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The State-Owned Enterprise Reform in China Its N° d'ordre : 4214 Université des sciences et technologies de Lille École doctorale Sciences économiques, sociales, de l’aménagement et du management Thèse pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université des sciences et technologies de Lille Economie Industrielle Présentée et soutenue publiquement par ZHU Kai 2 juillet 2008 THE STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE REFORM IN CHINA ITS POTENTIAL FOR ECONOMIC TAKE-OFF IN LESS DEVELOPED LOCALITIES Directeur de la thèse : Prof. MOULAERT Frank Catholic University of Leuven Co-Encadrant : Prof. DESREUMAUX Alain Université des sciences et technologies de Lille (IAE) Membres du jury : Prof. MARTINELLI Flavia Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria Prof. WEN Tiejun Renmin University of China 1 To my parents 2 Acknowledgement This Ph D dissertation has taken six years to come to fruition. Along the way I have received help from many people, whom I want to thank here. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Prof. Frank Moulaert. His careful revisions and rigoricity of scientific research helped me in all the time of research for and accomplish this dissertation. Prof. Alain Desreumaux, Flavia Martinelli and Tiejun Wen revised the final version of this dissertation. Their comments as well as advices made me stay a fruitful experience. My colleagues from University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, Jacques Nussbaumer, Michel Noléo, Iratxe Calvo-Mendieta, Werquin Thomas, Oana Ailenei, Christelle Guiboumou, Etienne Christiaens, Abid Mehmood, Constanza Parra, Mariana.Antohi, etc. who accompanied me during the scientific research, providing me with administrative paper work and mental support. During the first three years my work was greatly funded by the ‘Allocation de Researche’, granted by Ministry of Education of France. The library of University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille provided me with numerous instructive references. The institute IFRESI offered me office and a lot of facilities for seminars and group discussion. My on-site investigations in France and mainland China between 2003 and 2005 were successfully conducted thanks to the help of many university professors, enterprise managers and local government officials. They have all received my wholehearted thanks. I shall also thank my friend, André Liu. He kept on looking closely at every version of my dissertation for English style and grammar, and making suggestions for improvement. At last, I would like to give my special thanks to my parents and my wife. Without their care, understanding, financial and moral support, my work would not have been completed. 3 Résumé Cette thèse, par le biais d’une approche scientifique, propose une solution visant à favoriser le développement économique des localités sous-développées de chine. Les mesures institutionnelles prises sous la Réforme vers l’économie de marché (de 1978 à nos jours), n’ont pas permis de réduire les inégalités économiques entre les différentes localités. L’innovation institutionnelle est nécessaire pour permettre le développement économique et engendrer une société harmonieuse. Bien que davantage d’études théoriques soient encore en cours, mes investigations en Chine en 2004 et 2005 m’ont convaincu que les localités sous-développées de Chine peinent à mettre en place des économies de marché si elles ne bénéficient pas du soutien du gouvernement aussi bien au niveau local que national. Cette découverte contredit le culte actuel du marché et met en évidence la sous-évaluation du rôle à différents niveaux du gouvernement, dans le développement économique local. Grâce aux expériences de développement local en Chine depuis la Réforme, l’intervention de l’Etat a pu adopter une approche ‘market-enhancing’ et à différents niveaux, le gouvernement a pu coopérer avec des institutions privées pour favoriser le développement économique dans les localités sous- développées. Ainsi, cette thèse tente de redéfinir les relations entre les fonctions économiques du gouvernement, l’économie locale, les agents publics et privés dans le contexte de la Réforme d’économie de marché. Les entreprises d’état sont le point focal de l’innovation institutionnelle. Pendant la période de Pré-Réforme (1949–1978), elles étaient dirigées par le gouvernement central sous le régime du socialiste et ont remarquablement contribué au développement économique local. Mais la Réforme orientée vers une économie de marché lancée en 1978 les a privatisées ou transformées en corporations avec peu d’objectif sociopolitique et ne visant qu’à maximiser les profits, et donc par conséquent la contribution des entreprises d’état à l’économie locale s’est réduite au paiement des impôts et à la création d’emplois. Les répercussions bénéfiques au niveau local s’avèrent très limitées, notamment pour les localités moins développées ne bénéficient pas des entreprises d’état réformées. 4 Inspirée par des pratiques du partenariat public-privée, cette thèse propose un nouveau modèle d’entreprise d’état multifonctionnelle à double objectif sociopolitique et économique. Les caractéristiques possibles de cette entreprise seraient : 1) sa localisation : dans les localités sous-développées ; 2) la coopération publique-privée pouvant adopter différentes formes de organisation avec des droits et obligations bien définis dans le contrat des entreprises; 3) elle encourage les initiatives sociopolitiques contribuant au développement de l’économie locale en combinant les dynamiques de marché. Mots clés : réforme chinoise, entreprise d’état, intervention d’état, localité sous-développée, réduction de la pauvreté, partenariat public-privée, innovation institutionnelle 5 Abstract This PhD dissertation offers a scientifically supported solution to economic development in China’s less developed localities (LDLs). The market-oriented Reform (from 1978 onwards) has not produced the institutional arrangement necessary to reduce the spatial economic inequality. Institutional innovation is necessary to achieve economic development and build a harmonious society. My investigations in China during 2004 to 2005 show that the LDLs hardly build up efficient local market economies without the government support from both central and local levels. This finding challenges the current market hype in China and shows the undervaluation of multi-levelled governments’ roles in local economic development. Drawing experiences from local economic take-off in China, state intervention can adopt a market-enhancing approach and multi-level governments can cooperate with private forces to develop LDLs. This finding inspires a re-definition of the relationships between the government’s economic functions, local economy, public and private forces in the context of the market-oriented Reform. State-owned enterprises (SOE) have proven to be a platform for such cooperation because during the pre-Reform period (1949–1978) they contributed remarkably in their traditional form to local economic development, especially in LDLs. But the SOE reform has gradually privatized traditional SOEs and transformed them into profit- oriented enterprises with hardly any socio-political objectives. The SOEs’ contribution to the local economy has been reduced to tax payment and job creation, which both produce very limited benefits to localities, because in LDLs few jobs are created and taxes are collected at higher administrative levels. Recalling and updating the ‘old’ roles of the SOE, this thesis attempts a redefinition of the relationships between the SOE and the local economy in the context of the market-oriented Reform. A new kind of multi-functional SOE is proposed by drawing upon the traditional and the reformed models. A set of characteristics identify this SOE: 1) it should be located in LDLs; 2) it may adopt various shareholding forms but shareholders have clear duty and right under contract; and 3) it undertakes socio-political objectives, aiming to combine market dynamics with local development potential in order to promote local economic take-off. Keywords: China’s reform, state-owned enterprise, state intervention, less developed locality, poverty reduction, public private partnership, institutional innovation 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................................12 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... 13 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................ 14 LIST OF ANNEXES ......................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION: INTEGRATING THE SOE INTO THE STUDY ON LESS DEVELOPED LOCALITIES ........................................ 16 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: DEVELOPMENT IS THE CENTRAL THEME............................... 16 1.2 PROBLEMATIC: LOCAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE SOE REFORM............................................. 21 1.2.1 LOCALITY ...................................................................................................................................21 1.2.2 LESS DEVELOPED LOCALITY.......................................................................................................23 1.2.3 ALLEVIATING SPATIAL INEQUALITY: POVERTY REDUCTION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN LDLS .............................................................................................................25
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