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Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International Contributions to Tobacco Research Volume 27 @ No. 4 @ October 2016 DOI: 10.1515/cttr-2016-0015 Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection * by Hubert Klus 1, Barbara Boenke-Nimphius 2, and Lutz Müller 3 1 Oriongasse 9,3100 St. Pölten, Austria 2 Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International, Chausseestraße 51A, 10115 Berlin, Germany 3 Stralsunder Straße 1, 01109 Dresden, Germany SUMMARY (filters and traps) developed over time - some for very specific purposes - and refers to the perpetual problem of The objective of this review is to support tobacco scientists artifact formation by aging. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 27 when evaluating information published on smoking ma- (2016) 137–274] chines, and on cigarette mainstream smoke (in vivo and in vitro) exposure systems and collection devices. The intriguing development of smoking machines (mainly ZUSAMMENFASSUNG for cigarettes) is followed for more than 170 years - from the first simple set-ups in the 1840s to the sophisticated and Es ist die Intention dieser Übersicht, auf dem Gebiet des fully automated analytical smoking machines available Tabaks arbeitende Wissenschaftler zu unterstützen bei der today. Systems for the large-scale production of smoke Bewertung publizierter Informationen über Rauchmaschi- (condensate) for preparative work are equally considered. nen sowie über Systeme zur experimentellen Exposition (in The standardization of machine smoking methods and test vivo und in vitro) mit Zigarettenhauptstromrauch und pieces has solved several technical problems and produced Apparate zu dessen Sammlung. sensible rules but, at the same time, given rise to new Die sehr interessante Entwicklung von Rauchmaschinen controversies like the compatibility of artificial and human (vornehmlich für Zigaretten) wird über einen Zeitraum von smoking, and the implementation of more intense machine mehr als 170 Jahren nachgezeichnet - von den ersten ein- smoking regimes. fachen Apparaten um 1840 bis zu den hochentwickelten Adequate space is allotted for the discussion of configura- und vollautomatisierten analytischen Rauchmaschinen, die tions for in vivo smoke exposure of rodent and non-rodent heute verfügbar sind. Systeme für die Produktion von species and the machines generating the required smoke Rauch (und Kondensat) in großem Maßstab für präparative (condensate). Covered as well is the field of in vitro toxi- Arbeiten werden gleichfalls besprochen. city testing, including the increasingly informative new Die Standardisierung maschineller Abrauchmethoden und techniques of air-liquid interface exposure, which are be- von Prüfstücken hat mehrere technische Probleme gelöst coming more and more refined with the use of organotypic und zu vernünftigen Vorschriften geführt, aber zugleich cultures and genetic analyses. neue Kontroversen hervorgerufen wie die Vereinbarkeit The review is completed by the examination of the con- maschinellen Abrauchens und natürlichen Rauchens und die siderable variety of mainstream smoke collection devices Anwendung intensivierter Parameter für Rauchmaschinen. *Received: April 2016 – accepted: September 2016 Angemessener Raum ist zugemessen der Diskussion von chines. Anordnungen zur in vivo Rauchbelastung von Versuchs- L'article fait une part belle à la discussion concernant les tieren (Nagern und Nichtnagern) und der Maschinen zur configurations pour l'exposition à la fumée in vivo Produktion von erforderlichem Rauch und Kondensat. Be- d’animaux de laboratoire (rongeurs et non-rongeurs) et sprochen wird auch das Arbeitsgebiet der in vitro Toxi- pour les machines produisant la fumée requise (condensat). zitätsuntersuchungen, einschließlich der immer aussage- Il couvre également le champ des essais de toxicité in vitro, kräftigeren neuen Techniken der air-liquid interface Expo- y compris les nouvelles techniques d'exposition en interface sitionen, welche zunehmend ausgefeilter werden mit dem air-liquide qui livrent de plus en plus d'informations et Einsatz organtypischer Kulturen und genetischer Analysen. gagnent en affinage grâce à l'utilisation des cultures Die Übersicht wird vervollständigt durch die Besprechung organotypiques et des analyses génétiques. der ansehnlichen Vielfalt von Geräten (Filter und Fallen) L'article est complété d'un examen de la vaste gamme des zur Sammlung von Hauptstromrauch, die im Laufe der Zeit dispositifs de collecte de la fumée principale (filtres et entwickelt wurden - einige für sehr spezielle Anwendungen pièges) mis au point au fil du temps - certains à des fins très - und spricht das permanente Problem der Artefaktbildung spécifiques - et évoque le sempiternel problème de la durch Alterung an. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 27 (2016) formation d'artéfacts due au vieillissement. [Beitr. Tabak- 137–274] forsch. Int. 27 (2016) 137–274] RESUME ABBREVIATIONS La finalité du présent article est de prêter assistance aux ALI Air-liquid interface scientifiques étudiant le tabac dans leur évaluation des BAT British American Tobacco informations publiées au sujet des machines à fumer et des CORESTA Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research systèmes d'exposition (in vivo et in vitro) et des dispositifs Relative to Tobacco de collecte de la fumée principale de la cigarette. CRM CORESTA recommended method L'évolution fascinante des machines à fumer (principale- DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung ment pensés pour les cigarettes) est suivie depuis plus de EC50 Concentration inducing a response halfway 170 ans, des premiers appareils simples des années 1840 between baseline and maximal effect aux dispositifs analytiques, totalement automatisés, dis- ETS Environmental tobacco smoke ponibles aujourd'hui. Des systèmes conçus pour la produc- FTC Federal Trade Commission tion à grande échelle de fumée (condensat), lors du travail GC/MS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry préparatoire, ont également été considérés. GVP Gas vapor phase La normalisation des méthodes et des pièces d'essai pour ISO International Organization for Standardization les machines à fumer a permis de résoudre plusieurs pro- NDIR Non-dispersive infrared analysis blèmes techniques et a énoncé des règles judicieuses; NFDPM Nicotine-free dry particulate matter cependant, dans un même temps, elle a aussi suscité de OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and nouvelles controverses, telles que la compatibilité de la Development fumée humaine et de la fumée artificielle, et la mise en QCM Quartz crystal microbalance œuvre de paramètres de fumage plus intenses pour les ma- TPM Total particulate matter 138 CONTENTS 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 140 2. Early smoke generating devices .......................................................................................................................... 141 3. Modern analytical smoking machines ................................................................................................................. 148 3.1. Linear smoking machines ................................................................................................................................... 148 3.1.1. Development of linear smoking machines in the United States .......................................................................... 148 3.1.2. Development of linear smoking machines in Europe .......................................................................................... 150 3.2. Rotary smoking machines ................................................................................................................................... 154 3.3. Standardization of machine smoking methods and test pieces ............................................................................ 158 3.3.1. FTC standard methodology ................................................................................................................................. 158 3.3.2. CORESTA Recommended Methods and ISO Standards .................................................................................... 159 3.3.3. Kentucky reference cigarettes and CORESTA monitor test pieces .................................................................... 161 3.4. The harmonization of linear and rotary smoking machines ................................................................................ 162 3.5. Human smoking and intense smoking regimes ................................................................................................... 166 4. Smoking machines for large scale condensate production and in vivo toxicity testing ....................................... 174 5. Smoke generation and exposure in animal inhalation studies ............................................................................. 180 5.1. Smoke generation and exposure in inhalation studies with rodent species ......................................................... 180 5.2. Smoke generation and exposure in inhalation studies with non-rodent species .................................................. 193 6. Smoking machines and exposure devices for in vitro smoke toxicity testing ..................................................... 196 6.1. Conventional in vitro assays with tobacco smoke ............................................................................................... 199 6.2. Air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure studies .......................................................................................................
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