Tobacco, 1900-1950 169

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Tobacco, 1900-1950 169 Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 12 February 2019 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Russell, A.J. (2019) 'Anthropology of tobacco : ethnographic adventures in non-human worlds.', Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Routledge studies in public health. Further information on publisher's website: https://www.routledge.com/9781138485143 Publisher's copyright statement: The Open Access version of this book, available at www. taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Anthropology of Tobacco Tobacco has become one of the most widely used and traded commodities on the planet. Reflecting contemporary anthropological interest in material culture studies, Anthropology of Tobacco makes the plant the centre of its own contentious, global story in which, instead of a passive commodity, tobacco becomes a powerful player in a global adventure involving people, corporations and public health. Bringing together a range of perspectives from the social and natural sciences as well as the arts and humanities, Anthropology of Tobacco weaves stories together from a range of historical, cross-cultural and literary sources and empirical research. These combine with contemporary anthropological theories of agency and cross-species relationships to offer fresh perspectives on how an apparently humble plant has progressed to world domination, and the consequences of it having done so. It also considers what needs to happen if, as some public health advocates would have it, we are seriously to imagine ‘a world without tobacco’. This book presents students, scholars and practitioners in anthropology, public health and social policy with unique and multiple perspectives on tobacco-human relations. Andrew Russell is Associate Professor in Anthropology at Durham University, UK, where he is a member of the Anthropology of Health Research Group. His research and teaching spans the sciences, arts and humanities, and mixes both theoretical and applied aspects. He has conducted research in Nepal, the UK and worldwide. Earlier books include The Social Basis of Medicine, which won the British Medical Association’s student textbook of the year award in 2010, and a number of edited volumes, the latest of which (co-edited with Elizabeth Rahman) is The Master Plant: Tobacco in Lowland South America. Routledge Studies in Public Health Available titles include: Global Health and Geographical Imaginaries Edited by Clare Herrick and David Reubi Conceptualising Public Health Historical and Contemporary Struggles over Key Concepts Edited by Johannes Kananen, Sophy Bergenheim, Merle Wessel Global Health and Security Critical Feminist Perspectives Edited by Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie Women’s Health and Complementary and Integrative Medicine Edited by Jon Adams, Amie Steel, Alex Broom and Jane Frawley Managing the Global Health Response to Epidemics Social Science Perspectives Edited by Mathilde Bourrier, Nathalie Brender and Claudine Burton-Jeangros Anthropology of Tobacco Ethnographic Adventures in Non-Human Worlds Andrew Russell https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Studies-in-Public-Health/book-series/ RSPH Anthropology of Tobacco Ethnographic Adventures in Non-Human Worlds Andrew Russell First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Andrew Russell The right of Andrew Russell to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www. taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-48514-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-351-05019-7 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. To Jane, Ben, Euan and (at Euan’s insistence) Bertie, our non-human partner Contents List of illustrations ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction: re-imagining tobacco 1 PART I Life 23 1 Shamanic dreaming 25 2 First contact 45 3 Counterblastes and compromises 69 4 Tobacco and Enlightenment 92 5 Enslavement of all sorts 117 6 Vogue: tobacco worlds in 19th century Europe 143 7 Enchantment and risk: tobacco, 1900-1950 169 8 Corporate voices: tobacco, 1950-2000 194 viii Contents PART II Times 221 9 Host and parasite 223 10 Becoming Fresh: a regional platform against tobacco 250 11 Becoming the FCTC: global solutions to a global problem 272 12 ‘Imagine a world without tobacco’ 298 Bibliography 322 Index 357 Illustrations Figures 0.1 ‘Nicotiana tabacum’ 4 0.2 Chewing khat in Sana’a, Yemen (“I love my khat”)6 1.1 The peopling of the Americas 27 1.2 The Zenithal house of the tobacco spirit 32 2.1 Tupinamba Indians, observed by Hans Staden during his voyage to Brazil 48 2.2 ‘A tobacco drinker, 1623’ 52 4.1 ‘A smoking club’ 99 4.2 ‘The silent meeting’ 99 4.3 ‘Take time and get to know the world’–Dutch tobacco box, c. 1720, underside 107 5.1 Monkey with snuff box, attributed to Kändler, c. 1731 128 5.2 Tobacco-paper for Bradley, tobacco and snuff seller, Russel Street, Covent Garden, London 133 6.1 The Bonsack cigarette-making machine, 1880s 161 7.1 Tomahawking the cigarette 172 7.2 ‘The Chain Smoker – he doesn’t eat it, it eats him!’ 181 7.3 ‘They battled across Europe for a Camel’ 183 7.4 Advertisement for a relaunched ‘Ova’ cigarette, a blend of American and Oriental tobaccos 186 7.5 ‘America, you do not smoke better...’ 187 8.1 ‘The taste of the big, wide world’ 198 8.2 The UK tobacco policy network in the 1980s 214 9.1 The shredding machine, with tobacco leaves drying above 239 9.2 ‘This is not a pipe (or a cigar, or a cigarette)’–e-cigarettes, e-cigars and e-pipes on display at Eurotab 2014, Krakow, Poland 242 9.3 ‘Find out how Megan can smoke anywhere’ 245 11.1 Floor plan for plenary meetings of an FCTC COP 276 11.2 The ‘Death Clock’ at COP4, November 2010 279 x Illustrations 11.3 Autorickshaw with tobacco livelihood poster, India, November 2016 286 11.4 ‘Like slipping into the wide thoracic cavity of a large mammal’ 291 12.1 A stereoscopic Victorian family group (c. 1875) 312 12.2 The Final Pouch 313 12.3 Callus Nicotiana tabacum 316 Table 4.1 Martin’s three basic types of selfhood in Renaissance Europe 104 Acknowledgements The tale changes in the telling, and this book is no exception. When I started writing I presumed my task was a fairly straightforward one. I intended pulling together some ethnographic and other kinds of research about tobacco I and others have done within my home discipline, anthro- pology. I assumed I would present findings and consider what they meant for how we understand tobacco, a commodity so familiar (and, some would say, dangerous) that it hardly needs any introduction. However, rather like the smoke of a fat cigar, as my work progressed so my subject matter has insinuated itself across a range of different disciplines, theoretical perspec- tives, geographical areas and time frames. I was moving into largely uncharted terrain in following tobacco’s story, and travelling without guides is dangerous indeed. Numerous people have given me advice, information and admonishment along the way. My colleague Claudia Merli found YouTube clips of contemporary curanderos (traditional healers) in Peru using tobacco smoke in curing rituals and saying things (in Spanish) like ‘tobacco has the energy to clean and cure’. Such intriguing statements led me to convene a symposium with Elizabeth Rahman in July 2013 that brought together scholars to share observations and information about tobacco production and use amongst indigenous Amazonian and other groups from lowland South America. The contributions to the edited volume arising from that symposium have all been incredibly useful in formulating many of the ideas contained in this one, so many thanks to Elizabeth, Juan Alvaro Echeverri, Bernd Brabec de Mori, Renzo S. Duin, Paolo Fortis, Françoise Barbira Freedman, Pete Gow, Nick Kawa, Augusto Oyuela-Caycedo, Alejandro Reig and Juan Pablo Sarmiento Barletti. As a result of recognizing common interest, Jane Macnaughton and I set up a Smoking Special Interest Group (SSIG) that has been generously supported by the Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing and hosted at the Institute for Medical Humanities at Durham University. Members of that group whose insights have been invaluable include Jane herself, Susan Carro- Ripalda, Kwanwook Kim (whose hyeonmi-nokcha – Korean brown rice green xii Acknowledgements tea – became a mainstay of this book’s production), Sue Lewis and Frances Thirlway.
Recommended publications
  • Youth Bidi, Kretek, Or Pipe Tobacco Use
    2013 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey: Fact Sheet 10 Youth Bidi, Kretek, or Pipe Tobacco Use Introduction The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) was administered in the spring of 2013 to 6,440 middle school students and 6,175 high school students in 172 public schools throughout the state. The overall survey response rate for middle schools was 83%, and the overall survey response rate for high schools was 75%. The FYTS has been conduct- ed annually since 1998. The data presented in this fact sheet are weighted to represent the entire population of public middle and high school students in Florida. About Bidis, Kreteks, and Pipe Tobacco Bidis are small brown cigarettes from India consisting of tobacco wrapped in a leaf tied together with a thread. Bidis have higher levels of nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar than traditional cigarettes. Kreteks are cigarettes containing tobacco and clove extract. In 2009, the Food and Drug Administration banned kreteks, along with flavored cigarettes, from being sold in the United States. Pipe tobacco comes either plain or flavored and is smoked through a pipe. On previous FYTS fact sheets, bidis, kreteks, and pipe tobacco have been Figure 1. Ever Tried Bidis, Kreteks, or Pipe Tobacco 8.4 8.5 reported as “specialty tobacco” products. 9 8.0 8 7.2 7.1 Ever Tried Bidis, Kreteks, or Pipe Tobacco 7 5.9 6 In 2013, 2.5% of middle school and 5.9% of high 5 4 3.2 school students had tried smoking a bidi, kretek, or Percent 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 pipe tobacco at least once (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Smoking Behavior and the Use of Cigarette Types Among University Student
    E-ISSN 2240-0524 Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol 10 No 5 ISSN 2239-978X www.richtmann.org September 2020 . Research Article © 2020 Arisona et.al.. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Smoking Behavior and the Use of Cigarette Types Among University Student Amalia Arisona Laili Rahayuwati Ayu Prawesti Habsyah Saparidah Agustina Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2020-0100 Abstract The number of smokers is increasing every year in Indonesia. Cigarettes can cause several health problems and can even cause death. Aside from conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes and shisha are starting to get the spotlight. The types of cigarettes include conventional cigarettes, electric cigarettes and shisha can cause health problems to both smokers and the people around them. The purpose of this study was to determine smoking behavior and the use of cigarette types in students. This research was quantitative descriptive. The population in this study were students who have smoked either the conventional, electric or shisha. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling with 384 students as the samples. The instrument in this study used a questionnaire that was independently developed by researchers with a total of 14 questions. The results of the data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive analysis presented in the form of a percentage. Based on the results of the study it was found that non-health students (90.6%) were more likely to smoke than health students (9.4%).
    [Show full text]
  • Bidi, Kretek, Or Pipe Tobacco Use
    2012 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey: Fact Sheet 10 Youth Bidi, Kretek, or Pipe Tobacco Use Introduction The Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) was administered in the spring of 2012 to 38,989 middle school students and 36,439 high school students in 746 public schools throughout the state. The overall survey response rate for middle schools was 77% and the overall response rate for high schools was 73%. The FYTS has been conducted annually since 1998. The data presented in this fact sheet are weighted to represent the entire population of public middle and high school students in Florida. About Bidis, Kreteks, and Pipe Tobacco Bidis are small brown cigarettes from India consisting of tobacco wrapped in a leaf tied together with a thread. Bidis have higher levels of nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar than traditional cigarettes. Kreteks are cigarettes containing tobacco and clove extract. In 2009, the Food and Drug Administration banned kreteks, along with flavored cigarettes, from being sold in the United States. Pipe tobacco comes either plain or flavored and is smoked through a pipe. On previous FYTS fact sheets, bidis, kreteks, and pipe tobacco have been Figure 1. Ever Tried Bidis, Kreteks, or Pipe Tobacco 8.4 8.5 reported as “specialty tobacco” products. 9 8.0 8 7.2 7.1 Ever Tried Bidis, Kreteks, or Pipe Tobacco 7 6 In 2012, 2.5% of middle school and 7.1% of high 5 4 3.2 school students had tried smoking a bidi, kretek, or Percent 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.5 pipe tobacco at least once (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Assonance a Journal of Russian & Comparative Literary Studies
    ISSN 2394-7853 Assonance A Journal of Russian & Comparative Literary Studies No.21 January 2021 Department of Russian & Comparative Literature University of Calicut Kerala – 673635 Assonance: A Journal of Russian & Comparative Literary Studies No.21, January 2021 ISSN 2394-7853 Listed in UGC Care ©2021 Department of Russian & Comparative Literature, University of Calicut Editors: Dr. K.K. Abdul Majeed (Assistant Professor & Head) Dr. Nagendra Shreeniwas (Associate Professor, CRS, SLL&CS, JNU, New Delhi) Sub Editor: Sameer Babu Kavad Board of Referees: 1. Prof. Amar Basu, (Retd.), JNU, New Delhi 2. Prof. Govindan Nair (Retd.), University of Kerala 3. Prof. Ranjana Banerjee, JNU, New Delhi 4. Prof. Kandrapa Das, Guahati University, Assam 5. Prof. Sushant Kumar Mishra, JNU, New Delhi 6. Prof. T.K. Gajanan, University of Mysore 7. Prof. Balakrishnan K, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Kochi 8. Dr. S.S. Rajput, EFLU, Hyderabad 9. Smt. Sreekumari S, (Retd.), University of Calicut, Kerala 10. Dr. V.K. Subramanian, University of Calicut, 11. Dr. Arunim Bandyopadhyay, JNU, New Delhi 12. Dr. K.M. Sherrif, University of Calicut, Kerala 13. Dr. K.M. Anil, Malayalam University, Kerala 14. Dr. Sanjay Kumar, EFLU, Hyderabad 15. Dr. Krishnakumar R.S, University of Kerala Frequency: Annual Published by: Department of Russian & Comparative Literature, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Malappuram, Kerala – 673635 Articles in the journal reflect the views of the respective authors only and do not reflect the view of the editors, the journal, the department and/or the university. ii Notes for contributors Assonance is an ISSN, UGC-CARE listed, multilingual, refereed, blind peer reviewed, annual publication of the Department of Russian & Comparative Literature, University of Calicut.
    [Show full text]
  • July 16, 2018 VIA ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION and HAND DELIVERY Division of Dockets Management Food and Drug Administration 5630 Fishe
    Jose Luis Murillo Vice President Regulatory Affairs July 16, 2018 VIA ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION AND HAND DELIVERY Division of Dockets Management Food and Drug Administration 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061 Rockville, MD 20852 Re: Docket No. FDA-2017-N-6189 (83 Fed. Reg. 11,818, March 16, 2018) Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Tobacco Product Standard for Nicotine Level of Certain Tobacco Products Altria Client Services (“ALCS”), on behalf of Philip Morris USA Inc. (“PM USA”), John Middleton Company (“JMC”), and Sherman Group Holdings LLC and its subsidiaries (“Nat Sherman”),1 submits these comments to the Food and Drug Administration’s (“FDA’s” or the “Agency’s”) Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“ANPRM”) on a Tobacco Product Standard for Nicotine Level of Certain Tobacco Products. The ANPRM comes within the context of an industry in the midst of transformative change. Cigarette smoking is at historically low levels and continues to decline. At the same time, a new market is emerging in innovative noncombustible tobacco products that are potentially less harmful than cigarettes. There is now a scientific consensus that noncombustible products, like e-vapor, are substantially less risky than conventional cigarettes. It is smoke, and not nicotine, that causes most tobacco- related harm. And adult smokers are increasingly expressing interest in switching from cigarettes to less risky alternatives. We agree that a nicotine product standard of some sort may make sense in a future regulatory system, but this requires the pre-existence of a marketplace with alternative, FDA-authorized, reduced risk products; more information about the relative risks of those products; and a regulatory system that respects the rights of adults to make decisions based on accurate information.
    [Show full text]
  • Cigarette Smoking-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches
    Cigarette Smoking-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Tamer M. Abdelghany Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jay L. Zweier, MD, Advisor Dr. Arthur Strauch III, PhD Dr. Amal Amer, MD PhD Copyright by Tamer M. Abdelghany 2013 Abstract Cigarette smoking (CS) remains the single largest preventable cause of death. Worldwide, smoking causes more than five million deaths annually and, according to the current trends, smoking may cause up to 10 million annual deaths by 2030. In the U.S. alone, approximately half a million adults die from smoking-related illnesses each year which represents ~ 19% of all deaths in the U.S., and among them 50,000 are killed due to exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The crucial event of The CVD is the endothelial dysfunction (ED). Despite of the vast number of studies conducted to address this significant health problem, the exact mechanism by which CS induces ED is not fully understood. The ultimate goal of this thesis; therefore, is to study the mechanisms by which CS induces ED, aiming at the development of new therapeutic strategies that can be used in protection and/or reversal of CS-induced ED. In the first part of this study, we developed a well-characterized animal model for chronic secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) to study the onset and severity of the disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Standardised Packaging of Cigarettes and Tobacco Products Smokefree Action Coalition Briefing
    Standardised Packaging of Cigarettes and Tobacco Products Smokefree Action Coalition briefing Children and Families Bill: House of Lords Report Stage The Smokefree Action Coalition (SFAC) is an alliance of over 250 organisations committed to promoting public health. This briefing note for MPs and peers sets out the case for legislation requiring cigarettes and other tobacco products to be sold in standardised (sometimes called “plain”) packaging. The first two pages summarise the key arguments, set out in full in the more detailed briefing that follows. The Smokefree Action Coalition supports the Government’s amendment to the Bill (No 57B: New Clause before Clause 80). This has essentially the same effect as the cross-Party and crossbench amendment previously tabled by Lord Faulkner, Baroness Finlay, Lord McColl and Baroness Tyler, which will now not be pressed to a vote. Contacts: Deborah Arnott, Chief Executive, ASH [email protected] 020 7404 0242, 07976 935987 (m) Laura Williams, Senior Public Affairs Manager, Cancer Research UK [email protected] 020 3469 8499, 07918 677168 (m) What is Standardised Packaging? 1. Standardised packaging would remove the attractive promotional aspects of existing tobacco packaging, and require that the appearance of all tobacco packs would be uniform, including the colour of the pack. Standardised packaging would also allow the promotion of strong anti-smoking and health messages. 2. In April 2012, the UK Government launched a consultation on whether to introduce standardised packaging, following a commitment in its Tobacco Control Plan for England.1 On Friday 12th July 2013 the Government announced in a written ministerial statement that it had 1 | Page “decided to wait until the emerging impact of the decision in Australia can be measured before we make a final decision on this policy in England”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Illegal Cigarette Trade
    Published in: Mangai Natarajan (ed.), International Criminal Justice, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 148-154 The Illegal Cigarette Trade Klaus von Lampe Introduction The smuggling and illegal distribution of cigarettes is a global phenomenon in a dual sense. It can be observed in some form or other on every continent, and there are some schemes that span the globe, connecting distant places such as a clandestine factory in China producing counterfeit cigarettes with a street corner in London where these cigarettes are eventually sold to consumers. Cigarettes are essentially a legal good. What makes the trade in cigarettes illegal is the evasion of excise and customs duties. Excise duties are taxes levied on certain goods produced or sold within the country. Customs duties are charged on goods imported from another country. Cigarettes are among the highest taxed commodities and provide a significant source of revenue for governments. While the level of taxation varies across jurisdictions, in many countries taxes account for as much as 70 to 80 percent of the price smokers have to pay for a pack at a legal retail outlet store. Through a number of different schemes, suppliers and customers circumvent the taxation of cigarettes. As a result, cigarettes are being made available at a cost below legal retail prices, providing both lucrative profits for suppliers and significant savings for consumers, while causing substantial losses of revenue to governments, estimated at around forty billion USD globally in 2007, and at the same time undermining public health policies that aim to discourage smokers through high tobacco taxation (Joossens et al., 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Canada Gouvernementaux Canada 1 1 RETURN BIDS TO: Title - Sujet RETOURNER LES SOUMISSIONS À: CSTADS Bid Receiving - PWGSC / Réception Des Solicitation No
    Public Works and Government Services Travaux publics et Services Canada gouvernementaux Canada 1 1 RETURN BIDS TO: Title - Sujet RETOURNER LES SOUMISSIONS À: CSTADS Bid Receiving - PWGSC / Réception des Solicitation No. - N° de l'invitation Date soumissions - TPSGC H4133-122931/A 2013-07-17 11 Laurier St. / 11, rue Laurier Client Reference No. - N° de référence du client Place du Portage , Phase III H4133-122931 Core 0A1 / Noyau 0A1 GETS Reference No. - N° de référence de SEAG Gatineau, Québec K1A 0S5 PW-$$SS-071-26261 Bid Fax: (819) 997-9776 File No. - N° de dossier CCC No./N° CCC - FMS No./N° VME 071ss.H4133-122931 Solicitation Closes - L'invitation prend fin Time Zone Fuseau horaire at - à 02:00 PM Eastern Daylight Saving REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL on - le 2013-08-19 Time EDT DEMANDE DE PROPOSITION F.O.B. - F.A.B. Proposal To: Public Works and Government Services Canada Plant-Usine: Destination: Other-Autre: We hereby offer to sell to Her Majesty the Queen in right Address Enquiries to: - Adresser toutes questions à: Buyer Id - Id de l'acheteur of Canada, in accordance with the terms and conditions Pageau, Francois 006sq set out herein, referred to herein or attached hereto, the Telephone No. - N° de téléphone FAX No. - N° de FAX goods, services, and construction listed herein and on any (819) 956-3563 ( ) (819) 956-7994 attached sheets at the price(s) set out therefor. Destination - of Goods, Services, and Construction: Proposition aux: Travaux Publics et Services Destination - des biens, services et construction: Gouvernementaux Canada Nous offrons par la présente de vendre à Sa Majesté la Reine du chef du Canada, aux conditions énoncées ou Specified Herein incluses par référence dans la présente et aux annexes Précisé dans les présentes ci-jointes, les biens, services et construction énumérés ici sur toute feuille ci-annexée, au(x) prix indiqué(s).
    [Show full text]
  • The Filter Fraud: Debunking the Myth of “Safer” As a Key New Strategy Of
    THE FILTER FRAUD: DEBUNKING THE MYTH OF “SAFER” AS A KEY NEW STRATEGY OF TOBACCO CONTROL Alan Blum, MD, University of Alabama Center for the Study of Tobacco and Society, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA ([email protected]) Thomas E. Novotny, MD MPH, San Diego State University, Cigarette Butt Pollution Project, San Diego, CA, USA ([email protected]) Background Filters are a Health Hazard Although efforts have been made to eliminate the use of misleading • As with flavorings such as menthol, filters facilitate nicotine descriptors such as “low tar,” “lights,” and “mild” from cigarette addiction by making smoking less harsh and thus easier for marketing, the elimination of the cigarette filter, which is on 99.7% youth to start smoking. For existing smokers, the tobacco of cigarettes sold in United States, has been largely overlooked as a industry fostered consumer complacency and false security tobacco control strategy. The 2014 U.S. Surgeon General’s Report on about the implied protection that the filter could confer, the Health Consequences of Smoking and the 2001 U.S. National diminishing the urgency to quit smoking. Cancer Institute Monograph 13 report that the near-universal • Lung cancer risks among smokers have doubled for men and adoption by smokers of filtered cigarettes since their introduction in increased by almost 10 times for women from 1960-1980; the 1930s has not reduced these consumers’ risks for cancer and relative risks for and incidence of the more aggressive other diseases (1). Moreover, the non-biodegradable filter is the adenocarcinoma increased from 4.6 to19.0 among men and from main component of tobacco product waste in the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • (With) Shakespeare (/783437/Show) (Pdf) Elizabeth (/783437/Pdf) Klett
    11/19/2019 Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation ISSN 1554-6985 V O L U M E X · N U M B E R 2 (/current) S P R I N G 2 0 1 7 (/previous) S h a k e s p e a r e a n d D a n c e E D I T E D B Y (/about) E l i z a b e t h K l e t t (/archive) C O N T E N T S Introduction: Dancing (With) Shakespeare (/783437/show) (pdf) Elizabeth (/783437/pdf) Klett "We'll measure them a measure, and be gone": Renaissance Dance Emily Practices and Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet (/783478/show) (pdf) Winerock (/783478/pdf) Creation Myths: Inspiration, Collaboration, and the Genesis of Amy Romeo and Juliet (/783458/show) (pdf) (/783458/pdf) Rodgers "A hall, a hall! Give room, and foot it, girls": Realizing the Dance Linda Scene in Romeo and Juliet on Film (/783440/show) (pdf) McJannet (/783440/pdf) Prokofiev’s Romeo and Juliet: Some Consequences of the “Happy Nona Ending” (/783442/show) (pdf) (/783442/pdf) Monahin Scotch Jig or Rope Dance? Choreographic Dramaturgy and Much Emma Ado About Nothing (/783439/show) (pdf) (/783439/pdf) Atwood A "Merry War": Synetic's Much Ado About Nothing and American Sheila T. Post-war Iconography (/783480/show) (pdf) (/783480/pdf) Cavanagh "Light your Cigarette with my Heart's Fire, My Love": Raunchy Madhavi Dances and a Golden-hearted Prostitute in Bhardwaj's Omkara Biswas (2006) (/783482/show) (pdf) (/783482/pdf) www.borrowers.uga.edu/7165/toc 1/2 11/19/2019 Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation The Concord of This Discord: Adapting the Late Romances for Elizabeth the
    [Show full text]
  • Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: the Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection * By
    Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International Contributions to Tobacco Research Volume 27 @ No. 4 @ October 2016 DOI: 10.1515/cttr-2016-0015 Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection * by Hubert Klus 1, Barbara Boenke-Nimphius 2, and Lutz Müller 3 1 Oriongasse 9,3100 St. Pölten, Austria 2 Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International, Chausseestraße 51A, 10115 Berlin, Germany 3 Stralsunder Straße 1, 01109 Dresden, Germany SUMMARY (filters and traps) developed over time - some for very specific purposes - and refers to the perpetual problem of The objective of this review is to support tobacco scientists artifact formation by aging. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 27 when evaluating information published on smoking ma- (2016) 137–274] chines, and on cigarette mainstream smoke (in vivo and in vitro) exposure systems and collection devices. The intriguing development of smoking machines (mainly ZUSAMMENFASSUNG for cigarettes) is followed for more than 170 years - from the first simple set-ups in the 1840s to the sophisticated and Es ist die Intention dieser Übersicht, auf dem Gebiet des fully automated analytical smoking machines available Tabaks arbeitende Wissenschaftler zu unterstützen bei der today. Systems for the large-scale production of smoke Bewertung publizierter Informationen über Rauchmaschi- (condensate) for preparative work are equally considered. nen sowie über Systeme zur experimentellen Exposition (in The standardization of machine smoking methods and test vivo und in vitro) mit Zigarettenhauptstromrauch und pieces has solved several technical problems and produced Apparate zu dessen Sammlung. sensible rules but, at the same time, given rise to new Die sehr interessante Entwicklung von Rauchmaschinen controversies like the compatibility of artificial and human (vornehmlich für Zigaretten) wird über einen Zeitraum von smoking, and the implementation of more intense machine mehr als 170 Jahren nachgezeichnet - von den ersten ein- smoking regimes.
    [Show full text]