Vol. 26(2):121-132 Ocean and Polar Research June 2004
Article
ÊB:ê ÊbFƶR Êbºö ª~º .~~ 7.³ ³ê
n*ÁR\.Áæ;Á;^9ÁBæ\
]·\ö ¦J æ\² (425-600) ãVê nÖ nÖÖÚ] ÒB 29^
Metal Concentrations in Some Brown Seaweeds from Kongsfjorden on Spitsbergen, Svalbard Islands
In-Young Ahn*, Heeseon J. Choi, Jungyoun Ji, Hosung Chung, and Ji Hee Kim Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 425-600, Korea
Abstract : Concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn were determined in four arctic brown algae (Laminaria saccharina, L. digitata, Alaria esculenta, Desmarestia aculeata) in an attempt to examine for their metal accumulation capacity and also to assess their contamination levels. Macroalgae were collected from shallow subtidal waters (<20 m) of Kongsfjorden (Kings Bay) on Spitsbergen during the period of the late July to early August 2003. Metal concentrations highly varied between sampling sites, species and tissue parts. Input of melt-water laden with terrigenous sediment particles seemed to have a large influence on baseline accumulations of some metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Pb etc.) in the macroalgae, causing a significant spatial variation. There were also significant concentration differences between the young and old tissue parts in L. saccharina, L. digitata and A. esculenta. While Al, Fe, Mn, Pb were higher in the perennial parts below meristematic region (excluding holdfast), Cd and As concentrations were significantly higher in the young blades above the meristematic region. Zn and Cr, on the other hand, showed little differences between the tissue parts. The highest metal concentrations were found in D. aculeata, which seems to be due to its filamentous fine branches leading to high surface/volume ratios. The lowest concentrations were found in the two Laminaria spp., the blades of which are thicker than D. aculeata and A. esculenta. No distinct signs of contamination were detected in the brown algal species analyzed. Added to this, the results of the present studies suggest the potential utility of L. saccharina, L. digitata and A. esculenta as biomonitors for metal pollution monitoring in this area.
Key words : .`~(brown seaweeds), § (Arctic), ÊB:(Svalbard), %.³(heavy metals), Ê>º (Kongsfjorden)
1. B æ *®~ Cêj%(1917-1962, 1990ê), F*öÒ * ÿbR Gçö J">î º ®Ú ªÆ ÖÒ¾¢ ÖVæ& *~ ®º SvalbardRf R"r ö Cê%>ö ®º &æ 7.³ F~J">î [J>ö aÎ þ F«>º ©b > ® . 6 *Corresponding author. E-mail : [email protected] SvalbardRf &V B~~ ßWç " F#, jzÒ 122 Ahn, I.-Y. et al.
, jöB * ëWFVJ">î 5 >f, Ï 3. Òò 5 O» ÷7'b F«>º æb ëWJ">î ·'>" ·~, F~ ~ ÚÚö ¸f ³ê ~º Kongsfjorden 3B æöB 2003j 7ú 28¢ ³»>Ú ®º © BÒ> ®Ú ·ê öB 8ú 6¢ Òö Æ> j÷~& (Fig. 1). æ k'Ë ÖJ> ®º (AMAP 2002). Svalbard F;öº æöB 1995j êö , ¦ Rf Þ Ny-Ålesundö WB B æÚ {ªö ö ~ >¯B > j*~ ÷7' Ò áÚê &B ÎîVçö &Ë ' æ~ ~¾ ÆJ b ª¶ò(Hop et al. 2002)f >Ò¶ò(Svendsen et ® . al. 2002)¢ ^~& . St. Aº ¦v"¾ J" &Ë Þ J">îö & ;º Ö Þ'b, ô B b º;>, St. Bº Fig. 2~ >N" "ª &'>öB 7.³" FV"²ê J">î Ô ªöB (Svendsen et al. 2002; Kang et al. 2003) ² ¦Â>îb¾, _~ ç*ê¢ Næ~ ®º [J>~ 'Ëj ~ Aæ pº Þ, ¦vöB fÒ Î >B öBº PCBs, >f" Ú ~ ³ê& Ö ¸ Úê ò « GçöB F«>º *' J"bî~ ' ² ¾æ¾ ® . º J"bî~ _j Û b³ Ë ~ ìj ©b '>Ú &æb F;~& »~ Ö" Òò> ®b¾, J"bî~ «~, J"ö" . îæïb St. Cº [J>~ F«ï ôj >N" F«";, _j Û ³»";, J"bî~ "ª Sts. Af Bö j ² Ô 6 [J>f þ ' 'Ë ;{~² 2k>Ú ®æ pj ö & GçVö~ ÆÒ& ô F«>º b ~~ 7. & / ; (AMAP 2002). Þ æ ³ ³»öê N& ®j ©b '>Ú F;~& . ²º Kongfjorden~ bBf ·~(Marine birds) ~& > 5-15 m z>ö 6Ò ª~º j÷ Ï öB 7.³" FV"²ê zbj ªC :, FV"² &;.~(Laminaria saccharina, L. digitata, Alaria ê zb~ ³êº Ôf > >f" Ï ³êº :2F esculenta, Desmarestia aculeata)¢ &çb 7.³ ³» ~ æö j R ¸² ¾æ¾, Kongsfjorden ·çj Ò~& . Laminaria saccharina, L. digitata, ¦"ö 7.³ J"ö ®j ©b º; : ® Alaria esculentaº Ë6(meristematic region)* 20-30 (Hop et al. 2001). cm ^~ jv' ÚÖ #ç¦(blades)f Ë6 ~ * ¢^f ÖVæ " Kongsfjordenò~ J V¦(stipe)¢ W ¦*(V¦B) ¾*Ú ª "ÎîVçö ' æ«j F;~V * ~ ¢ C~& . D. aculeataº V¦¢ B *Ú &æf *V ~b ÖF'b æö 6Ò ª~ j÷ Ï ¦¢ ö ªC~& . j÷B ö Gn'b &;.~(Laminaria saccharina, L. digitata, Alaria º ¦Obf j÷æöB &^N > aÚ B~ esculenta, Desmarestia aculeata)¢ &çb 7.³ ³» ·çj Ò~& . &;.~º > 20 m ò~ z> ö 6Ò ª~, ~ "º &Bb« green sea urchin(Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis)~ "º _ Ï> ® .
2. æ B& 5 >Ò' ßW
Kongsfjordenòf ÊB: ê ÊbFƶR Bã nö *~ ®º *;' ~bº æ; . 79oN, 12oE~ *ê æOªöê ®~ Va §&B· ~~ 'Ëb ÿ*ê~ ÿã nö j R NÂ~ (Svendsen et al. 2002). ·bªê §&B·" § b bB ·çj º ©b rJ^ ®b, Vö Gçb¦V F«>º >f ÆÒï ö ~ ª b, ß® &Bb÷~ «W" &ê& ² æz ~º ©b rJ^ ® (Hop et al. 2002). Væ Kongs- Fig. 1. Sampling stations in Kongsfjorden. Seaweed fjorden~ >Ò' ßW" ·bçf Hop et al. (2002) samples were collected by SCUBA divers dur- f Svendsen et al.(2002)ö ¾ >>Ú ® . ing the period of July 28th to August 6th, 2003. Metal Concentrations in Arctic Brown Seaweeds 123
Table 1. Analytical results of metal concentrations (µg· g−1 dry weight) in the standard reference mate- rials of sea lettuce (CRM 279, IRMM-BCR, Belgium). Values are mean standard deviation. Values in parenthesis are not certified. Sea lettuce Measured Element Certified % Recovery (n=4) Cd 0.274 ±0.022 0.237 ±0.005 104 Cr (11.6 ±0.6) 8.94 ±0.23 76.7 Pb 13.48±0.36 12.39 ±0.28 91.8 Cu 13.14±0.37 11.16 ±0.06 92.6 Ni (15.9 ±0.4) 15.14 ±0.11 99.0 Mn (2150 ±70) 1920 ±40 89.4 Fe (2430 ±30) 2190 ±50 90.3 Zn 51.3 ±1.2 42.4 ±0.7 90.1 As 3.09 ±0.20 3.11 ±0.12 100
Îf Minitab 13j ÒÏ~& .
4. Ö" 5 Æ~
¦*ê ³ê N *ê ³ê N
¦ Figs. 3, 4f 5ö Laminaria saccharina, L. digitata, Alaria esculenta~ Ë6 ç~ ¦*öB~ 7.³ ³ê N¢ " ® . Ë6 * ÚÖ #ç¦f Ë6 j¾ *V¦¢ W ¦*öB~ 7.³ ³ê& Â] N¢ & . L. saccharina~ ãÖ Al, Mn Ë6 ~¦öB ³ê& ¸~b(p<0.001 for Al, p<0.01 for Mn), Feê FÒ ãËj >(p=0.09), Cd, Cu, Co, Asº Ë6 ç¦öB ¸f ³ê¢ & (p<0.05 Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of suface water temperature for Cd, p<0.001 for Cu, p<0.001 for Co, p<0.01 for As). (oC) (a) and salinity (psu) (b) in Kongsfjorden in " f F~ N¢ æ p~ summer (from Kang et al. 2003). Pb, Zn, Cr Ni . A. esculenta~ ãÖ Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni Ë6 ~¦öB (p<0.001 for Al, Fe, Pb, p<0.01 for Mn, p<0.05 for Ni), & . ò, D. aculeata~ ãÖº &¶ ¦ &æ& .Z Cd(p<0.05)" As(p<0.05)º Ë6 ç¦öB R ¸f ôj ¦Obj j*® B > ìî . ¦Obj B ³ê¢ ¾æî . Zn, Cu, Cof Crf F~ N¢ º 50oC J6öB 48* ;ê öÖ ê æ p~ . Þ L. digitataöBº Ûê'b F~ N b >Ç~ ïÿ~ ªöç ò ê & &V>æ p~º º ò >& 'V r^ © 0.2-0.3 g ;ê ~ ªC~& . ò~ *¾Òº Ahn b 'B . ò Al~ ãÖ Ë6 ~¦öB ¸f ã et al.(2002)ö >B O»j V¶b, 7.³ ³êº Ëj &b(p=0.07), ß® St. Af St. CöB Ë6 ~ ·ö~ ICP/MS(Perkin Elmer, Elan 6100) G ¦öB Â]~² ¸f ³ê¢ & . ;~& . &òº Sea lettuce(CRM 279, Community f ? ¦*ê ³êNº ~ «ö V¢ N¢ Bureau of Reference, BCR, Belgium)j ÒÏ~& (Table &b¾, Û'b Al, Fe, Mnº Ë6 ~¦öB Cd 1). ¦*ê, æê ³ê Nº ANOVA(General linear " Asº Ë6 ç¦öB, Ò Zn, Crf ¦*ö V model), Kruskal-Wallis test j Ï~& . Ûê* N& ìº ©b 6B . 124 Ahn, I.-Y. et al.
Fig. 3. Comparisons of metal concentrations (µg·g−1 dry weight) of Laminaria saccharina between the young (I) and the old (II) tissue parts at three sampling stations. Mean ± 1 standard error bars are represented. Statistical
significance: *, p<0.05; **, 0.01 j÷æ * ³ê N ÷æ * ³ê N j æº æ* N& ìî (Fig. 5). Desmarestia aculeata L. saccharinaöBº &¦ª~ 7.³ ß® Al, Pb, Cd, öBº Cdj B Î 7.³ St. CöB &Ë ¸~ Zn, Cu, Co, Ni St. CöB &Ë ¸~, Fe, Mn, Cr, As , ò «ö ®º St. BöB &Ë Ô~ (Fig. 6). St. A º N& ìî (Fig. 3). L. digitataº Al" Nij B~ öB j÷ BÚ~ 7.³ ³êê St. C BÚ~ 8 º j÷ æ* F~ ³ê N& BÒ>æ p~º *>'b Ô~b¾ Ûê'b F~ Nº æ (Fig. 4), º ò >& 'V r^ ©b 'B . Al p~º ò >& 'V r^ ©b 6B . f Sts. Af CöB~ ³ê& St. B ¸~b(p<0.05), Û'b Alf J «~~ . ÎvöB St. CöB Ni~ ãÖöº J®J St. BöB &Ë ¸ St. AöB & &Ë ¸~b, öê Cd" As¢ B &¦ª~ . Ë Ô~ (p<0.05). A. esculentaº Al, Fe" Pb~ ãÖö ³ ß® Fe, Mn, Pb ~ ³ê& St. CöB j÷ &¦ ò St. CöB~ ³ê& St. BöB~ ³ê ¸~ ¾^ ª~ BÚöB &Ë ¸~ (Figs. 3, 4, 5f 6). St. Cº > Metal Concentrations in Arctic Brown Seaweeds 125 Fig. 4. Comparisons of metal concentrations (µg·g−1 dry weight) of Laminaria digitata between the young (I) and the old (II) tissue parts at three sampling stations. Mean ± 1 standard error bars are represented. N" "ª v ö j R Ôf ©b " r, Þ, &¦ª~ .³ St. BöB ç&'b Ôf ³ [J>& &Ë ô F«>º b [J>f þ Gç ê¢ >, Cd~ ãÖº St. BöB jÝ~¾ J® Vö~ ÆÒê ô F«>º b º;B . B J ¸f ©b ¾æÒ . ß® L. digitataf D. aculeata V* 7 Ö bç [J>~ > F« Gnb ~ Cd ³êº v æö j ¸~º º [J> &V>î . ÆÒöº GçzC Vö~ Al, Fe, ~ F« 'f St. BöB bÏ &Ë (bioavailable) Mn ~ .³ ô FB ©b 'B . ^«Væ Ï Cd~ ³ê& ¸j ö ¸f ³ê ³ & ®º Î ßæRöBê ~êö [J>~ F«" »>îV r^ ©b 'B . "~ \ö ~~ þ Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu GçVö~ ³z'b" Î ^«Væ ¦"öB j> [J>öB~ ÏW Cd þ " F«>Ú f å9B ·b~ ³ ³ê(<0.01 µgÁl−1, unpublished)& Êò >öB~ »·çö 'Ëj "º ©b ¾æÒ (Ahn et al. in Cd ³ê(0.07-0.1 µgÁl−1) R Ôf ©b ¾æ¾ press). ® (KORDI 2002, 2003). 126 Ahn, I.-Y. et al. Fig. 5. Comparisons of metal concentrations (µg·g−1 dry weight) of Alaria esculenta between the young (I) and the old (II) tissue parts at three sampling stations. Mean ± 1 standard error bars are represented. Statistical signifi- cance: *, p<0.05; **, 0.01 «* ³êN * ³êN « Ú~ ßû r^ö >7 ÏW 7.³j > > ® Fig. 7ö Sts. A, B, C~ Î ¶ò¢ Û~ «* º ' jN ç&'b B ÚÚ ³» &Ë ³ê¢ jL~& . Cd As¢ B Î 7.³ ³ B® ¢ÚÆ > ®î~ ©b 'B . Cd As~ ãÖ ê& Desmarestia aculeataöB &Ë ¸~b, rb J®J D. aculeataöB ³ê& &Ë Ô~º ;{ Alaria esculenta& . Laminaria saccharinaf L. digitataº Fº \ " jº& ® . &Ë Ôf ³ê¢ &b ³ê º*ê B jÝ® . Þ, D. aculeataöº ¦Oÿb ô~b ¦O Laminaria spp.º v «~ .~ö j #çÚ& ÿbj j*® B > ìÚ, 7.³ /;ö ¦O vâò ¦bö & ' jN(surface/volume ratio) ÿb ¢¦ >Ú /;>î . V¢B /;B 7. R ·V r^ö >7 7.³ ³» ¢Ú ©b ³ ³ê& D. aculeataò~ ³ê¢ V& ÚJÖ Ö 'B . Þ D. aculeataº Òç(filamentous) # 'b ¦Ob~ B& Ú[ º 6 r^ö D. Metal Concentrations in Arctic Brown Seaweeds 127 Fig. 6. Comparisons of metal concentrations (µg·g−1 dry weight) of Desmarestia aculeata at three sampling stations. Mean ± 1 standard error bars are represented. Statistical significance: *, p<0.05; **, 0.01 öB Cd~ ³ê& 6-7 µgÁg−1dry weight ;ê J"B æ .`~B~ ³ê jL æ .`~B~ ³ê jL öB Fucus vesiculosusöB /; ³êf jL ò Table 2öB \öB /; Laminaria saccharina, ~& . ¾ &¦ª~ BÚöB~ Cd ³êº <3 µgÁ L. digitata, Alaria esculenta, Desmarestia aculeata~ 7 g−1dry weight&b, J" &Ë ô >îj ©b V .³ ³êf æöB B FÒ « ~ 7.³ &>º St. AöBê 1.76 µgÁg−1dry weight R Ô² 128 Ahn, I.-Y. et al. Fig. 7. Comparisons of metal concentrations (µg·g−1 dry weight) between the four species of brown algae. All the data from the three sampling sites were presented as vertical points. ¾æ ©b j, *' J"b ©b æ . Al, Fef ^ «~~ . ÎvöB St. CöB & pº . L. saccharina, L. digitata, D. aculeata~ ãÖö Ë ¸² ¾æ¾, &¦ª~ .³ê St. CöB &Ë ê St. AöB J®J Cd ³ê& Ô¾ æ jÝ ¸¾ N¢ æ pf ©b j Al, Fe, Mn ~ >&b ¾æÒ . º B j÷æ* ³ê Nö 7.³ [J>ö B GçVö zC³zb þ B J«~& [J>~ F«ïö V¢ >~ b " F«>º ©b 'B . Ï &Ë Ï Cd~ ³ê& æzbB ~~ Cd ·J"Îî8ç æR«>R*~ .`~ ·J"Îî8ç æR«>R*~ .`~ ³»ö ² Ú¶ ;êº 'Ëj "æ p~¾ 'B . D. aculeata~ ãÖ \æöB &Ë ¸f ³ê¢ ~º "æ >~ ÏW .³j >~ ÚÚö «bB æ~ Desmarestia spp.f jL r ³»bB bÏ &Ë ; >ö Ò~º Fe Mn~ ³ê& ß® St. CöB ¸~ . St. Cº B 7.³~ ³ê¢ >'~º ' æ«(biomonitor)b J« :f ? [J>& &Ë ô F«>º b rJ^ ® . ~(Ulva spp., Enteromorpha spp.), [J>f þ Gç Vö~ zC³zbê ô F«>º .~(Fucus spp., Sargassum spp.), Ò s~ Metal Concentrations in Arctic Brown Seaweeds 129 es. Figures means are or min- . (2002); 7: Bohn (1979); 8: Giusti (2001). et al . (1997);Farias 6: et al . (2002); 5: Moreno Moreno 5: . (2002); et al 5 35-86 1.9-5.2 0.30-0.58 0.035-0.15 2.9-13 1 1.9 36-55 1.6-4.1 0.32-0.63 0.041-0.068 6.1-15 1 . (1999); 4: Caliceti Caliceti 4: . (1999); et al dry weight. 1 − ) ) g· g g· µ î ö 2.0-10 3.0-5.0 23-51 300-1200 91-490 3.0-71 3.6-12 511-1015 UK* 8 ) 0.22-0.45 0.3-1.8 4.8-9.4 65-616 276-778 0.3-0.7 0.3-1.1 13-18 UK 8 Ö . (2000); 3: Phaneuf ) 60 1.53 0.24 1.47 2.8 308 9.7 1.36 0.40 31.2 River) Canada (St.Lawrence 3 2953 1.0 <0.10 155 300 3.25 2.7 4.05 <0.20 108 35 2.0 1.5 8.6 1.8 <0.6 <0.6 <0.1 6.3 Is.) Antarctica (King George Is.) Antarctica (King George 6 6 et al 8 47-93 <0.1 0.5 1.0-3.0 152-190 1.1-1.3 0.5-4.0 30-163 lagoon)* Italy(Venice 4 25-30 0.9-1.2 2.5-3.4 295-660 0.6-1.0 27-138 Arctic (lead/zinc ore deposit) 7 ¦ ^ 7 76.2 2.8 0.084 <0.5 <0.5 40 3.04 0.57 <0.01 8.5 Canada (British Columbia) 2 Al As Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Localities References 2.38.9 58.5 29 0.1 0.02 0.185 0.449 <0.5 1 <0.5 <10 <0.5 3.67 80 1.31 6.79 <0.01 <0.05 22.3 0.22 Canada (British Columbia) 13 2 Japan 2 7.3 39.5 0.45 0.15 <0.5 <0.5 60 3.79 1.51 0.64 23.6 Canada (British Columbia) 2 2.4-20 40-100 0.17-0.89 0.090-0.34 0.56-0.92 0.57- 2.2-43 33-87 0.96-3.6 0.086-0.29 0.53-1.0 0.35-1. 1.9-3.0 20-55 0.51-0.71 0.026-0.098 0.7-0.8 <0.5-1.1 20-40 3.3-6.5 <0.05 0.14-0.24 13-14 Japan 2 33-940 21-59 0.16-1.5 0.23-1.4 0.56-2.4 0.70-4.0 120-1100 5.8-130 0.94-9.2 0.080-1.6 10-38 1 5.9-310 20-100 0.85-7.9 0.19-0.59 0.64-1.2 1.1-2.4 52-450 3.6-22 0.56-1.9 0.074-0.55 7.0-28 1 ) Laminariaceae ( ) Alariaceae( ) Desmarestiaceae( Ï Ï Ï î î ) Fucaceae( ö Ï Ö sp.sp. 0.20-0.68 0.27-0.41 2.8-4.3 0.76-1.8 19.27 15-18 Is.) Antarctica (King George Is.) Antarctica (King Anverse 5 5 > imum-maximum values. unit: unit: values. imum-maximum ¶ Î L. digitata L. saccharina L. setchellii L. L. japonica L. longicruris Alaria esculenta Undaria pinnatifida pinnatifida U. A. marginata A. Desmarestia aculeataDesmarestia Desmarestia Desmarestia Desmarestia anceps Desmarestia antarticaDesmarestia Fucus distichus F. v e si c u l o s u s Table 2. Comparisons of metal concentrations in various brown algae from Kongsfjorden with those from other geographic localiti other geographic those from with Kongsfjorden from algae brown in various concentrations of metal Comparisons 2. Table Laminariales( Laminariales( Laminaria saccharina Desmarestiales( Fucales( References: 1: this study; 2: Netten *indicates localities likely polluted. likely localities *indicates 130 Ahn, I.-Y. et al. æR«b 6Ò Ï>Úzb¾(see Rainbow 1995 for ¦* ¯ j ¦*öB ¸² ¾æ¾, ß® [J> F review; Topcuogo lu et al. 2003), ¢>'b .~& «ï ôf St. CöB N& z× væº © ¾ sö j >7~ .³Nj z ¾ ³»~º b 6 r Ë6 ~¦ j ¦*ö '> ©b rJ^ ® (Sánchez-Rodríguez et al. 2001). . «¶ z ô ¦O>Ú ¾æ Ö" 'B . ~¢ ·J"ÎîVçö æR«b Ï~º ©f 1970 ãÖ .~, ß® J¾B #Ú¾ *V ¦ªöº « j& F#öB ·>îb, ê Fucus spp., Sargassum ¶W .³ z ô ¦OF &ËW ®, V¢B spp., Laminaria spp., Desmarestia spp. ~ .~ 7. >7 >Ï &Ë 7.³³ê æz¢ R:² >' ³ ³» ·çö & &öB, N&, æOö º > ìj © . Þ Cd~ ãÖ [J>~ F · æöB >î (Bohn 1979; Markham et al. «ï &Ë 'f ©b '>º Kongsfjordenò « 1980; Bryan 1983; Forsberg et al. 1988; Moreno et al. ö ®º St. BöB &Ë ¸f ãËj &b, f ?f 1997; Farias et al. 2002; Khristoforova and Kozhenkova ãËf D. aculeataöB &Ë væ² ¾æÒ . L. 2002). saccharinaf A. esculentaöBº ß® ÚÖ #ÚöB Cd § " j§ öBº Fucus spp.& æR«b ~ ³ê& F~~² ¸~ . º ÚÖ #Ú~ ãÖ > ÏB : ®(Bohn 1979; Forsberg et al. 1988) Î öB 7 Ï>Ú®º CdNj > ³»~V r^ ©b º Desmarestia spp., Adenocystis spp.~ 7.³ ³»ö 'B . Markham et al.(1980)ê L. saccharina~ Cd ³ & & ® (Moreno et al. 1997; Farias et al. ê& þ>~ ³êf &Û'b ¢~ ~& 2002). Bryan(1983)f Fucus vesiculosus& >Ï &Ë . ¯ & > 7 bÏ &Ë ; Ò ; >ö Ò~º As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn~ ³ê¢ ~º Cd~ ³ê¢ ¾ >' > ®Æ . >'~º ' æR«¢ : ® . æ öBê *& ç¦ z>ö Fucus distichus& ô ª 5. º £ ~ ®b¾, Rö ¦O> &~ j÷öB B ~& . 1) 4«~ .~ Îv 7.³j ¾ ³»~º ßWj & ~ö ³»B 7.³ ³êf >ö Ï>Ú ®º . ¦*ê ¾*Ú ªC ^ «~ ~(L. saccharina, 7.³ ³êf~ ç&&êº · «~~ öB ß L. digitata, A. esculenta)öBº Al, Fe ~ ³ê& [J ® .~öB ô > ®º Þ (Markham et al. >f Gç'b ô F«>º öB ç&'b 1980; Bryan 1983; Forsberg et al. 1988 for review), > ¸~b¾, * ÿb 7.³ ³»f BÒ>æ p Ï &Ë ÏW .³N öê «¶W~ 7.³ ~ . #çÚ(thalli) ^ ã(cell wall)ö >Ò'b ¦O> 2) j ¦* *Vf V¦öº «¶W 7.³ ç Ú ~ ÚÚ ³»³êö 'Ëj "º ãÖê ®º ï ¦O>º ©b '>, ãÖ ~& > ©b > ® (Luoma et al. 1982; Filho et al. 7ö bÏ &Ë .³~ ³ê¢ >'~º æR«b 1999; Nassar et al. 2003). Luoma et al.(1982)f Fucus º '~æ pj > ®rj Ò~& . ÚÖ ¦*¢ vesiculosusöB /; Cu, As, Pb, Zn, Ag~ ³ê& B Ï V*~ ³êæz¢ >'~º ©f &Ë ©b æ &'>~ 7.³ ³êf F~ ç&&ê& ® . rj BÒ~, f ?f Ö"º '>ö ®º «¶W 3) 7.³j ¾ ³»~ ¦Ob~ B& Ï 7.³ ~ö ç ï ¦O>Ú ¾æ Ö"B ~ B ~ã~ ³ê& jv' ¾ >'B º 6öB ãÖ ~& > 7ö >Ï &Ë .³~ ³ Laminaria spp.f Alaria esculenta& æ 7.³ J" ê¢ >'~º æR«bº '~æ pj > ®rj ÎîVçö ' æR«b ÏF > ®j ©b 6 Ò~& . F. vesiculosusf Bæ '>~ 7.³ ³ê B . *~ F~ ç&&êº "öê B : ® (Giusti 2001). Nassar et al.(2003)ê Æ7Öö>& F«>º Ò Ò öB Al, Fe, Mn and Cr Æ7ÖöB ¾Jº ¦Ê Vf þ . Padina gymnospora #çÚö ¢¿Ú º ·ö ¦J æ²öB >¯~ 7.³~ ÚÚ³» ³ê¢ > V çß8 º ‘§ ÖVæ "æ ¶~ã 5 b¶ö ’~ ¢ ~ ® . ~b Úr . Æ>j÷j " ¢ß Nf öB ¦*ê ³êNº ~ «ö V¢ N ÚR N, Ò ^ Ò¢ " fã ;Òþ ¢ &b¾, Û'b Al, Fe, Mnº Ë6~¦ *V 6ÒÖ . Metal Concentrations in Arctic Brown Seaweeds 131 ^^ò Wlodarska-Kowalczuk, J. Wiktor, G. di Prisco, A. Estoppey, C. Papucci, and S. Gerland. 2002. The marine ecosystem Ahn, I.Y., K.H. Chung, and H.J. Choi. Influence of glacial of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Res., 21(1), 167-208. runoff on baseline metal accumulation in the Antarctic Kang, S.-H., Y. Kim, J.-S. Kang, K.-C. Yoo, H.I. Yoon, and limpet Nacella concinna from King George Island, W. Lee. 2003. Monitoring on the marine environment Antarctica. Mar. Pollut. Bull. (in press) and phytoplankton of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Arctic. Ahn, I.Y., K.W. Kim, and H.J. Choi. 2002. A baseline study Ocean Polar Res., 25, 213-226. on metal concentrations in the Antarctic limpet Nacella Khristoforova, N.K. and S.I. Kozhenkova. 2002. The use of concinna (Gastropoda: Patellidae) on King George Island: the brown algae Sargassum spp. in heavy metal monitor- variations with sex and body parts. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, ing of the marine environment near Vladivostok, Russia, 424-431. Ocean Polar Res., 24(4), 325-329. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Proramme (AMAP). KORDI. 2002. Annual report of environmental monitoring 2002. Arctic Pollution 2002. AMAP, Oslo, Norway. 111p. on human impacts at the King Sejong Station, Antarctica. Bohn, A. 1979. Trace metals in fucoid algae and purple sea ECPP 02-102, Korea Ocean Research & Development urchins near a high arctic lead/zinc ore deposit. Mar. Institute. 598 p. Pollut. Bull., 10, 325-327. KORDI. 2003. Annual report of environmental monitoring Bryan, G.W. 1983. Brown seaweed, Fucus vesiculosus, and on human impacts at the King Sejong Station, Antarc- the gastropod, Littorina littorea, as indicators of trace tica. ECPP 02-102, Korea Ocean Research & Develop- metal availability in estuaries. The Sci. Total Environ., ment Institute. 522 p. 28, 91-104. Luoma, S.N., G.W. Bryan, and W.J. Langston. 1982. Scav- Caliceti, M., E. Argese, A. Sfriso, and B. Pavoni. 2002. enging of heavy metals from particulates by brown sea- Heavy metal contamination in the seaweeds of the Venice weed. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 13(11), 394-396. lagoon. Chemosphere, 47, 443-454. Markham, J.W., B.P. Kremer, and K.R. Sperling. 1980. Farias, S., S.P. Arisnabarreta, C. Vodopivez, and P. Smi- Effects of cadmium on Laminaria saccharina in culture. chowski. 2002. Levels of essential and potentially toxic Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 3, 31-39. trace metals in Antarctic macro algae. Spectrochimica Moreno, J.E.A. de, M.S. Gerpe, V.J. Moreno, and C. Acta Part B, 57, 2133-2140. Vodopivez. 1997. Heavy metals in Antarctic organisms. Filho, G.M.A., L.R. Andrade, C.S. Karez, M. Farina, and Polar Biol., 17, 131-140. W.C. Pfeiffer. 1999. Brown algae species as biomonitors Nassar, C.A.G., L.T. Salgado, Y. Yoneshigue-Valentin, and of Zn and Cd at Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. G.M.A. Filho. 2003. The effect of iron-ore particles on Mar. Environ. Res., 48, 213-224. the metal content of the brown alga Padina gymnospora Forsberg, Å., S. Söderlund, A. Frank, L.R. Petersson, and (Espirito Santo Bay, Brazil). Environ. Pollut., 123, 301-305. M. Pedersen. 1988. Studies on metal content in the Netten, C. van, S.A. Hoption Cann, D.R. Morlery, and J.P. brown seaweed, Fucus vesiculosus, from the Archipelago van Nettern. 2000. Elemental and radioactive analysis of of Stockholm. Environ. Pollut., 49, 245-263. commercially available seaweed. The Sci. Total Environ., Giusti, L. 2001. Heavy metal contamination of brown sea- 255, 169-175. weed and sediments from the UK coastline between the Phaneuf, D., I. Côté, P. Dumas, L.A. Ferron, and A. LeB- Wear river and the Tees river. Environ. Int., 26, 275-286. lanc. 1999. Evaluation of the contamination of marine Hop, H., K. Saterup, M. Schlabach, and G.W. Gabbrielsen. algae (seaweed) from the St. Lawrence River and likely 2001. Persistent organic pollutants in marine macrobenthos to be consumed by humans. Environ. Res. Section A, 80, near urban settlements in Svalbard, Longyearbyean, S175-S182. Pyramiden, Brarentssburg and Ny-Ålesund. Nor. Polarisnt. Rainbow, P.S. 1995. Biomonitoring of heavy metal availability Internrapp. 8. Tromso: Norwegain Polar Institute. in the marine environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 31, 183- Hop, H., T. Pearson, E.N. Hegseth, K.M. Kovacs, J.M. 192. Weslawski, C. Wiencke, S. Kwasniewski, K. Eiane, R. Sánchez-Rodríguez, I., M.A. Huerta-Diaz, E. Choumiline, O. Leakey, S. Cochrane, M. Zajaczkowski, O.J. Lonne, F. Holguín-Quiñones, and J.A. Zertuche-González. 2001. Mehlum, C. Lydersen, B. Gulliksen, S. Falk-Petersen, M. Elemental concentrations in different species of seaweeds Poltermann, S.-A. Wangberg, M. Kendall, K.Y. Bischof, from Loreto Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico: implica- A. Voronkov, N.A. Kovaltchouk, G.W. Gabrielsen, M. tions for the geochemical control of metals in algal tissue. 132 Ahn, I.-Y. et al. Environ. Pollut., 114, 145-160. Topcuogo lu, S., K.C. Güven, N. Balkis, and Ç. Kirbas ogo lu. Svendsen, H., A. Beszczynska-Møler, J.O. Hagen, B. Lefau- 2003. Heavy metal monitoring of marine algae from the connier, V. Tverberg, S. Gerland, J.B. ∅rbæk, K. Bischof, Turkish Coast of the Black Sea, 1998-2000. Chemo- C. Papucci, M. Zajaczkowski, R. Azzolini, O. Bruland, sphere, 52, 1683-1688. C. Wiencke, J.-G. Winther, and W. Dallmann. 2002. The physical environment of Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden, an Received Mar. 19, 2004 Arctic fjord system in Svalbard. Polar Res., 167-208. Accepted Apr. 24, 2004