SC/Vs/440 glossary and multilingual equivalents of karst terms

Distribution : limited SC/WS/440 Paris, November 1972 PREFACE

The International Hydrological Decade (IHD) 1965-197^ was launched by the General Conference of Unesco at its thirteenth session to promote international co-operation in research and studies and the training of specialists and techni­ cians in scientific hydrology. Its purpose is to enable all countries to make a fuller assessment of their water resources and a more rational use of them as man's demands for water constantly increase in face of developments in population industry and agriculture. In 1972 National Committees for the Decade had been formed in 107 of Unesco's 129 Member States to carry out national activities and to contribute to regional and international activities within the programme of the Decade. The implementation of the programme is supervised by a Co-ordinating Council, composed of twenty-one Member States selected by the General Conference of Unesco, which studies proposals for developments of the programme, recommends projects of interest to all or a large number of countries, assists in the de­ velopment of national and regional projects and co-ordinates international co­ operation.

Promotion of collaboration in developing hydrological research techniques, diffusing hydrological data and planning hydrological installations is a major feature of the programme of the IHD which encompasses all aspects of hydrological studies and research. Hydrological investigations are encouraged at the national regional and international level to strengthen and to improve the use of natural resources from a local and a global perspective. The programme provides a means for countries well advanced in hydrological research to exchange scientific views and for developing countries to benefit from this exchange of information in elaborating research projects and in implementing recent developments in the planning of hydrological installations.

As part of Unesco's contribution to the achievement of the objectives of the IHD the General Conference authorized the Director-General to collect, exchange and disseminate information concerning research on scientific hydrology and to facilitate contacts between research workers in this field.

To this end Unesco has initiated two collections of publications: "Studies and Reports in Hydrology" and "Technical Papers in Hydrology".

In order to expedite exchange of information in the areas in which it is most needed, works of a preliminary nature, or those undergoing revision but which should be made known to the scientific community without delay, are issued in the form of technical documents. Whenever warranted, these documents will be superseded by regular publications. CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...... l

GLOSSARY AND MULTILINGUAL EQUIVALENTS OP 227 TERMS 1 44

CLASSIFICATION OF 227 TERMS ...... 45 50

EQUIVALENTS ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER ...... 51 68

French Equivalents ..... 52

German Equivalents -..., 54

Greek Equivalents ...... 57

Italian Equivalents .... 59

Spanish Equivalents .... 61

Turkish Equivalents ..., 63

Russian Equivalents 65

Yugoslavian Equivalents 67

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 70 INTRODUCTION

This Glossary and Multilingual Equivalents of Karst Terms has been prepared, to assist and facilitate the study of the hydrology of the carbonate rocks of the Mediterranean Basin and elsewhere, and so help in the efficient development and full use of their waters. The Glossary defines 227 terms in English, and gives the equivalent or near-equivalent of most of them in French, German, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Turkish, Russian and Yugoslavian; hence it can be used for work in nine languages.

The task has been carried out by "the members, observers and secretariat of the Working Group of the Hydrology of the Carbonate Rocks of the Mediterranean Basin set up by the Coordi­ nating Council of the International Hydrological Decade under Resolution No.II-4 of its Second Session, held in April, 1366. The technical secretariat and support has been pro­ vided by the Pood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, working in cooperation with the UNesco Secretariat for the IHD.

The relative terms of Resolution II-4 under which the Working Group has prepared this Glossary may be quoted as follows:

"2. To provide technical advice required to encourage, co-ordinate, standardize and expand national activities which contribute to the investigation, development, conservation and protection of the waters of the carbonate rocks."

"4. To contribute, as regards fractured carbonate rock phenomena, to any glossary of technical terms prepared in the framework of the IHD programme."

The task of preparing a multilingual glossary of karst terminology has evolved each time the Working Group met and discussed its needs and problems, and as the Co-ordinating Council met and considered reports and progress. But at the Sixth Session of the Co-ordi- nating Council (Geneva, July 1970), the terms of reference of the Working Group included:

"2. Completion of the tasks already commenced by the working group, namely: ...... (b) The glossary of Karst Terminology, in harmony with the International Glossary of Hydrology."

The Karst Glossary was conceived and carried out in response to a simple and fundamental need - that of enabling the members of the Working Group to know exactly what each meant when describing hydrological phenomena in karst terrains, with special reference to their own countries. In its original conception, the glossary was to deal with a limited number of words, using English as a base, but adding in specific words used in the Mediterranean, with emphasis on usage in Yugoslavia, the homeland of karst.

In practice, the glossary has expanded, both in its technical scope and in its refer­ ences to terms used in other karstic regions, in particular in the Carribean, USA and the UK. However, the technical scope has remained concentrated on hydrology of karst terrains, and has not expanded into geology of carbonate rocks, speleology, water resources investi­ gation and development or other related fields of work, nor has any attempt been given tc define technical terms lacking a specific application in the hydrology of karst.

The glossary does not attempt to trace the origin of terms, nor give detailed reference as to their original and subsequent use. A list of 57 selected bibliographical references are given, but these are in no way exhaustive. Within the glossary, indications are given to this bibliography, so the reader can refer back to papers listed, should he need additional information. As many cross-references as possible have been given to the terms used, but the idea of synonyms has not been found useful. Too often, words which at first sight might appear to be synonymous are found on careful study, and also with reference to use in countries of origin, to have significant differences of meaning. So, only the following four forms of cross reference have been used:

(i) see refers the reader from the term required back to another term (or terms) where the meaning is more fully defined and described.

(ii) also refers the reader from the most important term (and main definition) back to subsidiary terms.

(iii) related to indicates other terms which are close to the term defined, and which may help the reader to understand better the term defined.

(iv) compare tends to occur within the text, and draws the reader's attention to a group of other terms which are related to, but clearly different from the term under study.

Throughout the preparation of this "Glossary and Multilingual Equivalents of 227 Karst Terms", full use has been made of the different editions of the "International Glossary of Hydrology". The 1969 "Second Draft of Definitions in English" contains some 1 700 terms; of these only 25 are common to the International Glossary and this Karst Glossary. Likewise Elsevier's 1969 "Dictionary of Hydrogeology" contains 3 040 terms; only 30 of these or just 1$, occur also in the Karst Glossary. On the other hand, the Glossary does overlap with, and has used words from, the United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper No. 1899-K, (1970) by Mr. W.H. Monroe.

It is inevitable that there will be considerable number of errors in the first edition as finalized in July, 1972. Since it is likely that a second edition will.be prepared in due course, it would be appreciated if corrections and suggestions be sent to either the FAO or UNesco Secretariat in Rome or Paris.

Finally, the members, oberservers and secretariat of the Working Group on the Hydrology of the Carbonate Rocks of the Mediterranean Basin take this opportunity of thanking the many institutions and individuals who have helped in so many ways in trying to find multi­ lingual equivalents for terms which have often originated in one country to describe a local phenomenon which may not have an exact natural counterpart in other countries. GLOSSARY AND MULTILINGUAL EQUIVALENTS OP KARST TERMS

First Edition

June 1971

ACTIVECAVE see: cave

Pr. grotte fonctionnelle A cave through which water is flowing Germ. aktive HcShle, aktive ifessei>- WJhle, WasserhíJhle Gre. energon speleon Ital. grotta attiva Sp. cueva activa Turk. aktif magara- (active solution channel *> aktive rime boplugu) USSR aktivnaja polost aktivna pec'ina, aktivna spiljaTug.

ACTIVITY INDEX OP KARST also; degree of karBtification related to: corrosion, solution Pr. indice d'activite du karst Germ. Losungsmenge, A measure of the current rate of solution Abtragungsindex in a karst system or zone expressed as Gre. syntelestis karstikopiiseos the percentage of rock volume actually Ital. indice di attività carsica dissolved and removed from the total Sp. indice de actividad kárstica volume of soluble rock in a suitable unit Turk. karst aktivite derecesi of time, as for example the last 1 000 USSR pokazatel aktionozti karsta years. Related to the "storage co­ Yug. stupanj krskoga procesa, efficient" under water-table conditions stopnja zakarsevanja, stepen karst if ikac i j e

AGGRESSIVE WATER related to: corrosion

Pr. eau agressive Water containing free carbonic acid, Germ. aggressives Wcisser H2CO3 , (more rarely HC1, H2SO4 , htwiic Gre. oxyant hracouchon ythor acids, ammonium salts, chlorine, Ital. acqua aggressiva sulphates, phenols, etc.) and hence Sp. agua agreeiva capable of dissolving carbonate (and Turk. eritici su other) rocks USSR agressivnaja voda Yug. agresivna voda 2

AISLE An elongated high narrow traversable passage in a cave (1899-K) Pr. aisle, alle Germ. Kluft Gre. farangothes ipoyios thiavasis Ital. Sp. laminador vertical Turk. dar gepit USSR hod Tug. nisa

ALLOGENE STREAM A surface water course flowing over karstic terrain, hut fed by a spring Pr. riviêre allogène (cours d ’eau) (or springs) issuing in non-karstic Germ. allochthoner Pluss terrain (all. ifesserlauf) Gre. allothigenes ryax, or potamos Ital. corso d'acqua allogeno Sp. rio alôctono Turk. karst disi kBkenli akarsu USSR Tug. alogena rijeka, alogena reka

ALVEOLIZATION Pitting of a rock surface, often into honeycomb shapes, produced by aggressive Pr. alvéolisation water, by plant roots or by wind-blown Germ. Aeolisation ? Wabenverwitterung sand (Monroe, USGS, 1899-K, 1970; Gre. kypselothis epiphania Phannkuch, 1969) Ital. alveolizzazione Sp. alveolizacion Turk. pukurlapma USSR Tug. alveolizacija

ANASTOMOSIS As applied in karst terrain, a network of tubular passages or holes in a cave or in Pr. anastomose a solution-sculptured rock; a complex of Germ. Labyrinth many irregular and repeatedly connected Gre. anastomosis passages (1899-K) Ital. anastomosi Sp. anastomosis Turk. gepit pebekesi USSR labirint Tug. splet kanala

BASE OP KARSTIPICATICaí Level below which karstification has not occurred Pr. niveau de base karstique Germ. Korrosionsniveau Gre. basis apokarstoseos, or better "patoma apokarstoseos" Ital. livello di base della attività carsica Sp. nivel de base k&rstico Turk. karstlapma tabani USSR bazis karsta Tug. baza krSkog procesa, baza karstifikacije, baza zakrasevanja BEDDING CAVE see: cave

Cave whose location is controlled by the bedding of the enclosing formation or Pr. grotte de stratification format ions. Germ. schichtgebundene HShle G£re. strosigenes speleon Ital. grotta di interstrato Sp. cueva adaptada a pianos de estrat ificaciôn Turk. tabakalanma magaras1 USSR pesoera v ploakosti naplastovanija Tug. slojna pefeina

BIOMICRITE see: micrite, peloid

Pr. biomicrite A microscopic-textured limestone composed Germ. Biomicrite of skeletal grains in a matrix of micrite Gre. micrite micrite is a finely crystalline carbonate Ital. biomicrite sediment with upper crystalline diameter Sp. biomicrita 4 microns (Polk, 1959) Turk. biyomikrit USSR Tug. biomikrit

BIOSPELEOLOGT The study of subterranean living organisms, particularly in karst caves Pr. biospéléologie, biospéologie and other openings in rock formations Germ. Biospelãologie Gre. biospeleology Ital. biospeleologia Sp. bioespeleologia Turk. biyospeoloji, magara canlilari bilimi USSR biospeleologija Yug. biospeleologija

BLIND CHIMNEY see: chimney

BLIND VALLEY related to: marginal polje

Pr. vallée aveugle A karst valley with no evident down­ Germ. Blindtal,(Kesseltal) stream continuation, and one in which the Gre. kliste karstike kilas water drains and disappears underground Ital. valle cieca, v. chiusa into one or more ponors Sp. valle ciego Turk. kor vadi USSR slepaja dolina Tug. slijepa dolina, slepa dolina 4

BLOW HOLE also: steam hole related to: breathing hole Pr. trou souffleur Germ. WindhBhle ? Opening in roof of cave or cavern Gre. ope ekphysosa through which air is expelled vigorously; Ital. bocca soffiante in coastal areas the phenomenon is usually Sp. soplador due to compression of air within the cave Turk. iiflenme agzi by incoming tides or waves USSR — Yug. vjetrenica, veternica puhaljka, pihalnik, dihalnik

BLOWINGWELL also: steam hole

Pr. puits souffleur A well or borehole into which air is suck­ Germ. Windkamin ed and from which air is blown (often with Gre. ekphysosa ope considerable velocity) due to changes in Ital. pozzo soffiante barometeric pressure or in water level; Sp. sondeo soplador the phenomenon indicates that the well or Turk. üflep kuyu borehole is in communication with an under­ USSR dujuéeij kolokec ground air-filled cavity Yug.

BLUE HOLE Caribbean expression for a major quiet up-welling karst spring inland or along Pr. source bleue (Jura) the coast. The blue colour is due to the bleu-fon (South of Prance) scattering of sunlight by water molecules, Germ. Blaue Grotte although in some cases it may be attributed Gr. galapo speleo to the presence of calcareous algae.

BOGAZ see: canyon, gorge, grike Pr. défilé, bogaz Germ. Doline, Karstgasse, Blindtal An elongated depression in limestone or ZangSn karst terrain; thus it embraces a defile, Gre. farangothis doline a blind valley or a ravine leading to a Ital. ponor. It can be considered as a giant Sp. zanjón grike. This meaning is based on the Turk. bogaz Serbian use (Fénelon and 1899-K) USSR Yug. bogaz

18 BOURNE English term for an intermittent stream in a normally dry valley in chalk terrain

19 BREATHING HOLE related to: blow hole, steam hole

Pr. trou souffleur Opening in roof or cave, cavern or other Germ. Luftloch underground void through which air is suck­ Gre. anapnéousa opí spiléou ed in and expelled in a rhythmic manner Ital. similar to inhalation and exhalation of Sp. reepirador breath Turk. esintili delik USSR Yug. 5

20. BURIED KARST Bee: p&Leokarst, covered karst, subsoil karst Fr. karst couvert Germ. bedeckter Karst Karst covered with allochthonous rock or Gre. kalymeno palaeekarst sediment and so older than its cover: Ital. carso sepolto almost a synonym of paleokarst (Quinlan Sp. karst soterrado 1967) Turk. gSmülü karst USSR Yug. pokriveni krs, pokriti kras

21 CALICHE also; hardpan, havara, kafkalla, kankar, kunkar, nari, calcrete, etc. Fr. croute Germ. Kalkkruste, Caliche is not a specifically karst term, Ca-Horizont but it is included here because it is of Gre. apóthema oriktôn aláton importance in some karstic terrains caliche Ital. 1. A deposit of precipitated minerals, mainly Sp. caliche calcite or gypBum or both, formed in the soil Turk. kaliçi or near-surface layers in arid and semi-arid USSR zones at the horizon where ascendant capillary Yug. water evaporates and salts held in solution are deposited (Goudie, 1971) 2. A similar deposit, formed by precipitation of salts leached from near-surface material and reprecipitated at shallow depths from downward moving waters 3. A natural deposit of nitrates and other salts precipitated at the soil surface, as in Chile and Peru (1899-K)

22 CANYON also: bogaz, chasm, gorge, ravine related to: corridor Fr. canyon, gorge, canon Germ. Schlucht, Canyon 1. A steep, parallel-sided valley formed by Gre. pharangi the collapse of the roof of a long, fairly Ital. forra, gola, orrido, canyon straight, karst cave; Sp. candn, garganta 2. A chasm that has been formed in the floor Turk. bo^az of a cave by a cave stream (1899-K) USSR kanjon Yug. klanac, sutjeska, soteska, vintgar

23 CARBONATE HARDNESS also: temporary hardness

Fr. dureté temporaire Hardness of water due to presence of dissolved Germ. temporare Harte,CarbonathSrte bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium; can Gre. parothiki sklipotis anthrakiki be removed by boiling, and hence the term sklirotis "temporary hardness" Ital. durezza temporanea Sp. dureza temporal Turk. karbonat sertligi USSR karbonatnaja zestkostj Yug. turdoóa, trdota 6

24 CAUSSE A French term for a limestone plateau characterized by closed depressions, caves Fr. causse and avenB (jamas); a number of such plateaux Germ. (Kalkstein Plateau), Causse around the Tarn River basin constitute "Les Gre. karstikón oropédion Grandes Causses". Cvijie considered such Ital. altopiano carsico causse terrain as typical of a karst Sp. altiplano carstico development intermediate between merokarst Turk. kireptapi düzlügü and holokarst USSR izvestnjakovoje karstovoje plat o Yug. krski plato, kraski plato

25 CAVE also: cave system, active cave, bedding cave, sea cave, grotto Fr. grotte, caverne related to: cavern Germ. Hc5hle, Grotte Gre. speleon Natural opening formed in the rocks below Ital. caverna, grotta the surface of the ground; may consist of a Sp. cueva single connected opening or of a series of Turk. magara small or large chambers connected by USSR pescera galleries Yug. pecina, pec, pestera, spilja, zijalka, jama

26 CAVE BREATHING A resonance phenomenon, in which air currents throb back and forth through Fr. passage respirant constricted passages in a cave with Germ. Grotte mit Resonanz periodicity of a few seconds to a few Gre. anapneousa ope minutes (Poulson and White, 1969) Ital. grotta a soffio alterno Sp. gruta resonante Turk. magara esintisi USSR Yug.

27 CAVE FORMATION see: speleothem

28 CAVE PEARL Concentric concretions of calcite or aragonite formed by precipitation around Fr. perle des cavernes a nucleus; formed in caves Germ. HShlenperlen Gre. speleomargarites Ital. perle di grotta Sp. perla de caverna Turk. magara incisi USSR pescernij zemcug Yug. peôinski biseri, jamski biseri

29 CAVER see: speleologist A slang term (American usage) 7

30 CAVERN Bee: cave

Pr. caverne Underground opening in soluble rock, similar Germ. Hohle, Kaverne to a cave. When used as a noun, it refers to Gre. speleon large openings, but when used as an adjective, Ital. caverna, grotta it tends to refer to rock texture and so to Sp. caverna, cueva small openings. However, in some countries, Turk. kovuk as USSR, cavern refers to small openings in USSR kaverna a rock Yug. kaverna

31 CAVERNOUS see: cavern

Pr. caverneux This adjective is used to describe a rock Germ. kaverníís texture in which the rock contains openings Gre. speleothes generally of a small size Ital. con grotte Sp. cavernoso Turk. kovuklu USSR kavernoznij Yug. kavernozan

32 CAVE SYSTEM see: cave, cavern

Fr. réseau souterrain 1. An underground network of passages, Germ. Hbhlensystem chambers or other cavities Gre. speleothes systema,thiction 2. The caves in a given area, whether Ital. sistema carsico sotterraneo continuous or discontinuous, that are or Sp. sistema de cavidades were related to each other hydrologically Turk. magara sistemi, serisi (1899-K) USSR sistema podzemnih pescer Yug. peéinski (spiljski) sistem, jamski sistem

33 CEMENT A microscopic textured non-skeletal void- filling material precipitated on an intra- Fr. ciment granular or intrasedimentary free surface Germ. Zement that holds the material together. This Gre. tsiménto convenient working definition, necessarily Ital. cemento a compromise, was informally adopted by the Sp. cemento Bermuda Seminar on Carbonate Cementation, Turk. pimento September 1969 (Bathurst, 1970, p.438) USSR Yug. vezivo, cement

34 CENOTE see: jama

Fr. cenote A Yucatán term for a steep-walled natural well Ger. cenote or shaft in soluble rocks that extends below Gr. voulismeno speleven the water table; generally formed by the collapse of the roof of a cavern, bed by bed 8

35 CHAMBER also: room

Fr. salle 1. Room in a cave (general usage) Germ. Halle, Kammer, Com 2. The largest order of opening in a Gre. ypoyios aethousa cave system (American usage) (1899-K) Ital. sala Sp. sala, salón Turk. oda USSR zal Yug. dvorana

36 CHASM also: ravine related to: canyon, corridor Fr. gouffre, fracture ouverte Germ. Kluft 1. Deep, fairly narrow breach in the Gre. chasma earth's surface Ital. fattura beante, canyon 2. A deep, wide, elongated gap in the Sp. canon, taso floor of a cave (1899-K) Turk. derin yarinti USSR Yug. provalija

37 CHIMNEY see: blind chimney

Fr. cheminée (aven) Nearly circular shaft rising upwards Germ. Schlot, Kamin from the ceiling of a cave towards the Gre. kapnothochos surface of the ground; if it doeB not Ital. camino reach the surface it is called a blind Sp. chimenea chimney . If the chimney is formed mainly Turk. baca mainly by solution, it is related to a USSR truba dome—pit; if formed mainly by collapse of Yug. dimnjak, kamin the roof along bedding planes, it is related to cenote.

38 CLASTOKARST Karst phenomena in clastic rocks composed of detrital carbonate material Fr. clastokarst Germ. Klastokarst ? Gre. cla8tokarst Ital. carsismo clastico Sp. clastokarst Turk. klastik karst USSR klastokarst Yug. klastokrs, klastokras, klastokarst

39 CLINT WITH GRIKES also: grikes, karrenfeld, lapies, limestone pavement Fr. lapiaz Germ. Karrenfeld Flat or sloping bare limestone outcrops (lime­ Gre. pethion amaxotrochion stone pavements) weathered into straight-Bided thactyloglyphon cr furrowed blocks and ridges of limestone Ital. campo carreggiato called clints which are separated by deep Sp. campo de lapiaz, lenar clefts or widened joints, often crisscrossing, Turk. pürtüklü, oluklu called grikeb (Sweeting, 1966) USSR karrovoe pole Yug. skrapari, skraplje 9

40 COCKPIT KARST also; cone karst, tower karst

Pr. karst cockpit Jamaican term for an area with numerous Germ. Turmkarst, Kegelkarst scattered, yet closely spaced dolinas; Ore. dolinovrithes karst generally a tropical karst land form. The Ital. campo carsico a doline corresponding Yugoslav term may more Sp. karst esponja accurately be translated as "pock-marked" Turk, diidenli karst karst USSR Yug. boginjavi krs, kozavi kras

41 COLUMN also: pillar

Pr. colonne, pilier stalagmitique A sub-surface dripstone formation produced Germ. Tropfstein-SSule by the union of a stalactite and a stalagmite Gre. stalaktitike stele in a cave Ital. colonna (stalagmitica o stalattitica) Sp. columna Turk, siitun USSR kolonna Yug. stup, steber, stolpic

42 COMPROMISE BOUNDARY A microscopic texture A plane interface between two crystals which evolved by mutual interference of their respective growing faces. This interface is a face of neither crystal (Buckley, 1959i in Bathurst, 1970)

CONDUIT also: pressure flow tube, stream tube

Pr. conduite forcée A narrow passage in a cave system filled Germ. Druckleitung (Leitung) constantly with water under pressure Gre. Biphon Ital. condotta forzata Sp. conducto saturado Turk. yeraltisu yolu, mecra USSR Yug.

CONE KARST also: cockpit karst

Pr. karst à pitons A type of karst topography, common in the Germ. Kegelkarst, Turmkarst tropicB, in which residual hills rise in Gre. konoethes karst steep-sided cone-shaped mounds from inter­ Ital. carso di torri; carsismo con vening depressions or dolinas; narrow steeply- forme residuali coniche walled valleys may be present (Lehmann, 1954) Sp. karst de conos Compare: cupola karst, pinnacle karst and Turk. konili karst tower karst USSR karst s koniceskimi ostancami Yug. stozasti krs, cokasti kras stozcasti kras 10

45 CONSTRUCTIVE WATERFALL see; rimBtone dam Pr. chute incrustante Germ. hksserfall, inkrustierender ? A large rimstone dam on a surface Sinter... ?, Sinterbecken stream (1899-K) Gre. katarráktis Ital. (vasche d'incrostazione) Sp. dique travertinico Turk. düpüm USSR Yug. slap, precaga

46 CORRIDOR related to: chasm, bogaz

Long, narrow chasm enlarged by action of Pr. gouffre absorbant water and into which surface runoff or stream Germ. Karstgasse may flow; may be located along a fault Gre. apocheteftikos karstikos agogos plane, fissure, joint or between two beds. Ital. dolina allongata Struga (Slavic) refers to such a corridor Sp. callejón along a bedding plane in a carbonate Turk. koridor formation USSR coridor, hod Yug. struga, bogaz

47 CORROSION also: solution

Pr. corrosion Chemical action of water containing carbonic Germ. KorroBion acid (also humidic, nitric and other acids) Gre. chemeke thiavroses on limestones and dolomites causing partial Ital. dissoluzione, corrosione solution and related chemical changes in Sp. corrosión the rocks Turk. eritme, yenme, kemirilme USSR korrozija Compare: agressive water Yug. korozija

48 COVERED KARST related to: buried karst, interstradal karst, sub-soil karst

Pr. karst couvert A general term for a karstic area in which Germ. bedeckter Karst the karstified rock is overlain by non- Gre. kekalymenon karst karstic material. The covering material Ital. carso coperto may be residual debris and soil, or Sp. karst cubierto allochthonous, or autochthonous sediment Turk. brtülü karst (Quinlan, 1967) USSR pokritij karst Yug. pokriveni krs, pokriti kras

49 CRYOKARST also: thermokarst A non-karstic term; included for information Pr. cryokarst, thermokarst only. Land surface with closed depression Germ. Thermokarst, Cryokarst (usually small and shallow) formed by alternate Gre. thermokarst freezing and thawing of permafrost or ground- Ital. criocarsismo ice overlying different rocks, including lime­ Sp. criokarst, thermokarst stone. The term "cryokarst" is more usual in Turk. don karstl Europe, while "thermokarst" is used in USSR temokarst, criokarst America Yug. toplotni krs, temokarst 11

50 CUPOLA KARST A type of karst topography, common in the tropicB, in which the residual hills Fr. karst à cupules, coupole rise in hemispherical or dome-capped Germ. Kegelkarst mounds from intervening depressions or Gre. konoidhes karst dolinas Ital. carsismo con forme resi duali a cupola Compare; cone karst, pinnacle karst Sp. karst de cupulas and tower karst Turk. kubbeli karst USSR Yug. kupolni krs (kras)

51 CURTAIN also: drapery related to: helictite, speleothem Fr. draperie stalagmitique Germ. Sinterfahne Gre. parapetasma stalaktitikon Sinuous, thin sheet (or sheets) of Ital. cortina stalattitica dripstone formed on the roof or walls of Sp. bandera, cortina a cave or behind a waterfall Turk. perde USSR zanavesj Yug. sigasta zavjesa, sigasta zavesa

52 DECALCIFICATION Removal by solution of the calcium carbonate oonsituents of a rock or Fr. décalcification sediment Germ. LSsungsrilckstand (Entkalkung) Gre. exasvestoses Ital. decalcificazione Sp. decalcificación Turk. karbonatim giderme USSR dekaljcifikacija Yug. dekalcifikacijâ, izluzivanje

53 DEGREE OF KARSTIFICATION see: activity index of karst related to: corrosion, solution Fr. taux de karstification Germ. Ausmass (Grad) der Verkarstung Gre. vathmos karstikiiseos The ratio of the volume of openings to the Ital. grado di carsificazione total volume of a soluble massif, expressed Sp. grado de karstificaciÔn in the form of percentage. It is the sum Turk. karstlagma derecesi of the activity indices from the initiation USSR of karstification, and so is normally applied Yug. stupanj krskog procesa, only to carbonate rocks with little or no stopnja zakrasevanja, stepen primary voids or porosity (Rodionov) karstifikacijÉ 12

54. DENUDED KARST sees exposed karst Pr. karst dénudé Germ, nackter Karst, A karstic outcrop which has been exposed obe rflachliche r Karst by the erosion of the soil and reBiduum Gre. apogymnomenon karst with which it was once covered, (Quinlan Ital. carso denudato, carso nudo 1967) Sp. karst denudado Turk, belirgin karst USSR golij karst^ otkritij karst Yug. ogoljeli krs (kras), golikrs (kras), razkriti kras

55 DIFFUSE CIRCULATION Circulation of groundwater throughout the mass of a karst or other aujuifer (original Fr. circulation diffuse or secondary openings) without selective Germ. Diffuse Grundwasserbewegung enlargement of openings in specific zones, Gre. thiacheomenon ydhor and so without concentration of groundwater Ital. circolazione carsica diffusa flow into restricted channels Sp. circulación saturada difusa Turk, yaygin dolagun Compare: localized circulation USSR Yug. difuzno tecenje

56 DOLINE related to: jama, pit, sinkhole, poner

Fr. doline Closed, round or oval, flat-bottomed or Germ. Dolinen, Karsttrichter funnel-shaped depression formed on carbonate Gre. tholene land surfaces, and may be several hundred Ital. dolina, pozzo naturale metres wide and a few hundred metres deep. Sp. dolina It is related to jamas, pits, shafts and Turk, diiden, kokurdan, huni obruks; when surface water flows into the USSR karstovaja voronka, karstovaja underground through such a doline, it is kotlovina related also to swallow holes and ponors. Yug. vrtaca, ponikva, dolac, do, In Yugoslavia, the general meaning of duliba, kotlic, konta dolina is valley

57 DOLINE LAKE also: sinkhole pond

Fr. lac de doline A small lake occupying a dolina or closed Germ. Dolinensee depression in limestone. The term implies Gre. limni dholina that the dolina is at or near the ground­ Ital. lago di dolina, lago carsico water table and in hydrological continuity Sp. dolina laguna, torca laguna with it, or that the base of the dolina is Turk, obruk gblii sealed with an impermeable layer such as USSR karstovoe ozero clay Yug. krsko jezero, krasko jezero 13

58 DOLOMITIC PLOUR (Sand) A loose mealy rock or residuum, produced by the disintegration of dolomitic limestones Pr. sable dolomitique under the processes of karstification Germ. Dolomitsand, Dolomitasche Gre. dholomitikon alevron Ital. Sp. arena dolomitica Turk. dolomit kumu USSR Yug. dolomitni pijesak, d. pesak d. pesek

DOME PIT 1. American term, defined by Davis, 1930, "Mammoth Cave possesses several extraordinary Pr. ávorsion, marmite inversée vertical cavities of which the arched tops Germ. Deckenkolk are called domes and the deep bottoms are Gre. vathis lákkos me th61on called pits. The combined name dome pits,is Ital. marmitta inversa here used for them". Sp. marmita inversa 2. A deep shaft in a cave, intersected by a Turk. kemerli obruk passage at or near its mid-section USSR Yug.

60 DRAPERY see: curtain

61 DRIPSTONE related to: flowstone

Pr. concretions Germ. Tropfstein, Stalagmit,Stalaktit Gre. stalaktitis, stalagmitis Ital. concrezione Sp. concreción (estalagmitjca o estalactitica) Turk. damlataçi USSR kapeljnik Yug. sige, smugori

62 DROWNED SPRING related to: sublacustrine spring, submarine Pr. source sous-aquatique, spring source noyé Germ. submarine Quelle, A Bpring which continues to function as a sublacustre Quelle spring after it has been submerged by rising Gre. vethisthesa pigi sea or lake levels or by subsidence of the Ital. sorgente sommersa ground Sp. fuente subacuática Turk. batik kaynak USSR subakvaljnij istoénik Yug. potopljen izvor, potopljeno vrelo, potopljen izvir (vrelec) 14

DRY VALLEY In karstic areas, a valley without a stream, due to downward migration of stream Pr. vallée sèche into the underground; bottom is usually Germ. Trockental irregular and pitted with dolinas, dry Gre. xera kilas ponors, etc. Ital. valle morta, valle asciutta Sp. valle seco Turk. kuru vadi USSR suhaja dolina Yug. suha dolina

64 DYE TEST see: tracer

Pr. coloration Determination of direction and rate of flow Germ. Farbung, FSrbversuch of streams by marking them with dye at the Gre. chrostike ichnithetesis infiltration area and then identifying and Ital. tracciamento con colorante timing the reappearance of colour at lower- Sp. coloración lying springs, in river bads and elsewhere Turk. boya deneyi in a cave Bystem USSR method krasjascih, indikatorov Yug. bojenje, barvanje

65 EBB-AND-FLOW SPRING see: periodic spring related to: intermittent spring Pr. source intermittente Germ. intermittierende Quelle Gre. pighí ambótidos kai A spring (flowing well or borehole) exhibiting palirrias periodic variation in volume of flow; this Ital. sorgente carsica intermittente variation, which may be regular or irregular, Sp. manantial intermittente, fuente is often attributed in karst regions to intermittente siphonic action. Ebb-and-flow springs differ Turk. sogultkan kaynak from intermittent springs because the latter USSR sifonnij istocnik can be related to seasonal variations in Yug. periodicni ixvor, periodicni rainfall izvir

66 EMERGENCE also: exsurgence, resurgence, rise

Pr. Emergence A general term for the outflowing water, Germ. Ausflusstelle, Karstquelle for the opening or for the area of outflow Gre. pigházon £thor (or kephalari) of a karst spring; includes exsurgence Ital. risorgenza and resurgence Sp. fuente, manantial, surgencia Turk. yüzeye eripim USSR vihod karstovih vod Yug. krsko vrelo, krski izvor, •brh 15

ESTAVELLE see: sea estavelle

Pr. estavelle Opening in karstic terrain which acts as Germ. Estavelle a discharge spring during high groundwater Gre. estavella table, and as a ponor when the groundwater Ital. estavella table sinks Sp. estavela There are sea estavelles Turk. su batar pikari USSR estavella Yug. estavela, ponor-rigalo

68 EVORSION related to: pothole

Pr. évorsion Mechanical erosion by rotating or whirling Germ. (A.UBwaachung ), Auskolkung water carrying sand, gravel, cobbles or Gre. mihanikí diávrosis boulders in suspension or as bedload Ital. evorsione Sp. evorsión Turk, dev kazani agmdirmasi USSR Yug. vrtlozna erozija

69 EXHUMED KARST see: exposed karst

Pr. karst dénudé A karstic outcrop which has been exposed Germ, wiederaufgedeckter Karst by the erosion of an allochthonous cover; Gre. gymnothen karst there is an implication that karstification Ital. carso riesumato (partial or complete) had preceded the Sp. karst exhumado removal of the cover (Quinlan, 1967) Turk, apik karst USSR Yug. ogoljeli krs (kras)

70 EXPOSED KARST A general term for bare karstic rocks Pr. karst exposé outcropping at the surface of the ground. Germ, nackter Karst, It embraces karst areas without any initial oberflachlicher Karst, cover (naked karst) or exposed by erosion wiederaufgedeckter Karst of the residuum and soil (denuded karst) Gre. akalypton karst or of the allochthonous cover (exhumed Ital. carso denudato karst) (Quinlan 1967) Sp. karst subaéro Turk. belirgin karst USSR golij karst, otkritij karst Yug. ljuti krs

EXSURGENCE see: emergence A spring or seep in karstic terrain Pr. exsurgence not clearly connected with ponors at Germ. Karstquelle, Austrittsstelle a higher level Gre. karstiki pighi Ital. risorgente carsica Compare: resurgence Sp. exsurgencia Turk. yüzeyde belirme USSR karstovij istoénik Yug. vrelo, obrh 16

72 FEEDING TUBE related to; stream tube

Fr. tunnel In karst terrain, a more or less straight Germ. StriJmungsrohr, Karstgerinne sind waterbearing underground gallery of Gre. karstitos ypoyios agogos regular cross-section Ital. Sp. tubo Turk, akarsu mecrasi USSR Yug. vodonosni rov

73 FLOWSTONE related to; dripstone

Fr. couláe stalagmitique Layered deposits of calcium carbonate Germ. Sinterfall, Sinter precipitated on rocks from water trickling Gre. asvestolithikon epiphlioma over them Ital. colata stalagmitica, deposito, concrezione, stalagmite Sp. colada estalagmitica Turk. akmatapi USSR nateki Yug. kaskade

74 FLUTE see; scallop Turk, oyum An American term for a scallop, (1899-K)

75 FLUVIOKARST 1. Mixed terrains characterized by both shallow karst and erosional landscape Fr. fluviokarst (Roglic, 1957) Germ. Fluviokarst 2. A predominantly karst landscape in which Gre. fluviokarst there is much evidence of past or present Ital. fluviocarsismo fluvial activity Sp. fluviokarst Turk, akarsu karsti USSR Yug. fluviokrs, fluviokraB, fluviokarst

76 GLACIOKARST A limestone region possessing both Fr. karst glaciaire glacial and karst features Germ. Gebiet mit Karst und Glazial-Forroen Gre. pagheto-karst Ital. Sp. glaciokarst Turk, buzul karsti USSR Yug. glaciokrs, glaciokras, glaciokarBt 17

77 GLADE see; uvala Jamaican expression for uvala

78 GORGE see: canyon

79 GRIKE (Gryke) see: clint with grike, bogaz, limestone pavement Fr. lapiaz A vertical or sub-vertical cleft in a limestone pavement developed by solution along a joint or system of crisscrossing joints, (Sweeting,1966)

80 GROTTO 1. Hole in small cave or cavern which has eroded in the wall of a main cave Fr. grotte, baume, balme 2. Widely open and shallow cave with a Germ. H8hle, Grotte vaulted roof Gre. speleon 3. A cave or chamber preceded by a Ital. grotta narrower passage Sp. gruta A grotto is often intricately decorated, Turk, magarauk and may occur above, at, or below sear-level USSR grot Yug. nisa

81 GUSHING SPRING see: vauclusian spring

Fr. bouillidou (S. of France)

82 HARDPAN Bee: caliche, havara, nari

83 HAVARA see: caliche, kafkalla Name given in Cyprus to a soft porous carbonate formation, up to several metres thick, found capping many formations and containing fragments and minerals derived from older rocks; is probably a type of hardpan or caliche (Pantazis, 1961)

84 HAYSTACK HILL see: mogote

Fr. mogote Rounded conical hill of limestone residual Germ. Mogote after karst solution (Puerto Rico). Term Gre. is no longer much used Ital. mogote, rilievo carsico residuo Sp. mogote Turk, konik kireptagi tepesi USSR Yug. hum HELICTITE related to; curtain, dripstone, speleothem

Pr. excentrique Irregular, twig-like, crystalline growths Germ. exzentrisch gekriiramter with varying orientations but often in Tropfstein, Excentriques crystal continuity, formed in caves by Gre. stalaktitis akanonistos precipitation from bicarbonate solutions. Ital. stalattiti anomale, Also known as "eccentric anemolite" eccentriche (Pénolon and 1899-K) Sp. estalactita exoentrica Turk. diizeneiz sarkit USSR Yug. heliktit

HOLOKARST Karst area with little or no surface runoff or streams; it is underlain by thick carbonate Pr. holokarst rocks and is characterized by well developed Germ. Holokarst karst surface topography from karren to poljes, Gre. holokarst extensive sub-surface karst features like Ital. olocarsismo, carsismo maturo caves, caverns, galleries, chimneys, etc., Sp. holokarst and with anastomosing underground streams. Turk. tain karst The term was created by J. Cvijió. USSR Compare: causse and merokarst Yug. potpuni krs (kras), holokarst

HUM see: karst inselberg, mogote

Pr. butte témoin Yugoslav term for an isolated residual hill Germ. @Carstinselberg), Hum on the bottom of a polje Gre. karstiki martyree lophi Ital. testimoni carsici Sp. hum Turk. karst adatepesi USSR karstovij ostanec Yug. hum

ICE CAVE A non-karst term; included for information only. Pr. glaciàre 1. Any cave in which the temperature Germ. "Eishbhle" is below freezing and which ordinarily Gre. paghoménon spileon contains ice in the form of stalactites, Ital. ghiacciata naturale, stalagmites and flowstone grotta ghiacciata 2. Cave in ice, as at the base of a Sp. cueva helada, cueva de hielo glacier Turk. buz magarasi USSR led.ianaja pescera Yug. ledena pefiina, ledenjaca, ledena jama 19

89 INCRUSTATION Deposition of a crust (of calcite etc.) upon an object by precipitation from water over­ BY. incrustation saturated with salts (calcium bicarbonate Germ. Krustenbildung etc.) (E. Sevier) Gre. epiphlioma Ital. incrostazione Sp. incrustación Turk. kabuk baglama, kabuklafma USSR obrazovanie natecnih kor Yug. inkrustacija

90 INTERMITTENT RIVER A river or stream which flows only in direct response to precipitation or to intermittent Pr. cours d'eau intermittent discharge of a spring; not confined to karst Germ. intermittierender Fluss, areas, but not uncommon in them. episodischer periodischer Pluss Gre. dialípon potamós Compare; interrupted river Ital. torrente intermittente Sp. corriente intermitente Turk. kesintili akarsu USSR Yug. susica, suvaja

91 INTERMITTENT SPRING related to: ebb-and-flow spring, periodic spring Pr. source temporaire, source intermittente Spring with variation in discharge, so that Germ. intermittierende Quelle, it is seasonally dry. Thus, its rate of periodische Quelle flow and duration of non-flow are related to Gre. thialepousa pege the precipitation pattern on its catchment Ital. sorgente temporanea, s. intermittente Sp. fuente intermitente, fuente temporal Turk. kesintili kaynak USSR peremezajuscijsja istocnik Yug. periodicko vrelo, potajnica, obdobni izvir

92 INTERSTRADAL KARST see: covered karst

Fr. karst sous-jacent Karst which has developed under a cover of Germ. unterirdisches Karstphanomen autochthonous rocks, and so is younger Gre. kalyménon karst than its cover (Quinlan, I9 6 7 ) Ital. carso coperto Sp. karst interstradal Turk. tabakalar arasi karst USSR Yug.

93 INTER-PERMAFROST KARST see: permafrost karst, sub-permafrost karst INTERRUPTED RIVER see: lost river Pr, rivifere interompue Germ, periodischer Pluss ?, Karst- A river which flows for part of its course fluss, versickemder Pluss on the surface, and part underground in Gr. thiakekoménos potamós caves Ital. Sp. rio sumente compare: intermittent river Turk, yer yer akan nehir USSR, peresihauchaj reka, syhaja reka Yug. susica, suvaia, periodiéka rijeka (reka)

ISOTOPE TRACER Tracer which is an isotope of an element present in the water; it may be artificial Pr. traceur isotopique (added to the water) or natural (present Germ. Markierung durch radioaktive in the water) Isotopen Gre. isotopicos ichnithetis Ital. tracciante isotopico Sp. trazador isot6pico Turk, izotop izleyicisi USSR izotopnij indikator Yug. izotopni traser

IZDAN A general Yugoslavian term for a groundwater reservoir from which groundwater may readily be extracted; it is not specifically a karst term

JAMA related to: cenote, doline, obruk, pit, shaft, shake hole Pr. jama Germ. Abgrund, Schacht, Schlund Yugoslav expression for a more or less Gre. karstikon phrear vertical or steep shaft in karst Ital. abisso, foiba, pozzo, voragine Sp. sima, pozo, avenc Turk, obruk USSR karstovij kolodec, karstovaja sahta Yug. syn: bezdan, japaga, zvekara, pekel brezno, prepad, propaBt

KAPKALLA see: caliche, havara A term used in Cyprus for the hardened upper portion or crust of havara 21

99 KAMENICA also; solution pan, water pot Plat panhole or shallow pit (10-15 cm deep and up to 0,5 m wide) in limestone Fr. kamenice surfaces; holds water because it is Germ. Opferkessel, not cut by joints Kamenica Gre. lakouva, ythrolakkos Ital. Sp. cuenco, tinajita Turk, erime tavasi USSR bljudoe Yug. kamenica, skalne kotlice, skalba, skalnica

100 KANKAR see: caliche

101 KARREN also: lapiés, rock-rill

Pr. lapiés Channels or furrows on limestone surfaces; Germ. Karren, Schratten they are separated by small sharp or rounded Gre. thaktyloglyphae, amaxotrochiae ridges,which are usually discontinuous. Ital. campo solcato Karren are formed by corrosion along joints Sp. lapiaz or jointing systems, or by permanent flow Turk. erime olugu of water over an initially smooth surface. USSR karri The term is of German origin, and karren Yug. skrape, skripovi, grizine, have been subdivided into several forms (Bogli zlebici, skraplje I960, 1899-K)

102 KARRENFELD see: clint with grikes Turk. erime olugu alani

103 KARST The term karst unites specific morphological and hydrological features in soluble (mostly Pr. karst carbonate) rocks. Morphological features Germ. Karst include karren, dolinas, jamas, ponors, uvalas, Gre. karst poljes, caves, caverns, etc. Hydrological Ital. carso, carsismo features include basins of closed drainage, Sp. karBt lost rivers, estavelles, vauclusian springs, Turk. karst submarine springs, more or less individualized USSR karst underground streams and incongruity of surface Yug. krs, kras, karst and underground divides. Karst is understood to be the result of natural processes in and on the earth's crust caused by solution and leaching of limestones, dolomites, gypsum, halite and other soluble rocks. Karst is a term of German origin created by transcription of folk term "kras" from the dinaric classical areas of "karst" in Slovenia and partly in Croatia. The term "kras" is used in Czechoslovakia too. In the DinarideB the equivalent term is "krs" and in Italy "carso". Russian references include Pavlov 1898, Popov 1959 and Sarapenskii, 1938 22

104 KARST BARRE French term for karst areas whose lower part is enclosed and bordered by more Fr. karst barré or less impervious rocks which impedes Germ. Riegelkarst groundwater flow out of the karst area Gre. phragmenon karst Ital. Sp. karst cerrado Turk. setli karst USSR Yug. zagaceni krs (kras), zájezeni kras

105 KARST FEN Marsh or swamp formed by plants overgrowing a karst lake or seepage Fr. marais karstique Germ. Karstsumpf ? Gre. karstikon elos Ital. palude 0 acquitrinio carsico Sp. laguna karstica Turk. karst batakligi USSR karstovoje boloto Yug. lokva, kal

106 KARST HYDROLOGY The branch of hydrology dealing with hydrological phenomena on and in regions Fr. hydrologie karstique and areas composed totally or in part of Germ. Hydrologie des KarBts rocks which are soluble in water, such as Gre. karstike hydrologia limestones, dolomites, gypsum and. halite Ital. idrologia carsica Sp. hidrologia kárstica Turk. karst hidrolojisi USSR gidrologija karsta Yug. krska (kraska) hidrologijâ

KARSTIFICATION The process by which karst is formed. The term has been given a wide range of Fr. karstification meaning, from almost a synonym of corrosion Germ. Verkarstung of soluble rocks by water to a term Gre. apokarstosis comprising all processes responsible for Ital. carsificazione the development of karst features including, Sp. karstificación besides corrosion, such phenomena as Turk. karstlafma mechanical erosion, jointing and faulting USSR karstoobrazovanie Yug. okrsavanje, zakrasevanje, karstifikacija 108 KARST INSELBERG also: hum, mogote Fr. inselberg karstique Germ. Karstinselberg (Hum, Mogote) A residual hill of soluble rock ia a Gre. karstiki martyres lophi polje Ital. rilievo carsico residuo Sp. relieve kárstico residual Turk. karst tepesi USSR karstovij ostanec Yug. hum 23

109 KARST LAKE Lakes on karst surface, frequently connected with groundwater; lakes Pr. lac de karst in subterranean hollows (caves, Germ. Karstsee caverns) Gre. karstiki limni Ital. lago carsico Sp. lago kãrstico Turk, karstik g‘<51ii USSR karstovoe ozero Yug. krsko (krasko) jezero

110 KARST PLAIN see; marginal polje Pr. plateau karstique Germ. Karstebene, Karstrandebene, Large flat surface in karst formed KorrosionsflSche by erosion and corrosion Gre. karstikon pedhion Ital. piano carsico Sp. llanura kárstica Turk, karst ovasi USSR karstovaja ravnina Yug. krska zaravan, povrs, kraski ravnik

111 KARST POLJE see: polje

112 KARST RIVER A river (or stream) flowing in a karstic area, either on the surface of Pr. rivière karstique the ground or through an underground Germ. Karstfluss cave system Gre. karstikós potamós Ital. corso d'acqua carsico Sp. rio kárstico Turk, karst nehiri USSR karstovaja reka Yug. krska rijeka, kraska reka

KARST SEEP Place where karst groundwater oozes out at the surface of the ground; sometimes overgrown Pr. suintement karstique and then forming a karst fen Germ. Karstgrundwasser*- Austritt Gre. karstiki thiaroi Ital. Sp. zona de absorción Turk. karst sizxntisi USSR visacivanie karstovih vod Yug. mocilo 114 KARST SHAPT related to: dolina, jama, obruk, pit Pr. karst shaft A vertical or steeply-sided natural opening Germ. Schacht, Schaft a few tens to a few hundred metres deep, Gre. karstikós lákkos formed by solution or erosion of vertical or Ital. voragine, inghiottitoio sub-vertical fractures or fissures by down- Sp. sima flowing surface water; such a pit, formed Turk. karst bacasi from above, may connect with a chimney, USSR karstovaja sahta formed from below Yug. jama 24

115 KARST VALLEY 1. Valley produced by collapse of a cavern roof íY. vallée karstique 2. Elongated solution valley in Germ. Karsttal, Karstgasse limestone Gre. karstiki kilás Ital. valle carsica Sp. valle kárstico Turk. karst vadisi USSR karstovaja dolina Yug. krska (kraska) dolina

116 KARST WINDOW 1. Small depression reaching to the sub-surface water stream. BY. fenêtre karstique 2. A through opening in natural Germ. Karstfenster limestone walls, formed by meeting Gre. karstikon parathyron of karst grottos as a result of Ital. finestra carsica solution Sp. dolina en ventana Turk. karst penceresi USSR karstovoe okno Yug. krBko (krasko) okno

117 KRAS see: karst

118 KRS see: karst

119 KUNKAR Bee: caliche

120 LAPIES see: karren, rock-rill, grickes

?r. lapies BYench term for a region with outcrops Germ. Karren of small regular pillars, cones or Gre. lapiaz, lenar blocks of carbonate rock Ital. lapia, solcato, carreggiato Sp. lenar Turk. erime olugu, lapya USSR karri Yug. skrape, grizine, bridine, zlebici

121 LAVA KARST also: pseudo-karst A non-karst term; included for information Pr. pseudo-karst only. Germ. (Vulkanischer Karst), Lava- Sub-surface openings formed in lava flows Karst, Pseudokarst due to outflow of liquid lava from beneath Gre. pseudokarst a solidified crust, or due to gas blisters; Ital. pseudocarsismo vulcânico tubes and tunnels are formed with such pseudo­ Sp. volcanokarst (general); tubo karst features as lava stalactites and also volcanico (tube, tunnel); collapse structures and basins of closed jameo (collapse structure); drainage. Lava karst does not arise through malpais (topographic feature solution of the rock by circulating water similar to lapies) and so is not a true karst Turk. lav karstl, a ldatici karst USSR Yug. 25

122 LIGHT HOLE A hole in the roof of a cave through which light enters; sometimes a non­ functioning ponor (Jamaican use)

123 LIMESTONE PAVEMENT see: clint with grikes, karrenfeld, lapies Pr. plateforme calcaire Germ. Kalk Plattform, Limestone Pavement Horizontal or sloping platforms of bare Gre. karstikon lithostroton limestome, whose surface usually coincides Ital. with bedding-planes of the rock; often Sp. lapiaz entrecruzado eroded into "clint with grikes" rock-forms, Turk, kireptagi dogemesi (Sweeting, 196 6 ) USSR Yug.

124 LOCALIZED CIRCULATION Circulation in karst aquifers in which the water moves in certain preferred zones or Pr. circulation préfèrentielle channels and does not occupy all or most Geim. Ortlich begrenzte Karstwasser- of the openings below this level (1899-K) Zirkulation Ital. circolazione carsica parziale compare; diffuse circulation Sp. circulación localizada Turk. yersel dola^im USSR Yug. lokalizirana (lokalna) cirkulacija

125 LOST RIVER also; ponornica, sinking river

Pr. perte de riviere A surface river or stream, flowing onto Germ. Flussversickerung,Flusschwinde or over karst, which disappears completely Gre. chanomenos potamos underground through a ponor (or swallow- Ital. hole) and which may or may not rise again Sp. rio sumente and flow as a resurgent surface river. Turk, kayip nehir compare: intermittent river USSR iscezajuscaja reka Yug. ponornica, ponikalnica

126 MACROKARST Karst area with large morphological features; term not easily defined, Ital. Merocarsismo because it lacks limits compare: microkarst

127 MARGINAL POLJE related to; blind valley

Fr. polje marginal Plat plain surrounded by higher limestone Germ. Randpolje, Semipolje country on all except one side which is Gre. perithoriakón "polje" formed of impermeable ridges or hills. Ital. polje marginale Such a feature is normally found on the Sp. polje marginal edge of a karst area or region Turk, kenar go1ova (Lehmann H. 1959) USSR Yug. rubno polje, robno polje 26

128 MEROKARST Karst developed in soluble rocks retaining considerable surface drainage. Term Pr. merokarst created by J. Cvijic Turk. yari karst compare: causse and holokarst

129 MICRITE see; biomicrite, peloid

Pr. micrite A microscopic texture. An abbreviation of Germ. "microcrystalline calcite ooze," the term Gre. micrite refers to precipitated finely crystalline Ital. micrite carbonate sediments in grains of from 1 to Sp. micrita 4 microns diameter (Polk, 1959» P« 8) Turk. mikrit USSR Yug. mikrit

130 MICROKARST Karst area with small morphological features; term not easily applied because it lacks limits compare: macrokarst

131 MICROSPAR A microscopic texture. Mosaic of tiny (4 to 10 micron diameters) clear calcite Pr. microsparite crystals (AGI, after Polk, 1959) Germ. Gre. mikrosparítis (mikroskopikón, mosaikón kristâllon) Ital. microsparite Sp. microesparita Turk. mikrospar USSR Yug.

132 MOGOTE also: hum, karst inselberg, pepino hill

Pr. mogote A steep-sided hill of limestone in the Germ. (Karstinselberg), Mogote tropics, generally surrounded by nearly Gre. "moghotis" (apókrimnos, flat alluviated plains; a typical karst asvestôlofos perikliómenos inselberg. Term originated in Cuba, but ap6 proschomatikas pediadas) now used internationally for such residual Ital. mogote, rilievo carsico hills in the tropics. Differs from cone, residuo cupola, pinnacle and tower karst in its Sp. mogote shape, reflecting its karstification Turk. karst kalinti tepesi history USSR Yug. hum 27

M00N-MILK also; mountain milk

Fr. mondmilch 1. Deposits consisting mainly of very fine Germ. Bergmilch, Montmilch particles of calcium and magnesium carbonate Gre. speleogala precipitated from water in caves and caverns; Ital. latte di monte when in suspension, they give the water the Sp. mondmilch, leche de luna appearance of milk. Name originated in 1714 by Turk. dik karstik kalinti M.B. Valentini (Pénelon) USSR kamennce moloko 2. According to Poulson and White (1969) Yug. gorsko mlijeko (mleko ) moon-milk consists of a variety of hydro- carbonates, some of which are associated with particular species of bacteria. A common mineral in moon-milk from temperate caves is hydromagnesite; cold caves yield moon-milk of calcite after hydrocalcite

134 MOUNTAIN MILK see: moon milk

135 MUD-STALAGMITE related to: stalagmite

Pr. stalagmite d'argile Stalagmitic column made of mud or clay with Germ. Stalagmit aus Tonschlamm about 30io calcium carbonate cement; there Gre. pilostagmitis may be some ooarse non-calcareous detritus in Ital. stalagmite di fango the core of such a column Sp. ostalagmita de barro Turk. çamur dikiti USSR Yug.

136 NAKED KARST see; exposed karst

Pr. karst nu 1. Karst topography having much exposed Germ. oberflSchlicher nackter Karst bedrock (1899-K) Gre. gymnon karst 2. A karstic outcrop which has developed Ital. carso nudo without any initial cover of rock or Sp. karst desnudo soil (Quinlan', 1967 ) Turk. çiplak karst USSR golij karst Yug. goli krs (kras)

137 NARI see; caliche, sabath Term used in the countries bordering the Eastern Mediterranean for caliche or hardpan

138 NARROW A passage of restricted width between two caves or hollows in the karst under­ Pr. étroiture ground; often not readily traversable Germ. Enge, Gre. steno perasma Ital. strettoia Sp. laminador, gatera Turk. agiz, geçit USSR laz Yug. sutjeska, klisura, soteska 28

139 NATURAL ARCH also: natural bridge

Pr. arche naturelie A residual portion of the roof of a sub­ Germ. natttrliches Gewolbe, Natur- surface karst cavity which has not brücke,Felsfenster,Felsbriícke collapsed. Such a natural arch may occur Gre. physike apsitha as a surface topographic feature, or as Ital. arco naturale a part of a cave system Sp. arco natural Turk. dogal kemer USSR estestvennaja arka Yug. prirodni Bvod, luk, naravni obok

NATURAL BRIDGE also; natural arch

Fr. pont nature1 A residual portion of the roof of a Germ. Naturbriicke, Felsbrücke subterranean stream which has not Gre. physiki gefyra collapsed and is found bridging a valley Ital. ponte naturale normally a surface feature, but may be Sp. puente natural used to describe a similar occurrence Turk. dogal koprii in a cave system USSR estestvennij most Yug. prirodni most, naravni most

141 NATURAL WELL Jamaican expression for a jama or cenote with water Ital. pozzo carsico

142 NEOMORPHISM A microscopic texture. A complex of processes whereby a mosaic of finely crystalline carbonate is replaced by a Pr. náomorphisme coarser (sparry) mosaic without the Germ. Neomorphismus ? development of visible porosity (Polk, 196s). Gre. neomorphismós Dominant reactions are the wet transformat­ Ital. ion of aragonite to calcite and recrystall­ Sp. neomorfismo isation. The process is 'porphyroid' where Turk. meomorfizm some of the neomorphic crystals are USSR conspicuously larger than those which surround Yug. them (Bathurst, 1970)

143 NIP An undercut notch in rock, particularly limestone, located between high and low Fr. resserrement, étranglement tide levels along sea coasts and Germ. Kliff ?, Brandungsmarke? produced by solution and erosion; more Gre. káto engopí vráchou common along coasts with limited tidal Ital. solco di battigia variation Sp. socavación marina Turk. dalga yarigi pentigi USSR Yug. 29

OBRUK see: cenote, dolina, jama, pit, shaft

Pr. obruk Turkish form for a vertical or steep­ Germ. Schlot sided depression or shaft in karst, often Gre. "obruk" (káthetos karstikós formed by collapse of roof of underground lákkos) cave or cavern. When the depression Ital. pozzo carsico contains a lake or pond, it is known as Sp. torca "Sulu Obruk" or "Obruk Gblü;" when it is Turk. obruk dry, it is called "Kuru Obruk" or just USSR "Obruk." Yug. jama

145 ORE KARST Formation of interstices, caverns, caves and other karst forms produced by Pr. karst minier solution in water from thermal springs Germ. Zwischenraume, Kavernen, and ore-bearing solutions Hohlen im Karst, gebildet durch ThermalwSsser Oder erzhaltige Losungen Gre. thermometallikon karst Ital. carsismo per dissoluzione idrotermale Sp. karst termomineral Turk. cevher karst1 USSR rudnij karst Yug. rudni krs (kras)

146 PALEOKARST also: buried karst

Pr. paléokarst A karst formed in the past under an earlier Germ. PalSokarst, fossiler Karst erosion cycle and often in remote geological Gre. paleokarst times; preserved by burial or suspension Ital. paleocarsismo, carsismo of karstification processes fossile Sp. paleokarst Turk. eski karst USSR paleokarst Yug. paleokrê, paleokras, paleokarst

147 PASSAGE A comparatively small underground opening made along fractures, fissures and Pr. galerie bedding plains, by running water, but through Germ. Gallerie, Stollen which it is possible to pass Gre. ypoghios thiothos Ital. cunicolo, galleria Sp. galeria Turk. geçit USSR hod Yug. galerija 30

PELOID see: micrite, pelsparite

Pr. peloide A micropscopic texture. A sedimentary Germ. mikroskopisches, sedimentSres grain composed of micrite carbonate Gefuge irrespective of origin (McKee and Gre. piloidis Gutschick, 1969) Ital. peloide Sp. peloide Turk. peloit USSR Yug.

PELSPARITE see: peloids

Pr. pelsparite A microscopic texture. A limestone Germ. Pelsparit, Kalkstein gefügt composed of pellets (peloids) in a matrix aus KHgelchen ? of cement (Polk 1959» P* 26) Gre. pelsparitis Ital. pelsparite Sp. pelsparita Turk. pelsparit USSR Yug.

150 PEPINO HILL see; mogote Puerto Rican term for a rounded or conical-shaped hill resulting from tropical humid karst action; term now generally replaced by mogote (after 1899-K)

151 PERIODIC SPRING see; ebb-and-flow spring Pr. source periodique related to: intermittent spring Germ. Periodische Quelle, intermittierende Quelle A periodic spring is a spring which Gre. periodhiki piyi shows a variation in flow which may be Ital. sorgente periodica regular or irregular; it may be due Sp. fuente periódica to siphonic action (Meinzer, 1942, p. 430) Turk, periyodik kaynak USSR Yug. periodicini izvor (izvir)

152 PERMAFROST KARST A non-karst term; included for information only. Ft . karst de permafrost A pseudo-karst developed in areas of perma­ Germ. Permafrost Karst? Pseudokarst frost, due to melting of ice and frozen Gre. karst monímou paghetoú ground in a manner superficially similar to Ital. pseudo-carsismo di permafrost the solution of carbonate material in water. Sp. karst de permafrost A general term, embracing intra-permafrost Turk, aldatici don karst1 karst, sub-permafrost karst and supra- USSR permafrost karst Yug. permafrost krs (kras, karst) 31

153 PILLAR see: column

154 PINNACLE KARST A tropical landscape of bare reticulated saw- topped ridges having almost vertical slopes and Fr. karst à pinacles a relief of as much as 120 metres; the ridges Germ. Pinnacle Karst rise above forest-covered depressions and Gre. karst koriphón corridors, found in New Guinea at elevations Ital. carsismo a pinnacoli of around 2,000 metres Sp. Turk. sivritepeli karst Compare: cone, cupola and tower karst USSR Yug.

155 PIT see: jama

156 POLJE also; karBt polje ,

Pr. polje Polje (Slavonic word for field) or karst polje, Germ. Polje signifies the flat-bottomed lands of closed Gre. polye basins which may.extend over large areas, as Ital. polje much as 1,000 km . The flat floor of the Sp. polje polje may consist of bare limestone, of a non- Turk, gblova, polye soluble formation (and so with rolling topo­ USSR polje graphy) or of soil. The polje may be bordered Yug. polje by steep slopes and locally by cliffs. The polje will show complex hydrogeological characteristics, as exsurgences, swallow-holes, estavelles and lost rivers. In colloquial use, the term polje is applied to flat- bottomed lands which are overgrown or are under cultivation

157 PONOR also; swallow hole

Pr. ponor, aven, gouffre, perte Hole or opening in the bottom or side of a Germ. Schlund, Saugloch, depression where a surface stream or lake Schlinger, Ponor flows either partially or completely under­ Gre. katavothra ground into the karBt groundwater system. Ital. inghittitoio, capovento A sea-ponor is where sea-water flows or is Sp. Bumidero, ponor, pérdida sucked into an opening in karstified rock Turk, su yutan USSR ponor Yug. ponor, utok, poziralnik, pivka

158 PONORNICA see: lost river 32

POTHOLE 1. A small rounded hole or pipe worn into the bedrock of a stream, or on the Pr. 1. marmite de géant; coast, by sand, gravel and stones spun 2. aven around by the current in evorsion or Germ. Kolk, Strudelloch mill action; Gre. strongili opi is petróthi 2. Vertical or steeply inclined shaft kitin rfivmatos in karBt (English usage) Ital. marmitta dei giganti Sp. marmita de gigante, pilancón Turk. dev kazani USSR karstovaja sahta Yug. erozioni kotas

160 POTHOLER Bee; speleologist, caver

Pr. spéléologue Explorer of openings in karst formations, Germ. SpelSologe, HUhlenforscher with emphasis on vertical and steep Gre. erevna karstikon engelon openings. Somewhat a slang term (English Ital. speleologo usage) Sp. espeleólogo, explorador de simas Turk, dev kazanci USSR Yug. speleolog, jamar

161 PRESSURE PLOW TUBE also; conduit, streamtube

Pr. galerie en conduite forcée Gallery with water flowing under Germ. DruckstrSmungsriJhre, pressure, including differential gravity Karstgerinne head and artesian pressure Gre. ypoghion yxnatagogos, ypopiesin Ital. condotta forzata Sp. galeria (o tubo) saturada Turk, basinpli su mecrasi USSR karstovij kanal s napornimi vo dam i Yug. kanal s vodom pod tlakom

162 PSEUDOKARST see; lava karst A non-karst term; included for Pr. pseudokarst information only Germ. Pseudokarst Gre. psevthokarst Terrain with features similar to karst Ital. pseudocarsismo but formed in non-soluble rocks, as by Sp. pseudokarst melting of permafrost or ground ice, Turk, aldatici karst collapse after mining, and by outflow of USSR psevdokarBt liquid lava from beneath its solidified Yug. pseudokrs, pseudokras, crust pseudokarst, navidezni kras 33

163 RAVINE see: chasm

164 RESIDUAL HILL see: hum, karst inselberg, mogote

165 RESURGENCE see; emergence

1. Re-emergence of karst groundwater, a part Fr. resurgence or all of whose waters are derived from Germ. Karst quelle surface inflow into ponors at higher levels Gre. kephalan 2. Point at which an underground stream Ital. risorgenza reaches the surface and becomes a surface Sp. resurgencia stream (US usage: 1899-K) Turk, suçlkan USSR vihod karBtovih vod compare: exsurgence Yug. krski izvor (vrelo), obrh

166 RILL 1. Small solution groove on surface exposures of limestone; found more particularly in Fr. traces de ruissellement arid and semi-arid regions. Germ. Rinne, Kerbe 2. Small channel cut by flowing water in the Gre. riákion floor, wall or ceiling of a cave Ital. solchi di ruscellamento Sp. arroyuelo 3. The smallest category of stream in any Turk, küçük dere, oluk, ark terrain . USSR Yug.

167 RIMSTONE see: constructive waterfall

Fr. gour A wall-shaped deposit around springs and Germ. Sinterbecken below cascades which impounds water in Gre. frágma, epiphliomatos pools. Its formation is due to Ital. vasche d 1incrostazione precipitation from saturated bicarbonate Sp. dique travertinico waters. Turk, sedde, kenartagi USSR natecnaja plotina Yug.

168 RISING see: emergence "An issue of water from massive limestone which Fr. emergence cannot be classed with certainty as either a Germ. Ausflusstelle, Karstquelle resurgence or a spring" (Pitty 1966) Gre. kephalari This is an English synonym for an emergence; Ital. sorgente in Jamaica the word "rise" is used Sp. emergencia Turk, yüzeye yUkselip USSR vihod karstovih^vod Yug. krsko vrelo, krski izvor, obrh 34

169 ROCK-RILL see: karren, rill

170 ROCK SHELTER A wide but shallow cavity in any rock; in carbonate rock often formed below a non­ Fr. abri sous roche,balme,baume carbonate layer Germ. Halbhohle,weite aber flache Hohle Gre. kat aphyi on Ital* riparo sotto rocoia, androne Sp. abrigo, balma Turk* kaya siginagi USSR Tug. potkapina, okapina, polupe<5ina, spodmol, zijalka

171 SABATH see: hardpan, nari

172 SATURATED WATER Water which is in chemical equilibrium with its enclosing media, and hence non— agressive. Pr. eau saturée Water, at about 25°C, in contact with calcite Germ. gesattigtes Wasser and the normal atmosphere, will contain some Gre. koresménon fãor 30 to 50 PPm of Ca when saturated, variations Ital. acqua satura being mainly due to differing pH. Sp. agua saturada Determination of the saturation point of Turk. doygun su natural waters is complex USSR Tug. zasiiena voda

173 SCALLOP also: flute Pr. cannelure, vague d 1ôrosion Oval hollow, having an asymmetrical cross Germ. in Pliessrichtung des Nassers ausgezogener Kolk section along its longer axis. Scallops Gre. kflon o-ofthés often form patterns on stream beds and cave Ital. walls; considered to indicate direction of Sp. huella de corriente water flow, since they are steeper on the Turk. degirmi, tarak upstream side (1899-K) USSR Tug.

174 SCAR Steep rock cliff in limestone country often indicating outcrop of relatively Pr. cicatrice, griffure bare and massively bedded limestone Germ. Klippe (North of England usage, as in Sweeting, Gre. oulf 1966) Ital. Sp. ceja (in central Spain) Turk. kireptapi dik yari USSR Yug. 35

SEA CAVE see: oave

Fr. grotte marine A oave or cleft in a sea cliff or coastal Germ. Kustenhohle, Meereshohle karst outcrop, eroded by waves or currents, Gre. thalassion spelson - paraktion or dissolved by circulating groundwater speleon Ital. grotta marina Sp. cueva marina Turk. deniz magarasi USSR morskaja pescera Yug. morska peóina (spilja)

176 SEA ESTAVELLE

Submarine or sea-shore opening in karst formations, which at one season or period Fr. estavelle marine discharges groundwater (fresh or brackish) Germ, submarine Estavelle from the aquifer into the seai-bed and at Gre. estavelle thalassia (estavella) another season or period sucks sea-water Ital. Estavella sottomarina,sorgente into the aquifer sottomarina a flusso alterno Sp. estavela marina Turk, sahil batar pikari USSR Yug.

177 SEA-MILL see: sea estavelle

Pr. moulin de la mer,moulin A mill whose motive power is derived from d'Argostoli the flow of water into (or possibly out of) Germ. Meerintthle a sea estavelle; the classical example is Gre. thalassomylos on the Vinaria Peninsula, at Argostolion, Ital. Kephallinia (Lehmann, 1932) Sp. molino de mar Turk, deniz suyu degirmeni USSR Yug. morska vodenica

178 SEA PONOR see: ponor

Fr. perte sous-marine A submarine opening in karst formations Germ, submariner Ponor where seai-water flows or is sucked into Gre. ypothalaseia katavothra the aquifer Ital. inghiottitoio sottomarino Sp. sumidero marino Turk, denizalte suyutani USSR Yug. morska vodenica, morski ponor

179 SHAFT see: jama, karst shaft

180 SHAKE see: jama

181 SHAKE HOLE see: jama 36

SINK see: sinkhole

SINKHOLE

Fr. An area where the surface of the ground Germ. Doline has sunk to form a depression, without any Gre. (opf ek kathiziseos eth£fous) reference to the presence or absence of Ital. pozzo assorbente surface stream flow. It does not mean a Sp. sumidero place where a surface stream sinks into the Turk. pi5kek, kukurdan, erime hunisi underground. The term originated from USA usage. USSR Yug. do, duliba, kotlic, konta

184 SINKHOLE POND see: doline lake

SINKING RIVER see: lost river

SINTER related to: travertine

Fr. concretion A rock or deposit formed by precipitation Germ. Sinter, Kalktuff, Travertin from natural water, often from a hot or Gre. asvestolithikos toffos cold spring. Calcareous sinter is calcium Ital. concrezione carbonate and is also known as tufa, Sp. concreción travertine and onyx marble. Siliceous sinter Turk. kaynak ttifft is silica and is also known as geyserite and fiorite. USSR otlozenija istocnikov Yug. travertin, sedra, bigar, lehnjak

187 SIPHON

Fr. siphon 1. Gallery in form of an inverted U, with Germ. Siphon, water moving only under pressure when the Gre. siphon siphon has completely filled up, the water Ital. sifone head at the input end being higher than at Sp. sifon the draining point. Turk. sifon 2. A cave passage in which the ceiling dips USSR sifon below a water surface (1899-K) Yug. sifon, smrk

188 SOLUTION see: corrosion

189 SOLUTION PAN see: kamenica 37

190 SOLUTION SUBSIDENCE

Pr. affaissement par dissolution Any subsidence due to solution of under­ Germ. LJJsungstaschen, LSsungstrichter lying rock, but particularly the subsidence Gre. katakáthisma thiá thialíseos of parts of a formation or soil cover into Ital. subsidenza per dissoluzione, hollows or pockets of an immediately under­ subsidenza per suberosione lying soluble formation (1899-K) Sp. subsidencia por disolucion Turk. erime alpaluni USSR prosedanie vsledstvie rastvorenija Yug. korozivno urusavanje

191 SPELEOLOGIST also; caver, potholer

Pr. spéléologue Explorer of cavee, caverns and other Germ. Hohlenforscher, Spelaologe ground openings especially in karst; caver Gre. speleologos and potholer are slang terms Ital. speleologo Sp. espeleólogo Turk. speleolog, ma^arabilimci USSR speleolog Yug. speleolog, spiljar, jamar

192 SPELEOLOGY

Pr. spéléologie A branch of knowledge dealing with the Germ. Hohlenforschung,Hohlenkunde study and exploration of underground caves Gre. speleologhia (E). Study, exploration and description Ital. speleologia of caves, caverns and other underground Sp. espeleologia cavities in karst and rarely in lavas or Turk. speleoloji, magarabilim ice USSR speleologija Yug. speleologija, peôinarstvo, jamarstvo

193 SFELEOTHEM also: cave formation

Pr. concretions cavernicoles General term for stalactites, stalagmites, Germ. H8hlenformat i on moon-milk, helictites and other secondary Gre. speleolithoma mineral deposits in caverns and caves Ital. concrezione Sp. concreción (estalagmitica eetalactftica) Turk. magara olugugu USSR nateenie obrazovanija Yug. sige 38

194 SPORE TRACER see: isotope tracer

Pr. traceur, marqueur Dyed spores of the fern, lycopodium Germ. Sporenmarkierung clavatum, used to label groundwater in Gre. lycopodium ichnithetis karstic terrain, as developed by Ital. tracciante vegetale Prof.J.Zotl and Dr.Maurin of Graz Sp. trazador de esporas Turk. spor izleyici USSR Yug.

195 SPRING

Pr. source A natural outflow of water (or other Germ. Quelle liquid or gas) at the surface of the land Gre. pighi or into surface water. In some usages, Ital. sorgente 'spring* is restricted to the water which Sp. fuente outflows; in other usages, the word can refer to the water, to the outlet, or to the Turk. kaynak locality of the outflow USSR istocnik Yug.

196 STALACTITE

Pr. stalactite Conical deposit of calcite or aragonite Germ. Tropfstein, Stalaktit often with a hollow centre, hanging from Gre. stalaktitis the roof of a cave or cavern; formed by Ital. stalattite precipitation of carbonate due to escape Sp. estalactita of CO2 from hanging water beads and to USSR stalaktit evaporation of part of the water Turk. sarkit Yug. mosur, viseci kapnik,stalaktit

STALAGMITE related to: mud-stalagmite

Pr. stalagmite Columnar or partly irregular deposit of Germ. Bodenzapfen, Stalagmit calcite or aragonite on the floor of a Gre. stalagmitis cave or cavern; formed by precipitation Ital. stalagmite of carbonates due to escape of CO2 from Sp. estalagmita water dripping from the roof Turk. dikit USSR stalagmit Yug. óulak, stojeci kapnik, stalagmit

198 STEAM HOLE also related to: blow hole, blowing well

Pr. puits à vapeur, An opening from a cavity through which a Germ. Damp fs chiot current of air charged with vapour blows Gre. atmotrypa upwards and condenses at the orifice to Ital. appear as steam; such openings are an Sp. cavidad fumante occasional feature in karst terrain Turk. buhar deligi USSR Yug. 39

199 STREAM TUBE see: conduit, pressure flow tube

Pr. conduite forcée 1. A cave passage completely filled, now or Germ. Druckflussrohr in the past, with fast-moving water, and Gre. ypóghios sfranx whose ceiling and walls normally show Ital. condotta forzata scallops (1899-K) Sp. tubo (0 conducto) fréatico 2. In non-karst use, "an imaginary tube of fluid bounded by streamlines" (e ) (Sevier) Turk. akarsu mecrasi USSR Yug.

200 SUBJACENT KARST

Pr. karst sous-jacent Karst landscape in non—carbonate terrain, Germ. unterirdisches Karstphanomen due to karstified rocks beneath the sur- Gre. ypokfmenon karst face formation (l899"*0 Ital. Sp. karst subyacente Turk. gizli karst USSR pokritij karst Yug. pokriven krs (kras)

201 SUBLACUSTRINE SPRING see: drowned spring Pr. source sous lacustre Germ. Unterwasserquelle, A spring emerging in the bed of a lake, sublacustre Quelle predominantly in karst areas. Gre. ypovrichios pighi Ital. sorgente sublacustre Sp. fuente sublacustre Turk. golalti kaynagi USSR istocnik na dne ozera Yug.

202 SUBMARINE SPRING see: drowned spring Pr. source sous marine Germ. Untermeeresquelle, Grund- A spring emerging in a sea or lagoon, quelle, submarine Quelle predominantly in karst areas. This is a Gre. ypothalassia pighi descriptive term, generally corresponding Ital. sorgente sottomarina to the genetic term 'drowned spring1 Sp. fuente submarina Turk. denizalti kaynagi USSR submarinnij istocnik Yug. vrulja 40

203 SUB-PERMAFROST KARST Bee: permafrost karst also: intra-permafrost karst

Fr. karst sous-permafrost A non-karst term; included here for Germ. Pseudokarst information only. Underground karst in Gre. karst ypomonímou paghetoú areas of permafrost; karstification is Ital. carsismo di sub-permafrost due to the solvent action of sub­ Sp. karst de subpermafrost, permafrost (or intra-permafrost) water karst de intrapermafrost Turk. don alanx yeralti karsti USSR podmerzlonij karst, mezmerzlotnij karst Yug.

204 SUBSOIL KARST see: covered karst

Karst covered with its own residuum Fr. karst vert, karst subcut&ne and soil (Quinlan, 19^7) Germ. bedeckter Karst Gre. ypethaphikon karst Ital. Sp. karst subcutáneo Turk. toprakalti karsti USSR zadernovannij karst Yug. pokriveni krs (kras)

205 SUBSURFACE DIVIDE see: underground divide

206 SUBTERRANEAN STREAM see: underground stream

207 SUFFOSION

Fr. soutirage karstique Undermining through removal of sediment by Germ. Anzapfung mechanical and corrosional action of Gre. ypoghion thiavrosis underground water (Pavlov, 1898) Ital. Sp. sufosi6n Turk. karstik yeraltisuyu kazimasi USSR suffozija Yug. sufozija

208 SUPRA-PERMAFROST KARST see: permafrost karst

Fr. karst supra-permafrost A non-karst term; included for information Germ. Pseudokarst only. Surface karst in areas of permafrost; Gre. karst epi monfmou paghetoú karstification is due to the solvent action Ital. carsismo superficiale di of supra-permafrost water permafrost Sp. karst de suprapermafrost Turk. don alani yiizey karsti USSR. nadmerzlotnij karst Yug. 41

209 SUSICA see: intermittent river Yugoslav term for intermittent stream in karst from which water diverts and soaks gradually into the karst groundwater system

210 SWALLET see: ponor

211 SWALLOW HOLE see: ponor

212 SYNGENETIC KARST

Pr. karst syngénltique Karst developed contemporaneously Germ. Syngenetischer Karst with the lithification of the formation, Gre. syngeneticon karst as in an eolian calcarenite where Ital. carsismo singenetico lithification and karstification of a sand- Sp. karst singenetico dune may proceed simultaneously (1899-K) Turk. egtürümlü karst USSR Yug. singenetski krs (kras

TECTOKARST

Pr. tectokarst Karst formed under strong influence of Germ. Tektonischer Karst tectonic disturbances. The term is Gre. tektonikon karst indefinite, and its use is not recommended Ital. Sp. tectokarst Turk. tektonik karst USSR karst zon tektoniceskih razlomov Yug. tektokrs, tektokras, tektokarst

214 TEMPORARY HARDNESS see: carbonate hardness

215 TERRA ROSSA

Pr. terra rossa Insoluble residuum of a reddish-brown Germ. Kalksteinroterde colour left behind when carbonate rocks Gre. erythroghi weather under Mediterranean or allied Ital. terra rossa climatical conditions Sp. terra rossa Turk. kizll toprak, terrarosa USSR terra-rossa Yug. crvenica, jerina, jerovica

216 THERMOKARST see: cryokarst 42

217 TOWER KARST

Pr. karst à tourelles, k. à tours A type of karst topography, common in the Germ. Turmkarst, Kegelkarst tropics, in which the residual hills rise Gre. in steep-sided but flat—topped mounds Ital. carsismo con forme residuali (resembling towers) from intervening a torre depressions or dolinas. Sp. karst de torres Compare: cone karst, cupola karst and Turk. kuleli karst pinnacle karst USSR Yug.

TRAVERTINE related to; sinter, tufa

Pr. travertin Generally compact calcium carbonate rock Germ. Kalktuff, Sinter, Travertin formed by precipitation of soluble Gre. travertinis/asvestolithikos bicarbonates when equilibrium is lost due toffos to changes in temperature, and chemical Ital. travertino characteristics. Soft, porous variety Sp. travertino, toba is called calcareous tufa Turk. traverten, sutapi USSR travertin Yug. sedra, travertin, bigar,lehnjak

219 TRAVERTINE TERRACES see: constructive waterfall

Pr. terrasse de travertin Terraces and related forms covered or Germ. Travertin-Terrasse composed of carbonates precipitated from Gre. anavathmos travertinou water; such precipitation is usual from Ital. spianata di travertino saturated bicarbonate waters (as from karst) Sp. terrazas travertfnicas when they enter a zone of turbulent flow Truk. sutapi trapalarl USSR Tug. slapovi

220 TROGLOBITE

Pr. troglobie An animal which lives permanently under­ Germ. Troglobiont ground in the dark zone of caves which it Gre. troglothitis leaves only accidentally (1899—K) Ital. troglobio Sp. troglobio Turk. troglobit, kor balik USSR troglobiont Tug.

221 TUFA see: travert ine A soft, often porous, variety of travertine; should not be confused with 'tuff' (volcanic ash) 43

222 UNDERGROUND DIVIDE also? subsurface divide

Pr. ligne de partage des eaux sour- Subsurface watershed between two catchment terraines, limite souterrainne in karst> often incongruent with the Germ. unterirdische Wassei>- surface topography of the area, scheide Gre. ypoghios ythrokretis Ital. spartiacque sotterraneo Sp. divisória subterrânea Turk. yeralti su bolumü USSR vodorazdel podzemnih vod Yug. podzemna razvodnica, podzemna vododelnica

223 UNDERGROUND STREAM also: subterranean stream

Pr. rivière souterraine Water flowing in channels through caves, Germ. Hohlenfluss, unterirdischer Pluss caverns and larger galleries in karst under­ Gre. ypoghios roe, potamos ground. Ital. fiume sotterraneo Sp. rfo subterrâneo Turk. yeralti nehri, deresi USSR podzemnaja reka Yug. podzemni tok, podzemna rijeka, podzemna reka

224 UVALA related to: polje

Pr. cuvala A Yugoslav expression for an elongated, Germ. Uvala closed depression in karst, commonly dry or Gre. ouvala with periodical small sinking streams or Ital. awalamento carsico, uvala inundations; generally a few hundred meters Sp. uvala long. It can be considered as a small polje. Turk. koyak; kokurdan USSR uvala Yug. syn. draga

225 VAUCLUSIAN SPRING also: gashing spring

Pr. source vaucluaienne, bouillidou Large karst spring (name by Fournet, after (S. of Prance) la Sorgue en Vaucluse, Prance), characterized Germ. Vauclusequelle,(Riesenquelle) by a stream surging up as from a siphon; Gre. kephalari/vauclusiana pighi also applied to karst springs with artesian Ital. sorgente valchiusana characteristics. Sp. fuente vauclusiana, ojo, heryidero Turk. basinpli kaynak USSR vokljuz Yug. voklisko vrelo, obrh

226 WATER POT see: kamenica, solution pan 44

227 ZONES OP KARSTIFICATION

Pr. zones de karstification Cvijic (1926, i960) distinguishes three Germ. Zone der Verkarstung zones of karstification: (i) dry zone in the Gre. zoni karstikopiiseos upper part of the karst with caves almost Ital. zone idrogeologiche completely dry, (ii) transition zone where Sp. zona de karstificación water flows downstream almost permanently Turk. karstlagma kugagi and (iii) deep zone with slow downstream USSR flow and local siphons. Yug. zone karstifikacije 45

CLASSIFICATION OF 227 TERMS DEFINED IN GLOSSARY

I - GE N E R A L ...... 7 terms

II - ZONES AND P H A S E S ...... 12 "

III - TOPOGRAPHICAL-GENERAL...... 41 "

IV - TOPOGRAPHICAL-HILL FEATURES...... 11 "

V - HYDROCHEMISTRY AND PRECIPITATES...... 37 "

VI - MICRO-TEXTÜRES...... 8 "

VII - WEATHER'blG ...... 8 "

VIII - SHAFTS AND COLLAPSE STRUCTURES...... 13 "

IX - UNDERGROUND PASSAGES AND OPENINGS ...... 17 "

X - MOVEMENT OF WATER ...... 9 "

XI - SPRINGS AND S I N K S ...... 23 "

XII - RIVERS AND STREAMS...... 11 "

XIII - LAKES AND P O O L S ...... 8 "

XIV - TRACERS AND LABE L S ...... 3 "

XV - AIR MOVEMENT PHENOMENA...... 5 ”

XVI - BIOLOGICAL...... 5 11

XVII - PSEUDO-KARST...... 9 "

TOTAL: 227 terms

I - GENERAL (7 terms)

Clastokarst (38) Karst (103) Karstification (107) Kras (117) Krs (118) Ore karst (145) Speleology (192) 46

II - ZONES AMD PHASES (12 terms)

Activity Index of Karat (2) Base of Karstification (8) Degree of Karstification (53) Fluviokarst (75) Holokarst (86) Interstradal Karst (92) Karst Barré (104) Merokarst (128) Palaeokarst (146) Syngenetic Karst (212) Tectokarst (213) Zones of Karstification (227)

III - TOPOGRAPHICAL - GENERAL (41 terms)

Blind Valley (13 ) Ravine (163) Bogaz (17) Rill (166) Buried Karst (20) Rock—Rill (I69) Canyon (22) Rock-Shelter (l70) Causse (24) Sinkhole (183) Chasm (36 ) Solution Subsidence (l90) Clint with Grikes (39) Subjacent Karst (200) Cockpit Karst (40 ) Subsoil Karst (204) Covered Karst (48) Uvala (224) Denuded Karst (54 ) Dry Valley (63 ) Exhumed Karst (69) Exposed Karst (70 ) Glaciokarst (76 ) Glade (77) Gorge (78 ) Grike (79) Izdan (96) Karren (lOl) Karrenfeld (102) Karst Plain (lio) Karst Polje (ill) Karst Valiev (115) Lapies (120) Limestone Pavement (123) Macrokarst (126) Marginal Polje (127) Microkarst (l30) Naked Karst (136 ) Natural Arch (139) Natural Bridge (140) Polje (156) 47

IV - TOPOGRAPHICAL - HILL FEATURES (ll terms)

Cone Karst (44) Cupola Karst (50 ) Haystack Hill (84) Hum (87) Karst Inselberg (l08) Mogote (132) Pepino Hill (150 ) Pinnacle Karst (154) Residual Hill (164) Scar (174) Tower Karst (217)

V - HYDROCHEMISTRY AMD PRECIPITATES (37 terms)

Agressive Water (3 ) Nari (137) Caliche (2l) Pillar (153) Carbonate Hardness (2 3 ) Rimstone Dam (167) Cave Formation (2 7 ) Sabath (l7l) Cave Pearl (28) Saturated Water (172) Column (4l) Sinter (186) Constructive Waterfall (45) Solution (l88) Corrosion (47) Speleothem (193) Curtain (51) Stalactite (196) Decalcification (52) Stalagmite (197) Drapery (60) Temporary Hardness (2I4 ) Travertine (218) Dripstone (6l) Travertine Terraces (219) Flowstone (73) Tufa (221) Hardpan (82) Havara (83) Helicite (85) Incrustation (89) Kafkalla (98) Kankar (lOO) Kunkar (119) Moon-Milk (133) Mountain Milk (134) Mud Stalagmite (135) 48

VI - WEATHERING (8 terms)

Alveolization (6) Dolomitic Flour (Sand) (58) Eversion (68) Flute (74) Nip (143) Scallop (173) Suffosion (207 ) Terra Rossa (2 1 5 )

VII - SHAFTS AND COLLAPSE STRUCTURES (13 terms)

Blind Chimney (12) Cenote (34 ) Chimney (37) Doline (56) Jama (97) Karst Shaft (114) Light hole (l22) Obruk (144) Pit (155) Pothole (159) Shaft (179) Shake (l8o) Shake Hole (l8l)

VIII - UNDERGROUND PASSSGES AND OPENINGS (17 terms)

Active Cave (l) Aisle (4 ) Anastomosis (7 ) Bedding Cave (9 ) Cave (2 5 ) Cavern (30 ) Cavernous (31) Cave System (32) Chamber (35) Corridor (46) Dome Pit (59) Feeding Tube (72) Grotto (80) Karst Window (ll6) Narrow (138 ) Passage (147) Sea Cave (175) 49

IX - MOVEMENT OP HATER (9 terms)

Conduit (43) Diffuse Circulation (55 ) Karst Hydrology (l06) Localized Circulation (124) Pressure Plow Tube (l6l) Siphon (187) Streamtube (199) Subsurface Divide (205) Underground Divide (222)

X - SPRINGS AND SINKS (23 terms)

Blue Hole (16) Drowned Spring (62) Ebb-and-Flow Spring (65) Emergence (66) Estavelle (67 ) Exsurgence (7 1 ) Gushing Spring (8l) Intermittent Spring (91) Karst Seep (113) Periodic Spring (1 51) Ponor (157) Resurgence (165) Rising (l68) Sea Estavella (176) Sea Mill (177) Sea Ponor (178) Sink (182) Spring (195) Sublacustrine Spring (201) Submarine Spring (202) Swallet (210) Swallow Hole (211) Vauclusian Spring (2 25)

XI - RIVERS AND STREAMS (ll terms)

Allogene Stream (5 ) Bourne (18) Intermittent River (90) Interrupted River (94) Karst River (112) Lost River (125) Ponornica (158) Sinking River (185) Subterranean Stream (206) Susica (209) Underground Stream (223) 50

XII - LAKES AMD POOLS (8 terms)

Doline Lake (57) Kamenica (99) Karst Pen (IO5 ) Karst Lake (109) Natural Well (141) Sinkhole Pond (184) Solution Pan (l90) Water Pot (226)

XIII - TRACERS AMD LABELS (3 terms)

Dye Test (64) Isotope Tracer (95) Spore Tracer (194)

XIV - AIR MOVEMENT PHENOMENA (5 terms)

Blowhole (14) Blowing Well (1 5 ) Breathing Hole (19) Cave Breathing (26) Steam Hole (198)

XV - BIOLOGICAL (5 terms)

Biospeleology (ll) Caver (29 ) Potholer (l6o) Speleologist (l9l) Troglobite (220)

XVI - PSEUDO-KARST (9 terms)

Cryokarst (49) Ice-Cave (88) Intra-Permafrost Karst (93) Lava Karst (l2l) Permafrost Karst (152) Pseudokarst (162) Sub-Permafrost Karst (203 ) Supra-Permafrost Karst (208) Thermokarst (216) 51

EQUIVALENTS ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

All words and phrases used to define French, German, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Turkish, Russian and Yugoslavian equivalents of the English terms defined in the Glossary are listed here in alpha­ betical order. The normal letter sequence of the western alphabet as used in English has been followed. The numbers in brackets refer back to the place where the word or phrase has been used in the main glossary; many words have appeared in more than one place. 52

FRENCH EQUIVALENTS

Abri sous roche (170) Eau agressive (3) Affaissement par dissolution (190) Eau saturée (172) Aile (4) Emergence (66), (168) Aisle (4) Estavelle (67 ) AlvSolisation (6) Estavelle marine (176) Anastomose (7) Etranglement (143) Arche naturelle (139) Etroiture (138) Aven (157), (159) Evorsion (59)j (68) Excentrique (85) Balme (80), (170) Exsurgence (71 ) Baume (80), (170) Biomicrite (10) Fenêtre karstique (116) Biospéléologie (11) Fluviokarst (75) Biospéologie (11) Fracture ouverte (36 ) Bleu-fon (South of France) (16) Bogaz (17) Galerie (147) Bouillidou (S. of France) (81), (225) Galerie en conduite forcée (161) Butte témoin (87 ) Glacière (88) Gorge (22) Cannelure (173) Gouffre (36), (157) Canon (22) Gouffre absorbant (46) Canyon (22) Gout (167) Causse (24) Griffure 074) Caverne (25), (30) Grotte (25)j (80) Cavemeux (31) Grotte de stratification (9) Cenote (34) Grotte fonctionnelle (1) Cheminée (aven) (37) Grotte marine (175) Chute incrustante (45) Cicatrice (174) Holokarst (86) Ciment (33) Hydrologie karstique (106) Circulation diffuse (55) Circulation préfèrentielle (124) Incrustation (89) Clastokarst (38 ) Indice d'activité du karst (2) Colonne (41) Inselberg karstique (108) Coloration (64) Concrétion (186) Jama (97) Concrétions (61) Concrétions cavernicoles (193) Kamenice (99) Conduite forcé (43), (199) Karst (103) Corrosion (47) Karst à cupules (50) Coulée stalagmitique (73) Karst à pinacles (154) Coupole (50) Karst à pitons (44) Cours d'eau intermittent (90) Karst à tourelles (217) Croute (21) Karst à tours (217) Cryokarst (49) Karst barré (104) Cuvala (224) Karst cockpit (40) Karst couvert(20), (48) Décalcification (52) Karst dénudé (54), (69) Défilé (17) Karst de permafrost (152) Doline (56) Karst exposé (70) Draperie stalagmitique (51) Karst glaciaire (76 ) Duretê temporaire (23) Karstification (107) 53

Karst minier 045) Puits à vapeur (198) Karst nu (136) Puits fumant 098) Karst shaft (114) Puits souffleur 0 5 ) Karst sous-jacent (92), (200) Karst sous-permafrost (203) Réseau souterrain (32) Karst subcutané (204) Resserrement (143) Karst supra-permafrost (208) Résurgence (165) Karst syngénétique (212) Rivière allogène (cours d'eau) (5) Karst vert (204) Rivière interrompue (94) Rivière karstique (112) Lac de doline (57) Rivière souterraine (223) Lac de karst (109) Lapiaz (39)t (79) Sable dolomitique (58) Lapiés (101) Salle (35) Lapies (120) Siphon (187) Ligne de partage des eaux souterraines (222) Source (195) Limite souterrainne (222) Source bleue (Jura) 06) Source intermittente (65), (91) Marais karstique (105) Source noyée (62) Marquer (194) Source périodique (151) Marmite de géant (159) Source sous-aquatique (62) Marmite inversée (59) Source soub lacustre (201) Merokarst (128) Source sous marine (202) Micrite (129) Source temporaire (91) Microsparite (131) Source vauclusienne (225) Mogote (84), (132) Soutirage karstique (207) Mondmilch (133) Spélêologie (192) Moulin d'Argostoli (177) Spéléologue (160), (191) Moulin de la mer (177) Stalactite (196) Stalagmite (197) Néomorphisme (142) Stalagmite d'argile (135) Niveau de base karstique (8) Suintement karstique (113)

Obruk (144) Taux de karstification (53) Ouvala (224) Tectokarst (213) Terra rossa (215) Paléokarst (146) Terrasse de Travertin (219) Passage respirant (26) ThennokarBt (49) PeloTde (148) Traces de ruissellement (166) Pelsparite (149) Traceur isotopique (95) Perle des cavernes (28) Traceur (194) Perte (157 ) Travertin (218) Perte de rivière (125) Troglobie (220) Perte sous-marine (178) Trou souffleur (14), (19) Pilier stalagmitique (41) Tunnel (72) Plateau karstique (110) Plateforme calcaire m (123) Vague d'érosion (173) Polje (156) Vallée aveugle (13) Polje marginal (127) Vallée karstique (115) Ponor (157) Vallée sèche (63) Pont naturel (140) Pseudo—karst (121), (162) Zones de karstification (227) 54

GERMAN EQUIVALENTS

Abgrund (97) Farbung (64) Ab t ragungs inde x (2) Farbversuch (64) Aeolisation (6) Felsbrücke (139;. (140) Aggressives T/fesser (3) Felsfenster (139) Aktive HShle (l) Flus s chwinde (125) Aktive WasserhShle (l) Flussversickerung (125) Allochthoner Pluss (5 ) Fluviokarst (75) Allochthoner Ifesserlauf (5 ) Fossiler Karst (146) Anzapfung (207) Ausflusstelle (66), (168) Gallerie (147) Auskolkung (68) Gebiet rait Karst und Glazial—Formen (76) Ausmass (Grad) der Verkarstung (53) Gefüge, mikroskopisches, sedimentares (148) Austrittsstelle (7 1 ) Gesattigtes Wasser (172) Auswaschung (68) Grotte (25), (80) Grotte mit Resonanz (26) Bedeckter Karst (20), (48), (204) Grundquelle (202) Bergmilch (133) Grundwasserbewegung, diffuse (55) Biomicrite (10) BiospelSologie (11) HalbhShle (170) Blindtal (13), (17) Halle (35) Blaue Grotte (16) Harte f23) Boden zapf en (197) Hohle (25), (30), (80) Brandungsmarke (143) Hohlenfluss (223; Hohlenformation (193) Ca-Horizont (21) HShlenforscher (160). (191) Canyon (22) Hohlenforschung (192 ; CarbonathSrte (23) Hohlen im Karst, gebildet durch Causse (24) Thermalwasser oder Cenote (34) erzhaltige Losungen (145) Cryokarst (49) Hohlenkunde (192) Hohlenperlen (28) Dampfschlot (198) Hohlensystem (32) Deckenkolk (59) Holokarst (86) Diffuse Grundwasserbewegung (55) Hum (87), (108) Doline (17)i (183) Hydrologie des Karsts (106) Dolinen (56) Dolinensee (57) In Fliessrichtung des Wassers Dolomitasche (58) ausgezogener Kolk (173) Dolomitsand (58) Inkrustierender Dom (35) Intermittierende Quelle (^2), (91), (151 ) Druckflussrohr (199) Intermittierender Fluss (90) Druckleitung (43) Druckstromungsrohre (161) Kalkkruste (21) Kalktuff (186), (218) Kalkstein, gefügt aus Kügelchen (149) Kalksteinroterde (215) Sishohle (88) Kalk-Plattform (123) Enge (138) Kalkstein-Plateau (24) Entkalkung (52) Kamenica (99) Episodischer periodischer Pluss (90) Kamin (37) Estavelle (67) Kammer (35 ) Excentriques (85) Karren (101 ), (1 2 0 ) ESczentrisch gekrümmter Tropfstein (85) Karrenfeld (39) 55

Karstebene (110) Palaokarst (146) Karstfenster (116) Pelsparit (149) Karstfluss (94)» Cl12) Periodischer Pluss (94) Karstgasse (l7)» (46), (115) Periodische Quelle (91), Ü51) Karstgerinne (72 ), (l6l) Permafrost Karst (152) Karstgrundwasser-Austritt (113) Pinnacle Karst (154) Karstinselberg (87)» (1°8), (132) Polje (156) Karstquelle (165)» (168) Ponor (157), (178) Karstrandebene (110) Pseudokarst (121), (152), (162), Karstsee (109) (203), (208) Karstsumpf (1Ó5 ) Karsttal (115) Quelle (195) Karsttrichter (56 ) Karstquelle (66), (71) Randpolje (127) Kaverne (30) Riegelkarst (1Ó4 ) Kavernen (145) Riesenquelle (225) Kavernos (3 1) Rinne (166) Kegelkarst (40 ), (44), (50), (217) Kerbe (166) Saugloch (157) Kesseltal (13) Schacht (97), (114) Klastokarst (38 ) Schaft (114) Kliff (143) Schichtgebundene HShle (9) Klippe (174) Schlinger (157) Kluft (4), (36) Schlot (37), (144) Kolk (159), (173) Schlucht (22) Korrosion (47) Schlund (97), (157) KorrosionsflSche (110) Schratten (101) Korrosionsniveau (8) Semipolje (127; Krustenbildung (89) Sinter (45), (73), (186), (218) KíistenhíJhle (175) Sinterbecken (45), (16 7 ) Sint e rfahne (5 1 ) Labyrinth (7) Sinterfall (73) Lava-Karst (121) Siphon (187) Leitung (43) Spelãologe (16O), (191) Limestone Pavement (123) Sporenmarkierung (194) LSsungsmenge (2) Stalagmit (61), (197; LíJsungsriickstand • (52) Stalgmit aus Tonschlamm (135) LSsungstaschen (190) Stalaktit (61), (196) LSsungstrichter (l90) Stollen (147) Luftloch (19) Stromungsrohr (7 2 ) Strudelloch (159) Markierung durch radioaktive Isotopen (95) Sublacustre Quelle (62), (201) MeereshShle (175) Submarine Estavelle (176) Meermiihle (177) Submarine Quelle (^2). (202) Mikroskopisches, sedimentares Gefüge (148) Submariner Ponor (178) Mogote (84), (108), (132) Syngenetischer Karst (212) Montmilch (133) Tektoni,scher Karst (213) Nackter Karst (54), (70) Temporare Hãrte (23) Naturbriicke (139), (140) Thermokarst (49) Natürliches GewSlbe (139) Travertin (186), (218) Neomorphismus (142) Travertin-Terrasse (219) Trockental (63 ) Oberfla’chlicher Karst (54), (70) Troblobiont (220) Oberflãchlicher nackter Karst (136) Tropfstein (61), (196) Ortlich begrenzte Karstwasser-Zirkulatiòn Tropfstein-Saule (41) (124) Turmkarst (40), (44), (217) Opferkessel (99) 56

Unterirdischer Flues (223) Unterirdische Wasserscheide (222) Unterirdisches Karstphanomen (92;, (200) Untermeeresquelle (202) Unterwasserquelle (201) Uvala (224)

Vauclusequelle (225) Verkarstung (107) Versickemder Fluss (94) Vulkanischer Karst (121)

Wabenverwitterung (6) Wasserhohle (l) Wasserfall (45) Weite, aber flache Hohle (170) Wiederaufgedeckter Karst (69), (70) Windhohle (14) Windkamin (15)

Zangon (17) Zement (33) Zone der Verkarstung (227) Zwischenraume (145 ) 57

GREEK EQUIVALENTS

Akalypton karst (70 ) Kalymeno palaeokarst (20) Allothigenes ryaz (potamos) (5) Kalyménon karst (92) Amaxotrochiae (101) Kapnothochos (37) Anapneousa ope (26) Karst (103) Anapnéousa opí spiléou (19) Karst epi monlmou paghetoú (208) Anastomosis (7) Karstike hydrologia (106) Anavathmos travertinou (219 ) Karstiki limni (109) Apocheteftikos karstikos agogos (46) Karstiki thiaroi (113) Apogymnomenon karst (54) Karstiki martyree lophi (8 7 ), (108) Apokarstosis (107) Karstiki kilás (115) Apóthema oriktón aláton (21) Karstiki pighi (7 1 ) Asvestolithikon epiphlioma (73) Karstikon elos (105) Asvestolithikos toffos (186) Karstikon lithostroton (123) Asvestôlofos perikliómenos apó proschomatikas Karstik6n oropédion (24) pediadas ("moghotis", apókrimnos) (132) Karstikon parathyron (116) Atmotrypa (198) Karstikon pedhion (110) Karstikon phrear (97) Basis apokarstoseos (8) Karstikós lákkos )114) Biospeleology (11) Karstikós potamós (112) Karst koriphón (154) Chanomenos potamos (125) Karstikos ypoyios agogos (72) Chasma (36) Karst monlmou paghetoú (152) Chemeke thiavroses (47) Karst ypomonlmou paghetoú (203) Chrostike ichnithetesis (64) Katakáthisma thiá thiallseos (190) Clastokarst (38 ) Kataphyion (170) Katarrâktis (45) Lholomitikon alevron (58) Katavothra (157) Diallpon potamós (90) Káthetos karstikós lákkos, "obruk" (144) Dolinovrithes karst (4 0 ) Káto engopl vráchou (142) Kekalymenon karst (48 ) Ekphysosa ope (15) Kephalari (66), (165), (168), (225) Energon speleon (1) Kllon o-oüthés (173) Epiphlioma (89) Kliste karstike kilas (1 3 ) Epiphliomatos (167) Konoethes karst (4 4 ) Erevna karstikon engelon (160) Konoidhes karst (5 0 ) Erythroghi (215) Koresménon £dor (172) Estavella thalassla (176) Kristállon (131) Estavella (67 ) Kypselothis epiphania (6) Exasvestoses (5 2 )

Farangothes ipoyios thiavasis (4 ) Lakouva, ythrolakkos (99) Farangothis doline (17 ) Lapiaz (120) Fluviokarst (75) Lenar (120) Frágma (167 ) Limni dholina (57) Lycopodium ichnithetis (194) Galaso speleo (16) Gymnon karst (136) Micrite (10), (129) Gymnothen karst (69) Mihanikl diávrosis (68) Mikro skop ikón (13 "0 Holokarst (86) Mikrosparltis (131) Mosaikón (131) "Moghotis" (apókrimnos, asvestôlofos Isotopicos ichnithetis (95) perikliómenos apó proschomatikas pediadas)(132) 53

Neomorphismós (141) Tektonikon karst (213 ) Thaktyloglyphae (101) "Obruk" (káthetos karstikÓB lákkos) (144) Thalassion spelson (175) Ope ekphysosa (14) Thalassorçylos (177) Opí ek kathizlseos etháfous (18 3 ) Thermokarst (49) Oulí (174) Thermometallikon karst (145) Ouvala (224) Thiacheomenon ydhor (55) Oxyanthracouchon ythor (3) Thiakekoménos potamós (94) Thialepousa pege (91) Pagheto-karat (76 ) Thiction (32) Paghoménon splleon (88) Tholene (56 ) Paleokarst (146) Travertinis/asvestolithikos (218) Paraktion speleon (175) Troglothitis (220) Parapetasma stalaktitikon (51) Tsiménto (33) Parothiki sklipotis anthrakiki sklirotis (23) Patoma apokarstoseos (8) Vathls lákkos me thôlon (59) Pelsparltis (149) Vauclusiana pighi (225( Periodhiki piyi 051) Vathmos karstikopiiseos (53) Perithoriakón "polje” (127) Vethisthesa pigi (6 2 ) Pethion amaxotrochion thactyloglyphon (39) Voulismeno speleon (34 ) Pharangi (22) Phragmenon karst (104) Xera kilas (63 ) Physike apsitha (139) Physiki gefyra (140) Ypethaphikon karst (204) Pigházon ^thor (66) Ypoghios thiothos (147) Pighi (195) Ypoghios ythrokretis (222) Pighi ambótidos kai palfrrias (65) Ypoghion thiavrosis (207) Piloidis (148) Ypoghios ythata^ogos (161) Pilostagmitis (135) Ypoghios roe, potamos (223) Polye (156) Ypóghios slranx (199) Potamos, allothigenes xyaz (5) Ypoklmenon karst (200) Potamos, ypoghios roe (223) Ypopiesin (161) Pseudokarst (121) Ypothalassia katavothra (178 ) Psevthokarst (162) Ypothalassia pighi (202) Ypovrichios pighi (201) Riákion (166) Ypoyios aethousa (35) Ythrolakkos (99) Siphon (43) (187) Speleogala (133) Zoni karstikopiiseos (227) Speleolithoma (193) Speleologhia (192) Speleologos 0 9 1) Speleomargarites (28) Speleon (25), (30), (80) Speleothes (3 1 ) Speleothes systema (32) Stalaktitis akanonistos (8 5 ) Stalagmitis (61), (197) Stalaktitike stele (4 1 ) Stalaktitis (196) Stalaktitis (61) Steno perasma (138) Strongíli opí is petróthi kltin révmatos (159) Strosigenes speleon (9 ) Syngeneticon karst (212) Syntelestis karstikopiiseos (2) 59

ITALIAN EQUIVALENTS

Abisso (95) Corso d'acqua allogeno (5) Acqua aggressiva (3) Corso d'acqua carsico (112) Acqua saturada (172) Cortina stalattitica (51) Acquitrinio carsico (105) Criocarsismo (49) Altopiano carsico (24) Cunicolo (147) Alveolization (6) Anastomosi (7 ) Decalcificazione (52) Androne (170) Deposito (73) Arco naturale (139) Dissoluzione (47) Awalamento carsico (224) Dolina (56) Dolina allongata (46) Biomicrite (10) Durezza temporanea (23) Biospeleogia (11) Bocca soffiante (14) Estavella Estavella sottomarina (176) Evorsione (68) Caliche (21) Camino (37) Pattura beante (36) Campo carsico a doline (40) Pinestra carsica (116) Campo solcato (39)» (101) Fiume sotteraneo (223) Canyon (22), (36) Pluviocarsismo (75) Capovento (157) Foiba (95) Carreggiato (120) Porra (22) Carsificazione (107) Carsismo (103) Galleria (147) Carsismo clastico (38) Ghiacciata naturale (88) Carsismo a pinnacoli (154) Gola (22) Carsismo con forme residuali a torre (217) Grado di carsificazione (53) Carsismo con forme residuali coniche (44) Grotta (25), (80) Carsismo con forme residuali di cupola (50) Grotta a soffio alterno (26) Carsismo per dissoluzione idrotermale (145) Grotta attiva (1) Carsismo di sub-permafrost (203) Grotta di interstrato (9) Carsismo fossile (146) Grotta ghiacciata (88) Carsismo maturo (86) Grotta marina (175) Carsismo singenetico (212) Carsismo superficiale di permafrost (208) Idrologia carsica (106) Carso (103) Incrostazione (89) Carso coperto (48), (92) Indice di attivitâ carsica (2) Carso denudato (54)» (70) Inghittitoio (157) Carso di torri (44) Inghiottitoio sottomarino (178) Carso nudo (54), (136) Inghiottitoio (114) Carso riesumato (69) Carso sepulto (20) Lago carsico (57), (109) Caverna (25) Lago di dolina (57) Caverne (30) Lapia (120) Cemento (33) Latte di monte (133) Circolazione carsica diffusa (55) Livello di base della attivitâ carsica (8) Circolazione carsica parziale (124) Colata stalagmitica (73) Marmitta dei giganti (159) Colonna (stalagmitica o stalattitica) (41) Marmitta inversa (59) Concrezione (61), (73), (186), (193) Mogote (84), (132) Condotta forzata (43), (161), (199) Micrite (129) Con grotte (31) Microsparite (131) Corrosione (47) 60

Olocarsismo (86) Sorgente sommersa (62) Orrido (22) Sorgente sottomarina (202) Sorgente sottomarina a flusso alterno (176) Paleocarsismo (146) Sorgente sublacustre (201) Palude carsico (105) Sorgente temporaneo (91) Peloide (148) Sorgente valchiusana (225) Pelsparite (149) Spartiacque sotterraneo (222) Perle di grotto (28) Speleologia (192) Piano carsico (110) Speleologo (160) (191) Polje (156) Spianata di travertino (219) Polje marginale (127) Stalagmite (73) Ponte naturale (140) Stalagmite di fango (135) Pozzo (95) Stalammite (197) Pozzo carsico (144) Stalattite (196) Pozzo naturale (56) Stalattiti anomale (85) Pozzo soffiante (15) Stalattiti eccentriche (85) Pseudocarsismo (162) Strettoia (138) Pseudocarsismo di permafrost (152) Subsidenza per dissoluzione (190) Pseudocarsismo vulcânico (121) Subsidenza per suberosione (190)

Rilievo carsico residuo (84), (108), (132) Terra rossa (215) Riparo sotto roccia (170) Testimoni carsici (87) Risorgente (66) Torrente intermittente (90) Risorgente carsica (71) Tracciamento con coloranti (64) Risorgenza (165) Tracciante vegetale (194) Travertino (218) Sala (35) Troglobio (220) Sifone (187) Sistema carsico sotterraneo (32) Uvala (224) Solcato (120) Solchi di ruscellamento (166) Valle asciutta (63) Solco di battigia (143) Valle carsica (115) Sorgente (168), (195) Valle chiusa (13) Sorgente carsica intermittente (65) Valle cieca (13) Sorgente intermittente (91) Valle morta (63 ) Sorgente periódica (151) Vasche d'incrostazione (45)1 (167) Voragine (95), (114) 61

SPANISH EQUIVALENTS

Abrigo (170) Decalcificación (5 2 ) Agua agresiva (3) Dique travertínico (45), (167 ) Agua saturada (172) Divisória subterrânea (222) Altiplano cárstico ( 24) Dolina (56) Alveolización (6) Dolina en ventana (116) Anastomosis (7 ) Dolina laguna (57) Arco natural (139) Dureza temporal (23) Arena dolomítioa (58 ) Arroyuelo (166) Emergencia (168) Avenc (97) Espeleología (192) EspeleÓlogo (160), (191) Balma (170) Estalactica (196) Bandera (5 1 ) Estalactita excêntrica (85) Bioespeleología (11) Estalagmita (197) Biomicrita (10) Estavela (67) Estavela marina (176) Caliche (21) Evorsión (68) Callejón (46) Explorador de simas ( 160) Campo de lapiaz (39) Exsurgencia (71) Canón (36) Canón garganta (22) Fluviokarst (75) Caverna (30) Fuente (195) Cavernoso (31) Fuente (66) Cavidad fumante (198) Fuente intermitente (65)1 (91) Ceja (174) Fuente periódica ( 151) Cemento (33) Fuente subacuática (62) Chimenea (37) Fuente sublacustre (201) Circulaciín localizada (124) Fuente submarina (202) Circulacián saturada difusa (55) Fuente temporal (91) Clastokarst (38) Fuente vauclusiana (2 25) Colada estalagmítica (73) Coloración (64) Galerfa (147) Columna (4 1 ) Galerfa saturada (161) Concreciín (186) Gatera (138) Concreción (estalagmítica o Glaciokarst (76 ) estalactítica) (61), (193) Grado de karstificación (5 3 ) Conducto frêatico (199) Gruta (80) Conducto saturado (43) Gruta resonante (26) Corriente intermitente (90) Corrosión (47) Hervidero (225) Cortina (5 1 ) Hidrologia kárstica (106) Criokarst (49) Holokarst (86) Cuenco (99) Huella de corriente (173) Cueva (25) Hum (87) Cueva (3 0 ) Cueva activa (1) Incrustación (89) Cueva adaptada a planos de índice de actividad kárstica (2) estratificación (9 ) Cueva de hielo (88) Jameo (121) Cueva helada (88) Cueva marina (175) 62

Karat (103) Polje marginal (127) Karat cerrado (104) Ponor (157) Karst cubierto (48) Pozo (97) Karst de conos (44) Pseudokarat (162) Karat de cúpulas (50 ) Puente natural (140) Karat denudado (54) Karst de intrapermafrost (203) Relieve kárstico residual (108) Karst de permafrost (152) Respirador (19) Karat deanudo (136) Resurgencia ( 165) Karst de subpermafrost (203) Río alíctono (5 ) Karat de auprapermafroat (208) Río kárstico (112) Karst de torres (217) R£o subterrâneo (223) Karst esponja (4 0 ) Río sumente (94) Karst exhumado (69) Río aumente (125) Karstificación (107) Karst interstradal (92) Sala (35) Karst singenetico (212; Sal6n (35) Karst soterrado (20) Sifán (187) Karst subaêreo (70 ) Sima (97), (114) Karst subcutáneo ( 204) Sistema de cavidades (32) Karst subyacente (200) Socavación marina (143) Karst termomineral (145) Sondeo soplador (15) Soplador (14) Lago kárstico (109) Subsidencia por disoluci6n (190) Laguna kárstica (105) Sufosiôn (207) Laminador (138) Sumidero (157), (183) Laminador vertical (4 ) Sumidero marino (178) Lapiaz (101) Surgencia (66) Lapiaz entrecruzado (123) Leche de luna (133) Taso (36) Lenar (39), (120) Tectokarst (213) Llanura kárstica (110) Terra rosaa (215 ) Terrazas travertfnicas (219) Malpaffl (121) Thermokarst (49) Manantial (66) Tinajita (99) Manantial intermitente (65) Toba (218) Marmita de gigante (159) Torca (144) Marmita inversa (59) Torca laguna (5 7 ) Micrita (128) Travertino (218) Microesparita (131) Trazador de eaporaa (194) Mogote (84) Trazador isotópioo (95) Mogote (132) Troglobio (220) Molino de mar (177) Tubo (72) Mondmilch (133) Tubo frêatico (199) Tubo saturado (161) Neomorfismo (142) Tubo volcánico (121) Nivel de base kárstico (8) Uvala (224) Ojo (225) Ostalagmita de barro (135) Valle ciego (13) Valle kárstico (115) Paleokarst (146) Valle aeco (63 ) Peloide (148) Volcanokarst (121) Pelaparita (149) Pêrdida (157) Zanjón (17) Perla de caverna (28) Zona de abaorciôn (113) Pilanc6n (159) Zona de karatifioacièn (227) Polje (156) 63

TURKISH EQUIVALENTS

Açik karst (69) Don alani yüzey karsti (208) Agiz (138 ) Don karsti (49) Akarsu karsti (75) Doygun su (172) Akarsu mecrasi (72) DUden (56) Akarsu mecrasi (199) Düdenli karst (4 0 ) Akmatagi (73) Díizensiz sarkit (8 5) Aktif magara (1) DUçüm (45) Aktiverime boglugu (1) Aldatici don karsti (152) Erime alçalimi (190) Aldatici karst (121) Erime huni,si (133) Aldatici karst (162) Erime olu^a (120) Ark (166) Erime olugu (101) Erime olugii alani (102) Baca (37) Erime Tavasi (99) Basinçli kaynak (225) Eritici su (3 ) Basinçli su mecrasi (161) Eritme (47) Batik kaynak (62) Esintili delik (19) Belirgin karst (70) Eski karst (146 ) Belirgin karst (54) EçtürUmlü karst (212) Biyomikrit (10) Geçit (147) Biyo speoloji (11) Geçit (138 ) Bogaz (17) Geçit §ebekesi (7 ) Bogaz (22) Gizli karst ^(200) Boya deneyi (64) Golalti kaynagi (201) Buhar deli&i (198) Golova (156) Buz magarasi (88) Gbmülii karst (20) Buzul karst (J6) Huni (56 ) Çamur dikiti (135) Cevher karsti (145) Izotop izleyicisi (95) Çimento (33) Çiplak karat (136) Kabuk baglama (89) ÇJJkek (183) Kabtiklaçma (8 9 ) Çukur laguna (6) Kaliçi (21) Karbonatini giderme (52) Dalga yarigi çentigi (143) Karbonat sertligi (23) Damlataçi (61) Karst (103) Dar geçit (4 ) Karst adatepesi (8 7 ) Degirmi (173) Karst aktivite derecesi (2 ) Denizalte suyutani (178) Karst bacasi (114 ) Denizalti kaynagi (202) Karst batakligi (105) Deniz magarasi (175) Karst difi kSkenli akarsu (5) Deniz suyu degirmeni (177) Karst hidrolojisi (106) Derin yarinti (36 ) Karstik gSIU (109) Dev kazanci (160) Karstik yeraltisuyu kazimasi (207) Dev kazani (159) Karst kalinti tepesi (132) Dev kazani asindirnasi (68) Karstlagma (107) Dikit (197 ) Karstlaçma derecesi (53) Dik karstik kalinti (133) Karstlapma kuçagi (227) Dogal Kemer (139) Karstlaçma tabani (8) Dogal K3prU (140) Karst nehiri (112) Dolomit kumu (58) Karstovaja sahta (97) Don alani yeralti karsti (203) Karst ovasi (110) 64

Karstovij kolodec (97) Ortülü karst (48) Karst penceresi (116) Qyum (74) Karst sizintisi (113) Karst tepesi (108) Peloit (148) Karst vadisi (115) Pelsparit (149) Kaya siginagi (170) Perde (5 1 ) Kayip nehir (125) Periyodik kaynak (151) Kaynak (195) Polye (156) Kaynak tüfü (186) Piirtilklü (39) Kemerli obruk (59) Kemirilme (47) Kenar golova (127) Sahil batar çikari (176) Kenartaçi (167) Sarkit (196) Kesintili akarsu (90) Sedde (167 ) Kesintili kaynak (91) Setli karst (104) Kireçtagi dik yari (174) Sifon (187) Kireçtagi dbçemesi (123) Sivritepeli karst (154) Kireçtaçi düzliigU (24) Sogultkan kaynak (65) Kizil toprak (215) Speleolog (191) Klastik karst (38) Speleoloji (192) Kokurdan (56 ) Spor izleyici (194) Kokurdan (224) Su batar çikari (67 ) Konik kireçtagi tepesi (84) Suçikan (165) Konili karst (44) Sutaçi (218) K»r balik (220) Sutaçi traçalari (219 ) Koridor (46 ) Sütun (4 1 ) ICdr vadi (13 ) Su yutan (157) Kovuk (30) Kovuklu (31) Tabakalanma magarasi (9 ) Koyak (224) Tabakalar arasi karst (92) Kubbeli karst (50) Tam karst (86) KUçük dere (166) Tarak (173) Kukurdan (18 3 ) Tektonik karst (213) Kuleli karst (217) Terrarosa (215) Kuru vadi (63 ) Toprakalti karsti (204) Traverten (218 ) Troglobit (220) Lapya (120) Lav karsti (121) Úfleç kuyu (15) Úflenme agzi (14) Magara (25) Magarabilim (192) Yari karst (128) Magarabilimei (191) Yaygin dolarpim (55) Magara canlilari bilimi (11) Yenme (47) Magara esintisi (26) Yeralti deresi (223) Magara incisi (28) Yeralti nehri (223) Magara olugugu (193) Yeralti su bSlümü (222) Magara serisi (32) Yeraltisu yolu (43) Maçara sistemi (32) Yersel dola§im (124) Magarauk (80) Yer yer akan nehir (94) Mecra (43) Yüzeyde belirme (71) Mikrit (129) Yüzeye erisim (66) Mikrospar (131 ) Yüzeye yükseliç (168) Neomorfizm (14 1 ) Obruk (144) Obruk golü (57) Oda (35) Oluk (166) Oluklu (39) 65

RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS

Agressivnaja voda (3) Klastokarst (38) Aktivnaja polost (1) Kolonna (41) Korrozija (47) Bazis karsta (8) Biospeleologija (11) Labirint (7 ) Bljudoe (99) Laz (138) Ledjanaja pescera (88) Coridor (46) Criokarst (49) Method krasjascih (64) Mezmerzlotnij karst (203) Dekaljcifikacija (52 ) Morskaja pescera (175) Dujuscij kolokec (15) Nadmerzlotnij karst (208) Estavella (67) Naplastovanija (9) Estestvennaja arka (139) Natecnaja plotina (167) Estestvennij most 040) Natecnie obrazovanija (193) Nateki (73) Gidrologija karsta (106) Golij karst (54), (70), (136) Obrazovanie natecnih kor (90) Grot (80) Otkritij karst (54), (70) Otlozenija istocnikov (186) Hod (4), (46), (147) Paleo karst (146) Indikatorov (64) Peremezajuscijsja istoénik (91) Iscezajuscaja reka (125) Peresihauchaj reka (94) Istocnik (195) Pescera (25) Istocnik na dne ozera (201) Pescera vploakosti (9) Izotopnij indikator (95) Pescernij zemcug (28) IzveBtnjakovoje Kaxstovoje plato (24) Podmerzlonij karst (203) Kamennce moloko (133 ) Podzemnaja reka (223) Kanjon (22) Pokazatel aktionozti karsta (2) Kapeljnik (61) Pokritij karBt (48), (200) Karbonatnaja zestkostj (23) Polje (156) Karri (101), (120) Ponor (157) Karrovoe pole (39) Prosedanie vsledstvie rastvorenija 090) Karst (103) Psevdokarst (162) Karstoobrazovanic (107) Karstovaja dolina (115) Rudnij karst (145) Karstovaja ravnina (110) Karstovaja reka (112) Sifon (187) Karstovaja sahta (97)» (114)» (159) Sifonnij istocnik (65) Karstovaja voronka (56) Sistema podzemnih pescer (32) Karstovij istoónik (21) Slepaja dolina (13) Karstovij kanal s napornimi vodami (161) Speleolog (191) Karstovij kolodec (97) Speleologija (192) Karstovij ostanec (87 ), (108) Stalagmit (197) Karstovoe okno (116) Stalaktit 096) Karstovoe ozero (57), (109) Subakvaljnij istoénik (62) Karstovoje boloto O Õ 5 ) Submarinnij istocnik (202) Karst s koniceskimi ostancami (44) Suffozija (207) Karstvaja kotlovina (56) Suhaja dolina (63) Karst zon tektoniceskih razlomov (213) Syhaja reka (94) Kaverna (30) Kavernoznij (31) 66

Temokarst (49) Travertin (218) Troglobiont (220) Truba (37)

Uvala (224)

Vodorazdel podzemnih vod (222) Vokljuz (225) Vihod karstovih vod (66), (165), (168) Visacivanie karstovih vod (113)

Zadernovannij karst (204) Zal (35) Zanaveej (51) 67

YUGOSLAV EQUIVALENTS

Agresivna voda (3) Heliktit (85) Aktivna peóina (1) Holokarst (86) Aktivna spilja (1) Hum (84), (87), (108), (132) Alogena reka (5) Alogena rijeka (5 ) Inkrustacija (89) ». Alveolizacija (6) Izluzivanje ( 52) Izotopni traser (95) Barvanje (64) Baza karstifikacije (8) Jama ( 25), (97), (114), (144) Baza krskog procesa (8) Jamar (160), (191) Baza zakrasevanja (8) Jamarstvo (192) Bezdan (97) Jamski biseri (28) Bigar (186), (218) Jamski sistem (32) Biomkrit (10) Japaga (97 ) Biospeleologija (11) Jerina (215) Bogaz (17)^ (46) Jerovica (215) Boginjavi krs (40) Bojenje (64) Kal (105) Bridine (120) Kamenica (99) Kamin (37) Cement (33) Kanal s vodom pod tlakom (161) Cokasti kras (44) Karst (103) Crvenica (215) Kaskade (73) Kaverna (30) Dekalcifikacijâ (52) Kavernozan (31) Difuzno tecenje (55) Klanac (22) Dihalnik (14) Klastokarst (38) Dimnjak (37) Klastokras (38) Do (56), (183) Klastokrs ( 38) Dolac (56) Klisura (138) Dolomitni pesak (58) Konta ( 56) , (183) Dolomitni pesek (58) Korozija (47) Dolomitni pijesak (58) Korozivno urusavanje (190) Draga (224) Kotlic ( 56), (183) Duliba (56), (183) Kozavi kras (40) Dvorana (35) Kras (103) Kraska reka (112) Erozioni kotas (159) Kraski plato (24) Estavela (67) Kraski ravnik (110) Krasko jezero (57) Fluviokarst (75) Krastifikacija (107) Fluviokras (75) Krs (103) Fluviokrs (75) Krska (kraska) dolina (115) Krska (kraska) hidrologijâ (106) Galerija (147) Krska rijeka (112) Glaciokarst (76 ) Krska zaravan (110) Glaciokras (76) Krski izvor (66), (168) Glaciokrs (76 ) Krski izvor (vrelo) (165) Goli krs (kras (54)» (136) Krski plato (24) Gorsko mlijeko (mleko) (133) Krsko jezero (57) Grizine (101), (120) KrSko (krasko) jezero (109) 68

Krsko (krasko) okno (116) Krsko vrelo (66), (168) Polje (156) Kupolni krs (kras) (50) Polupeóina (170) Ponikalnica (125) Ledena jama (88) Ponikva (56) Ledena geóina (88) Ponor (157) Ledenjaca (88) Ponornica (125) Lehnjak (186), (218) Ponor-rigalo (67) Ljuti krs (70) Potajnica (91) Lokalizirana (lokalna) cirkulacija (124) Potkapina (170) Lokva (105) Potopljen izvir (vrelec) (62) Luk (139) Potopljen izvor (62) Potopljeno__vrelo (62) Mikrit (129) Potpuni krs (kras) (86) Mocilo (113) PovrS (110) Morsika vodenica (178) Poziralnik (157) Morska peôina (spilja) (175) Precaga (45) Morska vodenica (177) Prepad (97) Morski ponor (178) Prirodni most (140) Mosur (196) Prirodni svod (139) Propast (97) Naravni most (140) Provalija (36) Naravni obok (139) Pseudokarst (162) Navidezni kras (162) Pseudokras (162) Nisa (4), (80) Psèudokrs (162) Puhaljka (14) Obdobni izvir, periodicko vrelo (91) Obrh (66) (71), (165), (168), (225) Razkriti kras (54) Ogoljeli krs (kras) (54), (69) Robno polje (127) Okapina (170) Rubno polje (127) Okr&avanj e (107) Rudni krs (kras) (145) O u la k O 97) Sedra (186), (218) Paleokarst (146) Sifon (I87 ) Paleokras (146) Sigasta zavesa (51) Paleokrfi (146) Sigasta zavjesa (51) Pec (25) Sige (61), (193) Pecina (2 5 ) Singenetski krs (kras) (212) Peóinarstvo (192) Skalba (99) Peéinski biseri (28) Skalne kotlice (99) Peóinski (spiljski) sistem (32) Skalnica (99) Pekel brezno (97) íkrapari (39) Periodióka rijeka (reka) (94) ákrape (101), (120) Periodicko vrelo (91) Skraplje (39)» (101) Periodicni ixvor (65) Skripovi (101) Periodicni izvir (65) Slap (45) Periodicni izvor (izvir) 051) Slapovi (219) Permafrost krs (kras, karst) (152) Slepa dolina (13) Pestera (2 5 ) Slijepa dolina (13) Pihalnik (14) Slojna peéina (9) Pivka (157) Smrk (187) Podzemna razvodnica (222) Smugori (61) Podzemna reka (223) Soteska (22), (138) Podzemna rijeka (223) Speleolog (160), (191) Podzemna vododelnica (222) Speleologija (192) Podzemni tok (223) Spilja (2 5 ) Pokriti kras (20), (48) Spiljar (191) Pokriveni krs (20), (48) Splet kanala (7) Pokriveni krs (kras) (204) Spodmol (170) Pokriven krs (kras) (200) Stalagmit 097) Stalaktit (196) Steber (41) Stepen karstifikacije (2), Stojeci kapnik (197) Stolpic (41) Stopnja hzakrasevanja (53 ) Stopnja zakreasevanja (2) Stozcasti kras (44) Stozasti krs (44) Struga (46) Stup (412 Stupanj krskoga procesa (2) Sufozija (207) Suha dolina (63 ) Susica (90), (94) Sutjeska (22), (138) Suvaja (90), (94)

Tektokarst (213) Tektokras (213) Tektokrs (213) Termokarst _ (49) Toplotni krs (49) Travertin (186), (218) Trdota (23) Tvrdo6a (23)

Utok (157)

Vetemica (14) Vezivo (33) Vintgar (22) Viseci kapnik (196) Vjetrenica (14) Vodonosni rov (72) Voklisko vrelo (225) Vrelo (71) Vrtaca (56) Vrtlozna erozija (68) Vrulja (202)

Zagaceni krs (kras) (104) Zajezeni kras (104) Zakrasevanje (107) Zasiôena voda (172) Zijalka (25), (170) Zlebici (101), (120) Zone karstifikacije (227) Zvekara (97) 70

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