconciliation was so important for the two minority’s elites and to what extent was it successful? And the second most important question: why the attempt happened to be failed although both political groups wished for success? I will argue that the two elites originally wanted the reconciliation to make peace between the two minorities for a number of pragmatic reasons and to satisfy the Communist Party request which stated that the ethnic groups in Romania must live peacefully along with each other in the framework of socialism. The reconciliation attempt had an unsuccessful result because they were not able to overcome those issues that they wanted to resolve. Keywords: Antisemitism, reconciliation, Transylvania, communism. 3 THE HOLOCAUST AND THE RECLAMATION OF MEMORY: THE CASE OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN THESSALONIKI MARIA CH. SIDIROPOULOU Abstract It is a fact, that the Holocaust of European Jews has marked in various ways the Jewish diaspora and the Jewish presence worldwide. In the case of the Jews who live in Greece and especially in the city of Thessaloniki, though the Community delayed to break silence about this traumatic historic event, this fact was never let slip from memory. In the public sphere of action, the updating of Holocaust takes place through community actions at first hand and, later, through initiatives from local authorities, by making mnemonic and memorial donations. For the past seventy-four years, Holocaust inheres as a memory in three post-war Jewish generations in Thessaloniki and seals diversely the identity of the social subjects. This mnemonic event in collaboration with the social and politic developments and turmoils, describes the identity of the Jewish element, both directly and indirectly. The presentation will be focused on qualitative empirical data of fieldwork, from a sociological analysis perspective. More specifically, in this paper it will be explored the way in which, the Holocaust of the Greek Jewry emphasizes on the individual and collective responsibilities and, at the same time, it’s function as a contemporary conservation mechanism of the Jewish identity, a cohesive bond of the Greek-Jewry in Thessaloniki. Keywords: Greek-Jews, modernity, Holocaust, memory, identity. MEMORY, TRUTH AND THE RADICALISATION OF KNOWLEDGE: THE BIOGRAPHIES OF NAZI PERPETRATOR DESCENDANTS AND GERMAN HISTORY EDUCATION KATALIN ESZTER MORGAN Abstract Biographical work in the form of often emoţional memory is often set against the factuality of pure history in German scientific discourse. This applies also to how history is taught and learnt in schools. Nevertheless, one of the aims of history education is to consider the uses of historical information for personal or collective orientation in the present and the future. This essay examines qualitatively how some autobiographical video- 4 interviews recorded at former concentration camp memorial site Neuengamme with descendants of Nazi perpetrators could contribute to such an aim. The focus is on the ability of biographies to provide information about how individual and collective talk and discourse about historical process is negotiated from present-day perspectives. What motivated the interviewees to uncover the deeds of their forefathers and what are the costs and benefits of doing so? What do they say about the victims? What emotional challenges do they face and what normative lessons can be learnt from them? Based on the qualitative content analysis, an argument is made for a radicalisation of what counts as (enlightened) knowledge. Keywords: Nazi perpetrators, descendants, autobiography, memory, truth, knowledge, history education. NAE IONESCU’S
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