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The TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory: Integrating Meteorological, Hydro- Feedback Mechanisms, and Occur at Various Spatial and Temporal Scales

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The TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory: Integrating Meteorological, Hydro- Feedback Mechanisms, and Occur at Various Spatial and Temporal Scales Published November 1, 2018 Special Section: Hydrological Observatories The TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory: Core Ideas Integrating Meteorological, Hydrological, • Pre-alpine areas face more intense warming and extreme hydrological and Biogeochemical Measurements events than the global average. • Climate and land management and Modeling change have far-reaching impacts R. Kiese,* B. Fersch, C. Baessler, C. Brosy, K. Butterbach- on ecosystem functions and services. Bahl, C. Chwala, M. Dannenmann, J. Fu, R. Gasche, R. Grote, • We have improved knowledge of C. Jahn, J. Klatt, H. Kunstmann, M. Mauder, T. Rödiger, G. water, energy, and matter exchange Smiatek, M. Soltani, R. Steinbrecher, I. Völksch, J. Werhahn, by long-term observations and B. Wolf, M. Zeeman, and H.P. Schmid modeling. Global change has triggered several transformations, such as alterations in cli- mate, land productivity, water resources, and atmospheric chemistry, with far reaching impacts on ecosystem functions and services. Finding solutions to climate and land cover change-driven impacts on our terrestrial environment is one of the most important scientific challenges of the 21st century, with far- reaching interlinkages to the socio-economy. The setup of the German Terrestrial Environmental Observatories (TERENO) Pre-Alpine Observatory was motivated by the fact that mountain areas, such as the pre-alpine region in southern Germany, have been exposed to more intense warming compared with the global average trend and to higher frequencies of extreme hydrological events, R. Kiese, B. Fersch, C. Brosy, K. Butterbach- such as droughts and intense rainfall. Scientific research questions in the TERENO Bahl, C. Chwala, M. Dannenmann, J. Fu, R. Gasche, R. Grote, C. Jahn, J. Klatt, H. Kunst- Pre-Alpine Observatory focus on improved process understanding and clos- mann, M. Mauder, G. Smiatek, M. Soltani, ing of combined energy, water, C, and N cycles at site to regional scales. The R. Steinbrecher, I. Völksch, J. Werhahn, B. main long-term objectives of the TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory include the Wolf, M. Zeeman, and H.P. Schmid, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for characterization and quantification of climate change and land cover–manage- Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmos- ment effects on terrestrial hydrology and biogeochemical processes at site and pheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), regional scales by joint measuring and modeling approaches. Here we present a 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany; C. Baessler and T. Rödiger, Helmholtz Centre detailed climatic and biogeophysical characterization of the TERENO Pre-Alpine for Environmental Research, 04318 Leip- Observatory and a summary of novel scientific findings from observations and zig, Germany; H. Kunstmann, Institute of projects. Finally, we reflect on future directions of climate impact research in this Geography, Univ. of Augsburg, D-86135 Augsburg, Germany. *Corresponding author particularly vulnerable region of Germany. ([email protected]). Abbreviations: CML, commercial microwave link; EC, eddy covariance; GHG, greenhouse gas; ICOS, EU Integrated Carbon Observation System; IMK-IFU, Campus Alpin, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Received 24 July 2018. Research; KIT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; MAP, mean annual precipitation; MAT, mean annual air temperature; TERENO, German Terrestrial Environmental Observatories; UAV, unmanned aerial vehicle. Accepted 4 Apr. 2018. Supplemental material online. Finding solutions to the impacts that global change (i.e., climate and land cover change) Citation: Kiese, R., B. Fersch, C. Baessler, C. Brosy, K. Butterbach-Bahl, C. Chwala, M. exerts on our terrestrial environment is one of the most important challenges of the 21st Dannenmann, J. Fu, R. Gasche, R. Grote, C. Jahn, century. Global change has triggered several transformations, such as alterations in climate, J. Klatt, H. Kunstmann, M. Mauder, T. Rödiger, G. Smiatek, M. Soltani, R. Steinbrecher, I. land productivity, water resources, and atmospheric chemistry, with far-reaching impacts on Völksch, J. Werhahn, B. Wolf, M. Zeeman, and ecosystem functions and services. These changes are diverse and interlinked, exhibit complex H.P. Schmid. 2018. The TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory: Integrating Meteorological, Hydro- feedback mechanisms, and occur at various spatial and temporal scales. To address these logical, and Biogeochemical Measurements formidable challenges for environmental research, improved process understanding of water, and Modeling. Vadose Zone J. 17:180060. energy, and matter exchange and the development of mitigation and adaptation strategies doi:10.2136/vzj2018.03.0060 are required. Hence, the setup of integrated, multi-compartment (atmosphere, pedosphere, hydrosphere) measuring infrastructure for environmental monitoring and research has evolved during the last decades (Zacharias et al., 2011). Among others, the US National © Soil Science Society of America. Ecological Observatory Network, the EU Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS), This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, or the German Terrestrial Environmental (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- nd/4.0/). Observatories (TERENO) aim to observe and document the long-term ecological, social, Vadose Zone Journal | Advancing Critical Zone Science and economic impact of global change at site to regional scales. With the Ammer and Rott catchment (655 km2) areas at its core (Fig. 1). four observatories across Germany, TERENO spans a terrestrial The setup of the observatory in this region was motivated by the observation network that extends from the North German low- fact that such mountain areas have been exposed to more intense lands to the Bavarian Alps. TERENO is embarking on new paths warming compared with the global average trend and to higher using a harmonized, interdisciplinary, and long-term research pro- frequencies of extreme hydrological events, such as droughts and gram, linking observations with process-based modeling and scale intensive rainfall (Böhm et al., 2001; Calanca, 2007). Analyses integration. TERENO Pre-Alpine is the southernmost of the four of the temperature time series for the Mount Hohenpeissenberg TERENO observatories. It is operated by the Karlsruhe Institute of German Weather Service station reveal a mean temperature Technology (KIT) at its Campus Alpin, Institute of Meteorology increase of 1.5°C for the years 1880 to 2012. This corresponds to and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen around twice the globally averaged combined land and ocean sur- (Germany). It comprises various measuring sites, mainly located face temperature increase of 0.78°C and clearly exceeds the average in the Ammer and Rott catchments, in the pre-alpine region of global land temperature increase of 1.17°C for the same period South Germany. In general, TERENO observatories are an open (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/). Mountain areas are characterized research platform intended to foster new collaborations and extend by steep topographically induced climate gradients, enabling study existing ones nationally and internationally. The TERENO Pre- designs spanning different climatic zones along short distances. Alpine Observatory integrates meteorological, hydrological, and In the Ammer catchment region of the observatory, temperature biogeochemical measurements and activities from the atmospheric lapse rates are around 0.6°C per 100 m in summer and 0.45°C boundary layer through the atmosphere-ecosystem interface down per 100 m in winter (Kunstmann et al., 2004). For the region to the aquifer. In brief, interdisciplinary research in the TERENO covered by the observatory, Kunstmann et al. (2004) anticipate Pre-Alpine Observatory spans the variability and interaction of an increase of mean annual temperatures between 3 and 4°C and interlinked water, energy and nutrient cycles, including ecosys- a rise of mean annual precipitation (MAP) by around 20% based tem C and N dynamics, and associated exchange processes with on climate change projections resulting from two ECHAM4 the atmosphere (greenhouse gases [GHGs]) and hydrosphere (N (global circulation model) time slices: 2031/2039 and 1991/1999, leaching). Thus, it also links to the global network of Critical Zone dynamically downscaled with MM5 (regional mesoscale model) to Observatories, aiming for the holistic interdisciplinary study of the 4 km spatial resolution. These very early, convection-permitting, near-surface terrestrial environment across wide spatial and tempo- high-resolution, regional climate simulations indicated signifi- ral scales (Lin et al., 2011). The TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory cantly different responses in the climate change signal over small is regionally well integrated because it complements networks of the distances, with clear differences across major valleys and ridges. German Weather Service and the Bavarian Environmental Agency. A subsequent hydrological climate change impact analysis with TERENO pre-alpine research is conducted in close cooperation the distributed hydrological model WaSIM showed decreased with farmers and other stakeholders who are interested in climate- summer but enhanced winter runoff for the Ammer catchment adapted management strategies. (Kunstmann et al., 2004). We first present the overall motivation for setting up the The region was also selected as one out of three German target TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory and
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