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Index A nourishment classes , 114–115 AAR. See Accumulation-area ratios (AARs) polar glaciers , 113 Ablation losses valley glaciers , 113, 114 annual cycle , 137–139 Accumulation areas subzones Batura glacier , 121–122 Alpine-and Mustagh-type glaciers , 101 Biafo glacier , 122–127 ‘apocalyptic’ destruction , 101 debris-mantled areas, Baltoro glacier , Biafo’s ‘Snow Lake’ , 100 134–135 dry snow and percolation , 99 description , 118 Karakoram glaciers , 98, 99 distributions , 118–119 lower accumulation zone , 98, 99 enhancing dusty and dirty conditions , percolation zone , 100 135–136 slush zone and slush fl ows ( see Slush zone ice facets and relief inversion, debris and fl ows) mantles , 136–137 superimposed ice , 100 mass balance assessments , 119 water, depressions , 101 net short-wave radiation , 119 wet snow vs. percolation subzone , 99 on-and off-ice observations , 128–129 Ahlmann, H.W. , 74, 113 seasonal snow cover and icy Alpine-type glaciers carapace , 142 ‘fi rn’ , 77 short-wave radiation , 141 nourishment types , 75, 78 snow, ice and debris covers , 119, 120 snowfall nourishment , 77 and supraglacial debris , 129–134 snow limit , 76 verticality relations , 120–121 substantial accumulation areas , 76 Ablation rates terrain proportions , 74 Biafo Glacier , 122 Archer, D.R. , 294, 345 debris-enhanced ablation rates , 135 Area-altitude distributions , 21–23, 56–59 meteorological stations, Biafo Glacier Area-altitude relations, mass balance and cloud cover , 123–125 ablation sub-Zone I, II and III , 159–160 scattered debris , 130 avalanche nourishment, ice , 157–158 short-wave radiation , 141 avalanche regimes , 156–157 weather conditions , 119 direct accumulation areas , 158–159 Ablation valleys , 208 dominant processes and elevation ranges , 154 Accidental variations , 295 highest snowfall zone , 158 Accumulation-area ratios (AARs) inputs, outputs and transfers I , 154, 155 fi rn , 114 Karakoram valley glaciers , 154, 155 glacier nourishment , 113 wind regimes , 154, 156 K. Hewitt, Glaciers of the Karakoram Himalaya: Glacial Environments, Processes, 353 Hazards and Resources, Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6311-1, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 354 Index Avalanche nourishment ice-thermal changes , 301 ice , 157–158 information sources , 300 subzones, accumulation basins , 107 kettle holes , 302 terrain/ruggedness effect , 104–107 landslide dams , 301 Avalanche regimes , 156–157, 179–180 LIA and , 298–299 Azhar-Hewitt, F. , 334, 339 Mango station , 122, 125 mid-glacier ablation zone station , 122, 123 on-and off-ice observations , 128–129 B profi les stakes , 126 Baltit-Sumayar landslide dam , 316 solar radiation , 126 Baltoro Glacier table and general glacier surface , 133 ablation, debris-mantled areas , 134–135 terminal moraines , 301 ablation zone , 67–68 terrain profi les , 65 cross-valley profi les , 169–170 topography and terrain features , 64, 66 heavy supraglacial debris , 67–68 velocity profi le , 167–168 higher velocities , 170 vertical mass balance gradient , 148, 149 ice fl ux estimates , 146 weather and ice surface conditions , 122 longitudinal profi les , 169 Bishop, M.P. , 223, 296, 305 perennial snow and ice , 65–66 Block motion relief basins spanning , 65 Biafo and Baltoro , 170, 172 rock walls , 66, 67 Blockschollenbewegung , 170 Batura Glacier Karakoram ablation zone margins , 170 ablation , 121–122 sharp line, shear , 170, 171 mass balance estimate , 146 velocity profi les , 170 surface velocity profi les , 167–168 vertical cascade of moisture , 172 Bedrock incision , 15–16 Boulton, G.S. , 190 Benn, D.I. , 210, 213 Bualtar and Barpu Glaciers Biafo accumulation zone Baltit-Sumayar landslide dam , 316 crevasse walls , 91, 93 glacigenous sediments , 312 environments and constraints , 91 GLM materials, gravitational freeze-thaw, ice lenses, dirt layers collapses , 315 and depth hoar , 89–90, 92 huge walls of lateral moraines , 312–313 ice lenses and dirt layers , 92 landslides , 314, 315 Lukpe Lawo , 92, 93 margin , 314 ‘polar’ or ‘cold’ temperatures , 90 massive rotational slumps , 315 snowfall , 92 minor valley glaciation , 314 snow measurements , 89, 90 trial excavation, snow pit studies , 89, 91 ‘warm’ or ‘temperate’ glacier , 90 C wind effects, absence , 93 Calciati, C. , 303, 304 Biafo Glacier Catastrophic outbursts , 259 ablation rates , 122–127 Chogo Lungma Glacier accumulation and ablation fl uctuations, timing and direction , 306 measurements , 145 LIA position , 307 accumulation zone , 64–65, 67 terminus variations , 306 climate change , 127 Chong Khumdan Glacier complications , 300 events 1926–1931 , 260 diversity, debris covers , 129 lake level , 260 glacier termini, fl uctuations , 298, 299 measurements , 258–259 heavy debris covers, ablation zones , 130 progress , 261 ice dam and outburst fl ood , 301 reverse fl ood waves , 260 ice depths determination , 83, 84 Climate change. See Karakoram glaciers ice facets , 137 Cogley, J.G. , 27 ice-margin thickening , 302 Conway, W.M. , 223, 231, 303 Index 355 Copland, L. , 223 glacier surface , 151 Cornices , 91, 109 limits/climatic snowlines , 151–152 Cryoconite , 136 Evans, D.J.A. , 65, 67, 74, 79, 81, 83, 98, 102, Cryosphere 104, 105, 110, 113, 121, 137, 147, catastrophic fl oods , 9 148, 150, 155, 190, 194, 204, 206, freeze-thaw , 7–8 208, 210, 284 Karakoram glacial environment , 8–9 Eyles, N. , 190, 208 landslides , 9 neoglaciation , 9 permafrost , 7–8 F phenomena , 20–21 Firn , 97–98 snowfall , 7 Flohn, H. , 18 Flood behaviour , 260 Fowler, H.J. , 294 D Fragmented drainage systems , 286 Dainelli, G. , 25 Freeze-thaw cycles , 23–24, 26, 128, 138 Dam impounded sediment , 316–317 Debris covers , 320 Debris-mantled glaciers , 284 G Debris-mantled ice , 206–207 Gardelle, J. , 301 Debris sources Gardner, J.S. , 223 avalanched , 269 Ghulkin Glacier , 308 ice-cemented , 269, 282 Giant bounding moraines , 317 rock glaciers , 284 Glacial hazards stream , 269 ice dam phases and outburst fl ood , 258 Derbyshire, E. , 190 Little Ice Age , 251 Desio, A. , 223, 251 supraglacial lakes , 247–248 Ding, Y. , 93 Glacial lake outburst fl oods (GLOFs) Disappearing glaciers advancing glaciers , 250 glacier change , 294 assessment , 246–247 global climate change , 292 Bhutan, dangerous lakes , 246–247 GLOF and , 292 characteristics , 255–257 Himalayan glaciers and Indus destruction , 246 waters , 293 elevation ranges , 257 LIA and , 293 glacial lakes ( see Glacial lakes) substantial fl uctuations , 293–294 ice dams, records , 251–255 temperature data , 294 impoundment phases and outburst events terminus variations usage , 292–293 ( see Glacier impoundments) Drainage interruption , 285–286 Karakoram glaciers, dimensions , 256 Drew, F. , 214 Karambar River, ice-dammed lake , 250 Dust storms , 22 mountain pastoralists , 246 self-dumping lakes , 250 status and interest , 262, 263 E threatening glacier , 256 ELAs. See Equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) transverse glaciers , 256 Elevation range, Glaciers basins Glacial lakes Karakoram glaciers , 42–47 glaciers, characteristics , 255–257 Nanga Parbat’s west fl ank , 47 lateral ice-margin lakes , 248 Pisan Glacier , 42 small , 246 Siachen , 47 supraglacial lakes , 247–248 England, J. , 270, 271 terrain , 247 Equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) weather conditions , 247 avalanches and wind action , 152 Glacial rock glaciers , 284 estimation , 152, 153 Glaciation hypothesis , 320 356 Index Glaciation limit Glacier impoundments East Central Karakoram, transect , 48–51 catastrophic outbursts , 259 elevation and terrain , 51 glacier advance and ice dam sealing , glacier thresholds , 49 257–258 interfl uve elevations , 47 ice streams, fl ow rates , 257–258 Karakoram glaciers, threshold outburst fl oods and timing , 259–260 features , 48 reservoir size and dam breaching , 258–259 K2 massif , 51 seepage and storage losses , 259–260 Windward fl anks , 50 valley geometry , 259 Glaciers Glacier long profi les Baintha Brakk , 57 glaciers and tributaries , 52, 53 basins, relief and elevation range , 42–47 Kaberi Glacier , 52, 54 glacierisation dimensions , 42 longest sections distance , 52 intermediate glaciers , 42 vertical descent , 52 perennial snow and glacier ice cover , 56, 58 Glacier mass balance , 70, 88 regional hypsometry , 56–59 Glacier mass balance I. See Snowfall and Siachen Glacier , 42 glacier nourishment Glacier ablation zones Glacier mass balance II. See Ablation losses ablation zone , 200, 201 Glacier mass balance regimes freeze–thaw and seasonal landforms , accumulation and summer ablation , 202–203 147–148 longitudinal on-ice forms , 205–206 area-altitude relations ( see Area-altitude on-ice landforms , 201 relations, mass balance) shoulder seasons , 203–205 conditions, ablation sub-Zone II , 160 Glacier basins ELAs , 151–154 avalanche regimes , 179–180 estimation ( see Mass balance estimation) Baltoro , 169–170 nourish and sustain , 144 Batura , 167–168 regional climate change , 160 Biafo , 168–169 vertical gradients , 148–151 block motion ( see Block motion) Glacier nourishment ELA , 166 avalanche ( see Avalanche nourishment) fl uctuating, movement , 172–173 estimating avalanche inputs , 108–109 hydrological factors , 182–183 ice derived , 104 icefalls and ogives , 174–179 subzones, avalanche , 107–108 ice structure , 164 wind redistribution , 109–110 inputs , 181–182 Glacier source zone landforms Karakoram , 167 climatic snowlines , 190 local melting and refreezing , 165 interfl uve and peak morphology , 193–194 mechanics and movement , 164 massive rock slope failures, mountain
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  • Glacier Velocities Across the Central Karakoram

    Glacier Velocities Across the Central Karakoram

    Annals of Glaciology 50(52) 2009 1 Glacier velocities across the central Karakoram Luke COPLAND,1 Sierra POPE,1 Michael P. BISHOP,2 John F. SHRODER, Jr,2 Penelope CLENDON,3 Andrew BUSH,4 Ulrich KAMP,5 Yeong Bae SEONG,6 Lewis A. OWEN7 1Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, USA 3Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand 4Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada 5Department of Geography, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA 6Department of Geography Education, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea 7Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA ABSTRACT. Optical matching of ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) satellite image pairs is used to determine the surface velocities of major glaciers across the central Karakoram. The ASTER images were acquired in 2006 and 2007, and cover a 60 120 km region  over the Baltoro glacier and areas to the north and west. The surface velocities were compared with differential global position system (GPS) data collected on the Baltoro glacier in summer 2005. The ASTER measurements reveal fine details about ice dynamics in this region. For example, glaciers are found to be active over their termini even where they are very heavily debris covered. The characteristics of several surge-type glaciers were measured, with terminus advances of several hundred meters per year and the displacement of trunk glaciers as surge glaciers pushed into them.