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A Social History of Prohibition in Oklahoma, 1900-1920

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A Social History of Prohibition in Oklahoma, 1900-1920 A SOCIAL HISTORY OF PROHIBITION IN OKLAHOMA, 1900-1920 By JAMES EDWARD KLEIN Bachelor of Arts University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 1987 Master of Arts University oflowa Iowa City, Iowa 1990 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May,2003 COPYRIGHT By James E. Klein May, 2003 ii A SOCIAL HISTORY OF PROHIBITION IN OKLAHOMA, 1900-1920 Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For their gracious help and patience, I am indebted to the librarians and staff at the Oklahoma Historical Society Archives and Newspaper Archives, the Archives Division of the Oklahoma Department of Libraries, the Western History Collection at the University of Oklahoma, and the Special Collections Department at the Tulsa University Mcfarlin Library. I also received indispensable assistance from the Special Collections and University Archives Department, the Government Documents Department, the Microform and Media Department, and the Interlibrary . Services Department at the Edmon Low Library at Oklahoma State University. Their efforts were integral to the completion of this project. Allen Engle of the OSU College of Arts and Sciences Technical Services office provided invaluable service when I encountered mechanical difficulties at a critical juncture in the writing process. The members of my committee---Dr. Ronald A. Petrin, Dr. Michael F. Logan, Dr. Joseph F. Byrnes, and Dr. Charles K. Edgley---have been of great assistance to me in the formulation and completion of this dissertation, as have other members of the OSU History Department faculty. Dr. L. G. Moses ::i-nd Dr. Michael F. Logan provided insight and helpful criticism of early versions of the text in research seminars, as did Dr. Charles K. Edgley of . the Sociology Department. Dr. Theodore Agnew, Dr. Laura A. Belmonte, Dr. Matthew K. Bokovoy, and Dr. David M. D' Andria took the time to discuss the project with me on a number of occasions, helping me frame and clarify the topic, Dr. Joseph F. Byrnes expressed considerable interest in my research, particularly as it relates to religion. Dr. Ronald A. Petrin, as the chair of my dissertation iv committee and as an interested member of the faculty, spent considerable time discussing the organization of this project with me and prompting me to address all aspects of the topic. His support and guidance have been essential to the completion of this work. Further, as a strong advocate for graduate students, he has expended much time and effort to see that students receive the resources necessary to continue their work. The faculty of the History Department have served as excellent role models for an academician-in- training. Dr. Michael M. Smith and Dr. Joseph A. Stout, Jr. have been particularly helpful in this area. In my course work with these and other members of the department, in working as a teaching assistant with several faculty members, and in casual departmental functions, these people have demonstrated a professionalism that I strive to emulate. I have enjoyed considerable support from others as well. My fellow graduate students---notably Dr. Lisa Guinn, Tom Jorsch, Todd Leahy, Shelly Lemons, and Dr. Mark Van de Logt---offered encouragement during times of difficulty and acted as sounding boards for ideas and perspectives concerning the liquor issue. Susan Oliver and Diana Hover of the History Department office staff, in innumerable ways, aided the work on this project. I have received, from several sources, funding that has supported my research on this project. The OSU History Department, in conjunction with a number of endowments, generously provides financial support to graduate students m the form of awards and scholarships each spring. The History Department, through the efforts of Dr. William S. Bryans, has provided me paid teaching opportunities beyond the period of my original funding. The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America and the OSU Graduate College, working with the University Foundation, also supported my research V with grants and scholarships. Dr. Petrin, Dr. Logan, Dr. Bryans, and Dr. Elizabeth Williams, as Graduate Student Advisor, wrote letters in support of my applications for these awards. Their efforts and those of the aforementioned institutions provided funding that has been vital to my research. I dedicate this work to my parents, Paul Anthony and Frances May Klein who stressed always the value of higher education despite their own limited educational opportunities, and to my wife and life partner, Teresa Lee Klein, who has been supportive of me and this work from its inception. She patiently listened while I discussed the details of the research and writing process, offered encouragement at critical junctures, and made insightful observations on numerous occasions. Thank you for your love and support. I greatly appreciate the assistance and support I have received from all quarters while working on this project. vi PREFACE Oklahomans voted to prohibit the sale and giving away of intoxicating liquor in 1907. Despite this endorsement, liquor remained available in the Sooner state throughout the period prior to national prohibition. This study examines the social and cultural impulses that led Oklahomans to ban liquor and the immediate consequences of that ban. Sources included personal accounts from interviews conducted by the W arks Progress Administration, newspaper reports from around the state, correspondence between state and local enforcement officials, pubHcations and records of the Oklahoma Anti­ Saloon League and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Oklahoma, · local histories, state government records, and census records. Oklahoma contained a very diverse population at the turn of the century. Confusion over competing definitions of propriety and the region's reputation for lawlessness encouraged many, particularly the merchants and professionals of the middle classes, to adopt a rigid standard of respectability and to apply this standard to the entire population through the force of law. The region's liquor industry, at the margins of respectable society before statehood, found itself further alienated from the respectable core as it became the target of middle-class reformers who believed the saloon held no redeeming social value. Protestant ministers formed the vanguard of this middle-class reform effort. The illegal liquor trade persisted in the Sooner state because the region's large working-class population continued to patronize the liquor men despite admonitions from their middle-class neighbors. The saloon in Oklahoma, as elsewhere, had become a basic feature of working-class culture by the beginning of the twentieth century. The vii continued ·demand for liquor encouraged bootleggers to exploit legal loopholes in the state's liquor codes. This, in turn, forced state officials and dry proponents to tighten those codes repeatedly, though with. only limited results. By 1920, Oklahoma's illegal liquor industry remained vibrant, though far beyond the bounds of polite society. The conflict surrounding prohibition in Oklahoma, then, was a conflict between middle-class and working-class definitions of social propriety. The socially and politically dominant middle class succeeded in defining the saloon as improper and nonrespectable, but failed to extinguish it. viii TABLE OF CONI'ENTS Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION---HISTORIOGRAPHY AND ARGUMENT................ 1 2. BACKGROUND: OKLAHOMA AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY ........... 37 3. OKLAHOMA GOES DRY .......................................... 82 4. PAPER PROHIBITION.......................................... 131 5. DRY OKLAHOMA. ............................................. 185 6. WET OKLAHOMA.............................................. 243 7. CONCLUSION ... ." ............. ·................................. 321 APPENDIX A: OKLAHOMA PROHIBITION REFERENDUM, 1907 ................ .342 APPENDIX B: OKLAHOMA PROHIBITION REFERENDUM, 1910 ................ .345 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................ 348 ix LIST OFTABLES Table Page 1. Racial Composition of Oklahoma....................................... 38 2. Religious Populations in Oklahoma and Indian Territories, 1906 .......... 38 3. Religious Populations in Oklahoma, 1916 ............................... 42 4. Foreign Populations in Oklahoma..................................... 47 5. Religious Affiliation of Oklahoma Anti-Saloon League Officers and Head Quarters Committee Members and Trustees, 1908-1916 ..................... 229 6. · Proportion of· Oklahoma Anti-Saloon League Officers and Trustees Listed As Clergymen, 1908-1916.................................................. 231 X LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Indian Territory, 1866-1889 ...........................................38 2. Oklahoma Counties, 1907 ............................................. 38 3. Land Openings in Oklahoma.......................................... 42 4. Percentage of population reported as African-American in Oklahoma counties, 1910 .........................................................47 5. Rail lines in Oklahoma, 1913 .......................................... 74 xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This work is a product of the most basic elements of historical inquiry-­ -the desires to know what people did in the past and why. As this work is an examination of the prohibition movement in Oklahoma between 1900 and 1920, the questions
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