DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 2. Climate Variability and Change in the Canadian Eastern Subarctic IRIS Region (Nunavik and Nunatsiavut)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 2. Climate Variability and Change in the Canadian Eastern Subarctic IRIS Region (Nunavik and Nunatsiavut) Chapter 2. Climate variability and change in the Canadian Eastern Subarctic IRIS region (Nunavik and Nunatsiavut) Lead authors Ross Brown1,2 and Mickaël Lemay3 1Environment Canada, 2Ouranos, 3ArcticNet, Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval Contributing authors M. Allard, N.E. Barrand, C. Barrette, Y. Bégin, T. Bell, M. Bernier, S. Bleau, D. Chaumont, Y. Dibike, A. Frigon, P. Leblanc, D. Paquin, M. J. Sharp and R. Way Special Acknowledgements Ouranos played an important role in the development of this IRIS assessment by providing output from the Canadian Regional Climate Model as well as climate-related expertise to the scientists working in the diverse fields covered in the assessment. This information is an essential building block for the assessment and development of local and regional adaptation strategies. Daniel Caya in particular is acknowledged for providing detailed and constructive review comments of the draft chapter. CONSORTIUM ON REGIONAL CLIMATOLOGY AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 57 CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE Chapter 2 Key messages * Paleoclimate reconstructions indicate the climate of the Nunavik-Nunatsiavut IRIS region has experi- enced a long-term cooling trend over the past approximately 3000 years, with major climate fluctua- tions in the Medieval Warm Period (warming) and Little Ice Age (cooling). The climate began to warm during the 20th Century with a marked warming pulse after 1993 that has triggered a rapid response in the environment, especially the cryosphere (snow and ice cover, permafrost, and glaciers). Den- droecological evidence and climate observations show evidence of long term significant increases in precipitation over the region. * There is some uncertainty in the timing of the recent period of warming. Satellite snow cover data and vegetation monitoring suggest the climate has been changing for at least 30-40 years while air temperature observations from coastal sites show warming did not occur until 1993. These differences may reflect different climate regimes between coastal areas and inland areas and/or different response processes. * The cryosphere (solid precipitation, snow and ice cover, glaciers and permafrost) is responding very rapidly to recent warming. Snow and ice cover are forming later and melting earlier with annual losses of snow and ice cover duration on the order of 0.5 to 1.0 days/yr. Warming of permafrost by 2°C has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of thermokarst lakes and active layer detachments, and glaciers in the Torngat Mountains lost ~20% of their area between 2005 and 2007. Traditional know- ledge indicates that these changes are outside the envelope of previous community experience. * Climate change projections for the 2041-2070 period (compared to the 1971-2000 period) indicate warmer temperatures and increased precipitation over the region. The largest changes are projected to occur in the winter season with the spatial pattern of projected changes typically exhibiting a NW-SE gradient with the largest changes over the north-western part of Nunavik. The results suggest a shorten- ing of the snow and ice cover season by 3-4 weeks, an increase in growing season length by 2-3 weeks with up to 50% more growing degree days, and increases in annual precipitation of 15-25% with a larger fraction of annual precipitation falling as rainfall. * The climate of the Nunavik-Nunatsiavut IRIS region is strongly influenced by variability in atmospher- ic and oceanic circulation at annual to multi-decadal scales. In particular, the year-to-year variability of the climate of Nunatsiavut is closely linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation. For some variables such as local precipitation, the internal climate variability will likely dominate any climate change signal over the next 30-50 year time period. * Reliable and sustainable environmental monitoring and prediction systems are essential to supporting decision making and adaptation in the Nunavik-Nunatsiavut IRIS region. The merging of traditional and scientific knowledge in community-based monitoring initiatives appears to be a useful framework for improved monitoring and understanding of changing environmental conditions with the relevant connec- tions to ensure that new information is translated into enhanced safety and improved decision making. 58 Chapter 2 CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE 2.1 Introduction of the region and its variability and change; Section 2.3 presents a general description of the main drivers of the The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the key char- climate of Nunavik and Nunatsiavut with sub-sections acteristics of the climate of Nunavik and Nunatsiavut that providing more detailed information on variability and are important for natural systems, ecosystem services and change in important components of the climate system human activities, and present scenarios of projected chan- over the period of available historical and paleoclimat- ges in key climate variables and indicators that may occur ic data; Section 2.4 presents a summary of the climate over the next ~50 years. Climate is the key driver of pro- change projections for 2050 provided in detail in Appen- cesses such as snow and ice formation, frozen ground, dix A at the end of this Chapter. The Chapter ends with a spring thaw, water cycling, and plant growth that define summary and conclusions in Section 2.5 that are encapsu- the environment and sustain ecosystem services (see ex- lated in the “key messages” shown above. amples in Table 1). In this sense, climate represents a “re- source” that influences the value and the quality of the en- vironment, but it also entails management of “risks” par- 2.2 Climate observations and ticularly in the context of a changing climate (“Climate as information Resource, Climate as Risk”, Stehr and vonStorch 2009). There are a number of challenges to characterizing the The organization of the Chapter is as follows: Section 2.2 climate of Nunavik and Nunatsiavut, foremost of which provides an overview of the sources (and limitations) of is the uneven spatial and temporal coverage of climate the information available for characterizing the climate observations. Daily climate observations of temperature Table 1. Examples of climate sensitivities identified in this IRIS assessment eport.r Variable/Activity Climate Sensitivity The amount, timing, temperature and chemical and biological Freshwater Resources (Chapter 4) properties of freshwater are sensitive to air temperature and to precipitation amount and type. Winter hunting activities are particularly sensitive to snow and Traditional Foods (Chapter 5) ice conditions. A projected shortening of the ice and snow cover seasons will affect both availability and access to fresh meat. Projected warming and increased winter snow accumulations contribute to permafrost thawing, a deepening of the active layer, Infrastructure (Chapter 6) and a host of related phenomena such as active layer detachments and enhanced erosion of coastal areas, all of which pose additional challenges for northern infrastructure. Fish abundance and habitat are sensitive to ice cover, water Arctic Charr (Chapter 7) temperature and water quality. Warming and changes in precipitation regimes are contributing Vegetation Dynamics (Chapter 8) to an increase in woody vegetation and a northward and up-slope expansion of treelines. Caribou are sensitive to ice cover (migration routes), rain-on- snow events (affect access to winter forage), summer snow cover Caribou Dynamics (Chapter 9) (residual snow patches reduce insect harassment) and the timing of vegetation green-up. 59 CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE Chapter 2 and precipitation are available for most communities but temperature reconstructions from tree rings (e.g. Jacoby the length and period of observations are quite variable. et al. 1988), reconstruction of past climates from analysis For example, only Kuujjuaq, Goose Bay and Cartwright of fossil chironomids and pollen (e.g. Kerwin et al. 2004, have continuous daily climate data available from pre- Fallu et al. 2005) and reconstruction of information on 1950 to date; many of the other stations stopped reporting snow depth and water levels from dendroecological an- in the early 1990s or started reporting in the 1980s. The alysis of tree morphology and ice abrasion (e.g. Lavoie climate observing network is also almost completely co- and Payette 1992, Bégin and Payette 1988, Lemay and located with coastal communities and may not necessarily Bégin 2008). reflect what is going on further inland. The main locations of the climate stations used in this Chapter are Inukjuaq, Traditional knowledge is another useful source of infor- Kuujjuarapik, Kuujjuaq and Schefferville in Nunavik, mation for documenting anomalous events and trends, par- and Goose Bay, Cartwright, Makkovik, and Nain in Nu- ticularly ice and snow cover, that have major impacts on natsiavut (for location map see Figure 1, Chapter 1). hunting and transportation. While this information is not quantitative, it provides a local-scale record of environ- Climate data are also subject to random and systematic mental change. For example, Elders of Quaqtaq, Umiujaq errors related to observers, instrumentation, and changes and Kuujjuaq report that since the 1980s ice forms later in measurement site and observing procedures. For ex- and melts earlier, rain is more frequent, there is less snow- ample, precipitation is one of the more difficult climate fall and wind patterns have changed in Hudson Bay and variables
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download (7MB)
    The Glaciers of the Torngat Mountains of Northern Labrador By © Robert Way A Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Geography Memorial University of Newfoundland September 2013 St. John 's Newfoundland and Labrador Abstract The glaciers of the Tomgat Mountains of northem Labrador are the southemmost m the eastern Canadian Arctic and the most eastem glaciers in continental North America. This thesis presents the first complete inventory of the glaciers of the Tomgat Mountains and also the first comprehensive change assessment for Tomgat glaciers over any time period. In total, 195 ice masses are mapped with 105 of these showing clear signs of active glacier flow. Analysis of glaciers and ice masses reveal strong influences of local topographic setting on their preservation at low elevations; often well below the regional glaciation level. Coastal proximity and latitude are found to exert the strongest control on the distribution of glaciers in the Tomgat Mountains. Historical glacier changes are investigated using paleomargins demarking fanner ice positions during the Little Ice Age. Glacier area for 165 Torngat glaciers at the Little Ice Age is mapped using prominent moraines identified in the forelands of most glaciers. Overall glacier change of 53% since the Little Ice Age is dete1mined by comparing fanner ice margins to 2005 ice margins across the entire Torngat Mountains. Field verification and dating of Little Ice Age ice positions uses lichenometry with Rhizocarpon section lichens as the target subgenus. The relative timing of Little Ice Age maximum extent is calculated using lichens measured on moraine surfaces in combination with a locally established lichen growth curve from direct measurements of lichen growth over a - 30 year period.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Changes in Area and Thickness of Torngat Mountain Glaciers (Northern Labrador, Canada)
    The Cryosphere, 11, 157–168, 2017 www.the-cryosphere.net/11/157/2017/ doi:10.5194/tc-11-157-2017 © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Recent changes in area and thickness of Torngat Mountain glaciers (northern Labrador, Canada) Nicholas E. Barrand1, Robert G. Way2, Trevor Bell3, and Martin J. Sharp4 1School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK 2Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada 3Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada 4Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Correspondence to: Nicholas E. Barrand ([email protected]) Received: 6 July 2016 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 5 September 2016 Revised: 22 December 2016 – Accepted: 22 December 2016 – Published: 24 January 2017 Abstract. The Torngat Mountains National Park, northern 1 Introduction Labrador, Canada, contains more than 120 small glaciers: the only remaining glaciers in continental northeast North The glaciers of the Torngat Mountains, northern Labrador, America. These small cirque glaciers exist in a unique topo- Canada, occupy a unique physiographic and climatic setting climatic setting, experiencing temperate maritime summer at the southern limit of the eastern Canadian Arctic. Their conditions yet very cold and dry winters, and may pro- proximity to the Labrador Current provides temperate, mar- vide insights into the deglaciation dynamics of similar small itime summer conditions yet very cold and dry winters. Ex- glaciers in temperate mountain settings. Due to their size and amination of Torngat glacier change may provide insights remote location, very little information exists regarding the into the deglaciation dynamics of other similarly situated health of these glaciers.
    [Show full text]
  • Visitor Guide Photo Pat Morrow
    Visitor Guide Photo Pat Morrow Bear’s Gut Contact Us Nain Office Nunavik Office Telephone: 709-922-1290 (English) Telephone: 819-337-5491 Torngat Mountains National Park has 709-458-2417 (French) (English and Inuttitut) two offices: the main Administration Toll Free: 1-888-922-1290 Toll Free: 1-888-922-1290 (English) office is in Nain, Labrador (open all E-Mail: [email protected] 709-458-2417 (French) year), and a satellite office is located in Fax: 709-922-1294 E-Mail: [email protected] Kangiqsualujjuaq in Nunavik (open from Fax: 819-337-5408 May to the end of October). Business hours Mailing address: Mailing address: are Monday-Friday 8 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. Torngat Mountains National Park Torngat Mountains National Park, Box 471, Nain, NL Box 179 Kangiqsualujjuaq, Nunavik, QC A0P 1L0 J0M 1N0 Street address: Street address: Illusuak Cultural Centre Building 567, Kangiqsualujjuaq, Nunavik, QC 16 Ikajutauvik Road, Nain, NL In Case Of Emergency In case of an emergency in the park, Be prepared to tell the dispatcher: assistance will be provided through the • The name of the park following 24 hour emergency numbers at • Your name Jasper Dispatch: • Your sat phone number 1-877-852-3100 or 1-780-852-3100. • The nature of the incident • Your location - name and Lat/Long or UTM NOTE: The 1-877 number may not work • The current weather – wind, precipitation, with some satellite phones so use cloud cover, temperature, and visibility 1-780-852-3100. 1 Welcome to TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Torngat Mountains National Park 1 Welcome 2 An Inuit Homeland The spectacular landscape of Torngat Mountains Planning Your Trip 4 Your Gateway to Torngat National Park protects 9,700 km2 of the Northern Mountains National Park 5 Torngat Mountains Base Labrador Mountains natural region.
    [Show full text]
  • Grade 3 Social Studies Curriculum Guide (2011)
    Social Studies Grade 3 Interim Edition Curriculum Guide 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................... i Introduction. Background............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Aims.of.Social.Studies............................................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose.of.Curriculum.Guide.................................................................................................................................. 1 Guiding.Principles.................................................................................................................................................... 2 Program.Design.and.Outcomes. Overview................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Essential.Graduation.Learnings............................................................................................................................... 4 General.Curriculum.Outcomes............................................................................................................................... .6 Processes................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Social Studies Grade 3 Provincial Identity
    Social Studies Grade 3 Curriculum - Provincial ldentity Implementation September 2011 New~Nouveauk Brunsw1c Acknowledgements The Departments of Education acknowledge the work of the social studies consultants and other educators who served on the regional social studies committee. New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Barbara Hillman Darryl Fillier John Hildebrand Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Mary Fedorchuk Bethany Doiron Bruce Fisher Laura Ann Noye Rick McDonald Jennifer Burke The Departments of Education also acknowledge the contribution of all the educators who served on provincial writing teams and curriculum committees, and who reviewed and/or piloted the curriculum. Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Program Designs and Outcomes ..................................................................................................................... 3 Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Essential Graduation Learnings .................................................................................................................... 4 General Curriculum Outcomes ..................................................................................................................... 6 Processes ..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Grade 3 Social Studies That Have Been Organized According and Perspectives to the Six Conceptual Strands and the Three Processes
    2012 Prince Edward Island Department of Education and Early Childhood Development 250 Water Street, Suite 101 Summerside, Prince Edward Island Canada, C1N 1B6 Tel: (902) 438-4130 Fax: (902) 438-4062 www.gov.pe.ca/eecd/ CONTENTS Acknowledgments The Prince Edward Island Department of Education and Early Childhood Development acknowledges the work of the social studies consultants and other educators who served on the regional social studies committee. New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador John Hildebrand Darryl Fillier Barbara Hillman Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Mary Fedorchuk Bethany Doiron Bruce Fisher Laura Ann Noye Rick McDonald Jennifer Burke The Prince Edward Island Department of Education and Early Childhood Development also acknowledges the contribution of all the educators who served on provincial writing teams and curriculum committees, and who reviewed or piloted the curriculum. The Prince Edward Island Department of Education and Early Childhood Development recognizes the contribution made by Tammy MacDonald, Consultation/Negotiation Coordinator/Research Director of the Mi’kmaq Confederacy of Prince Edward Island, for her contribution to the development of this curriculum. ATLANTIC CANADA SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM GUIDE: GRADE 3 i CONTENTS ii ATLANTIC CANADA SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM GUIDE: GRADE 3 CONTENTS Contents Introduction Background ..................................................................................1 Aims of Social Studies ..................................................................1 Purpose
    [Show full text]
  • University of Birmingham Glacier Change from the Little Ice Age To
    University of Birmingham Glacier change from the little Ice Age to present in the Torngat Mountains, northern Labrador, Canada Way, Robert G.; Bell, Trevor J.; Barrand, Nicholas E. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.006 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Way, RG, Bell, TJ & Barrand, NE 2015, 'Glacier change from the little Ice Age to present in the Torngat Mountains, northern Labrador, Canada', Geomorphology, vol. 246, pp. 559-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.006 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Balance of Four Cirque Glaciers in the Torn Gat Mountains of Northern Labrador, Canada
    Journal of Glaciology, Vo!. 32, No. Ill, 1986 MASS BALANCE OF FOUR CIRQUE GLACIERS IN THE TORN GAT MOUNTAINS OF NORTHERN LABRADOR, CANADA By ROBERT J. ROGERSON (Departments of Earth Sciences and Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland AIB 3XS , Canada) ABSTRACT. The net mass balance of four small cirque la pente, la proximite des rives et des parois fermant le glaciers (0.7-1.4 km2) in the Torngat Mountains of northern cirque et la hauteur de ces paTOis au-dessus de la surface Labrador was measured for 1981-84, allowing three de la glace. Le Abraham Glacier, le plus petit de tous, dote complete mass-balance years to be calculated. The two indubitablement du bilan de masse le plus negatif (-1,28 m largest glaciers experienced positive mass-balance conditions en 1983) reavan~ait it la vitesse moyenne de 1,2 m/an entre in 1982 while all the glaciers were negative in 1983. The 1981 et 1984. L'altitude moyenne de la ligne d'equilibre temporal pattern relates directly to general climatic (ELA) pour les quatre glaciers est de 1050 m, variant conditions, in particular winter snowfall. Spatial variations of notablement d'un glacier it I'autre (+240 it -140 m) et d'une mass balance on the glaciers are the result of several factors annee sur I'autre (+60 it -30 m). including altitude, extent of supraglacial debris cover, slope, proximity to side and backwalls of the enclosing cirque, and the height of the backwall above the ice surface. Abraham ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. Massenbilanz fur vier Kargletscher Glacier, the smallest studied and with consistently the in den Torngat Mountains von Nord-Labrador.
    [Show full text]
  • Torngat Mountains
    parkscanada.gc.ca General Hiking information for Torngat Mountains NatioNal Park Note: The general information provided in this document represents a summary of key things to consider when hiking, What do I need to knoW or planning for a hiking trip in to hIke In torngat MountaIns the Torngat Mountains National Park (TMNP). It is important for natIonal park? hikers to be fully prepared for their trip to this remote park, which includes accessing all the information provided on the park website www.pc.gc. ca/eng/pn-np/nl/torngats/ T. T. Knight, Parks Canada index.aspx and in the Visitor Information guide provided by Parks Canada staff through the Torngat Mountains National Park office in Nain, Labrador. Unnamed lake in the Palmer River Valley Welcome! – ateliHai! Parks Canada welcomes visitors to explore the Torngat Mountains, experience this special place, and discover the rich cultural history and magnificent natural landscape that it has to offer. We would like your visit to the Torngat Mountains to be memorable and above all to be safe. This A. Boudreau, Parks Canada document and the associated Hiking Route Descriptions have been prepared to provide you with information about some hiking routes that will take you into the heart of this park where you will encounter cultural and natural features that belong to a story thousands of years old. Consult the park map on the last page of this document to see the location of the Hiking Route Descriptions that are currently available. GeNeral iNformatioN northern park and to remember ➢ Understanding where you Weather, terrain, remoteness that: You are responsible are planning to go and the and wildlife encounters present for your own safety – Help challenges associated with the greatest and most consistent is a very long way away! that particular route and area hazards that you will encounter of the park.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography 15 Overview
    Geography 15 Overview “If some countries have too much history, Canadians continue to gravitate toward we have too much geography,” said former urban areas. From 1996 to 2006, the urban Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie population grew 9%, from 23 to nearly 25 King in a speech to the House of Commons million people. Together, census metropolitan in 1936. Canada’s total area measures areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations 9,984,670 square kilometres, of which contain 80% of Canada’s total population, 9,093,507 are land and 891,163 are although they cover only 4% of the land area. freshwater. Canada’s coastline, which Canada now has 33 CMAs, up from 27 CMAs includes the Arctic coast, is the longest in the in 2001 and 25 CMAs in 1996. world, measuring 243,042 kilometres. Canada stretches 5,500 kilometres from Cape Physical geography Spear, Newfoundland and Labrador, to the Yukon–Alaska border. From Middle Island One of the fundamental aspects of physical in Lake Erie to Cape Columbia on Ellesmere geography is land cover—the observed Island, it measures 4,600 kilometres. The physical and biological cover of the land, southwesternmost point of Canada is at the such as vegetation or man-made features. same latitude as northern California. (See the full-colour map of Canada’s land cover on the inside front cover of this book.) If we indeed have too much geography, most The most pervasive types of land cover are Canadians see relatively little of it in their evergreen needleleaf forest, which covers daily lives.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Ecosystem Change at the Southern Limit of the Canadian Arctic, Torngat Mountains National Park
    remote sensing Article Rapid Ecosystem Change at the Southern Limit of the Canadian Arctic, Torngat Mountains National Park Emma L. Davis 1,*, Andrew J. Trant 1, Robert G. Way 2, Luise Hermanutz 3 and Darroch Whitaker 4 1 School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; [email protected] 2 Northern Environmental Geoscience Laboratory, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; [email protected] 3 Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada; [email protected] 4 Western Newfoundland and Labrador Field Unit, Parks Canada, Rocky Harbour, NL A0K 4N0, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: Northern protected areas guard against habitat and species loss but are themselves highly vulnerable to environmental change due to their fixed spatial boundaries. In the low Arctic, Torngat Mountains National Park (TMNP) of Canada, widespread greening has recently occurred alongside warming temperatures and regional declines in caribou. Little is known, however, about how biophysical controls mediate plant responses to climate warming, and available observational data are limited in temporal and spatial scope. In this study, we investigated the drivers of land cover change for the 9700 km2 extent of the park using satellite remote sensing and geostatistical modelling. Random forest classification was used to hindcast and simulate land cover change for four different land cover types from 1985 to 2019 with topographic and surface reflectance imagery (Landsat Citation: Davis, E.L.; Trant, A.J.; Way, archive).
    [Show full text]
  • Read the PDF of Torngat Mountains National Park
    Heiko Wittenborn WELCOME TO THE TORNGAT MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK OF CANADA “At the northern extremity of the Labrador coast, a range of high barren mountains with sharp precipices extending inland from the sea was known to traditional Inuit as the abode of the master spirit in their mythology. Their name for the region, Torngait meaning a place of spirits, derived from the presence of Torngarsoak who was believed to control the life of sea animals and took the form of a huge polar bear.” (Hawkes 1916:124-5) 1.0 WELCOME ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.0 ESTABLISHMENT OF TORNGAT MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK ............................................................ 5 CANADA’S NEWEST NATIONAL PARK ............................................................................................................................ 5 THE CONTEXT FOR PARK ESTABLISHMENT .................................................................................................................... 5 MORE ABOUT THE LABRADOR INUIT LAND CLAIMS AGREEMENT .................................................................................. 7 BEGINNING THE MOVE FROM A RESERVE TO A PARK ..................................................................................................... 7 CO-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: A DEFINING FEATURE .................................................................................................. 8 FOR THE RECORD ..........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]