SC/Vs/440 glossary and multilingual equivalents of karst terms Distribution : limited SC/WS/440 Paris, November 1972 PREFACE The International Hydrological Decade (IHD) 1965-197^ was launched by the General Conference of Unesco at its thirteenth session to promote international co-operation in research and studies and the training of specialists and techni­ cians in scientific hydrology. Its purpose is to enable all countries to make a fuller assessment of their water resources and a more rational use of them as man's demands for water constantly increase in face of developments in population industry and agriculture. In 1972 National Committees for the Decade had been formed in 107 of Unesco's 129 Member States to carry out national activities and to contribute to regional and international activities within the programme of the Decade. The implementation of the programme is supervised by a Co-ordinating Council, composed of twenty-one Member States selected by the General Conference of Unesco, which studies proposals for developments of the programme, recommends projects of interest to all or a large number of countries, assists in the de­ velopment of national and regional projects and co-ordinates international co­ operation. Promotion of collaboration in developing hydrological research techniques, diffusing hydrological data and planning hydrological installations is a major feature of the programme of the IHD which encompasses all aspects of hydrological studies and research. Hydrological investigations are encouraged at the national regional and international level to strengthen and to improve the use of natural resources from a local and a global perspective. The programme provides a means for countries well advanced in hydrological research to exchange scientific views and for developing countries to benefit from this exchange of information in elaborating research projects and in implementing recent developments in the planning of hydrological installations. As part of Unesco's contribution to the achievement of the objectives of the IHD the General Conference authorized the Director-General to collect, exchange and disseminate information concerning research on scientific hydrology and to facilitate contacts between research workers in this field. To this end Unesco has initiated two collections of publications: "Studies and Reports in Hydrology" and "Technical Papers in Hydrology". In order to expedite exchange of information in the areas in which it is most needed, works of a preliminary nature, or those undergoing revision but which should be made known to the scientific community without delay, are issued in the form of technical documents. Whenever warranted, these documents will be superseded by regular publications. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................ l GLOSSARY AND MULTILINGUAL EQUIVALENTS OP 227 TERMS 1 44 CLASSIFICATION OF 227 TERMS ......................... 45 50 EQUIVALENTS ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER ........ 51 68 French Equivalents ..... 52 German Equivalents -..., 54 Greek Equivalents ...... 57 Italian Equivalents .... 59 Spanish Equivalents .... 61 Turkish Equivalents ..., 63 Russian Equivalents 65 Yugoslavian Equivalents 67 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ............. 70 INTRODUCTION This Glossary and Multilingual Equivalents of Karst Terms has been prepared, to assist and facilitate the study of the hydrology of the carbonate rocks of the Mediterranean Basin and elsewhere, and so help in the efficient development and full use of their waters. The Glossary defines 227 terms in English, and gives the equivalent or near-equivalent of most of them in French, German, Greek, Italian, Spanish, Turkish, Russian and Yugoslavian; hence it can be used for work in nine languages. The task has been carried out by "the members, observers and secretariat of the Working Group of the Hydrology of the Carbonate Rocks of the Mediterranean Basin set up by the Coordi­ nating Council of the International Hydrological Decade under Resolution No.II-4 of its Second Session, held in April, 1366. The technical secretariat and support has been pro­ vided by the Pood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, working in cooperation with the UNesco Secretariat for the IHD. The relative terms of Resolution II-4 under which the Working Group has prepared this Glossary may be quoted as follows: "2. To provide technical advice required to encourage, co-ordinate, standardize and expand national activities which contribute to the investigation, development, conservation and protection of the waters of the carbonate rocks." "4. To contribute, as regards fractured carbonate rock phenomena, to any glossary of technical terms prepared in the framework of the IHD programme." The task of preparing a multilingual glossary of karst terminology has evolved each time the Working Group met and discussed its needs and problems, and as the Co-ordinating Council met and considered reports and progress. But at the Sixth Session of the Co-ordi- nating Council (Geneva, July 1970), the terms of reference of the Working Group included: "2. Completion of the tasks already commenced by the working group, namely: ...... (b) The glossary of Karst Terminology, in harmony with the International Glossary of Hydrology." The Karst Glossary was conceived and carried out in response to a simple and fundamental need - that of enabling the members of the Working Group to know exactly what each meant when describing hydrological phenomena in karst terrains, with special reference to their own countries. In its original conception, the glossary was to deal with a limited number of words, using English as a base, but adding in specific words used in the Mediterranean, with emphasis on usage in Yugoslavia, the homeland of karst. In practice, the glossary has expanded, both in its technical scope and in its refer­ ences to terms used in other karstic regions, in particular in the Carribean, USA and the UK. However, the technical scope has remained concentrated on hydrology of karst terrains, and has not expanded into geology of carbonate rocks, speleology, water resources investi­ gation and development or other related fields of work, nor has any attempt been given tc define technical terms lacking a specific application in the hydrology of karst. The glossary does not attempt to trace the origin of terms, nor give detailed reference as to their original and subsequent use. A list of 57 selected bibliographical references are given, but these are in no way exhaustive. Within the glossary, indications are given to this bibliography, so the reader can refer back to papers listed, should he need additional information. As many cross-references as possible have been given to the terms used, but the idea of synonyms has not been found useful. Too often, words which at first sight might appear to be synonymous are found on careful study, and also with reference to use in countries of origin, to have significant differences of meaning. So, only the following four forms of cross reference have been used: (i) see refers the reader from the term required back to another term (or terms) where the meaning is more fully defined and described. (ii) also refers the reader from the most important term (and main definition) back to subsidiary terms. (iii) related to indicates other terms which are close to the term defined, and which may help the reader to understand better the term defined. (iv) compare tends to occur within the text, and draws the reader's attention to a group of other terms which are related to, but clearly different from the term under study. Throughout the preparation of this "Glossary and Multilingual Equivalents of 227 Karst Terms", full use has been made of the different editions of the "International Glossary of Hydrology". The 1969 "Second Draft of Definitions in English" contains some 1 700 terms; of these only 25 are common to the International Glossary and this Karst Glossary. Likewise Elsevier's 1969 "Dictionary of Hydrogeology" contains 3 040 terms; only 30 of these or just 1$, occur also in the Karst Glossary. On the other hand, the Glossary does overlap with, and has used words from, the United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper No. 1899-K, (1970) by Mr. W.H. Monroe. It is inevitable that there will be considerable number of errors in the first edition as finalized in July, 1972. Since it is likely that a second edition will.be prepared in due course, it would be appreciated if corrections and suggestions be sent to either the FAO or UNesco Secretariat in Rome or Paris. Finally, the members, oberservers and secretariat of the Working Group on the Hydrology of the Carbonate Rocks of the Mediterranean Basin take this opportunity of thanking the many institutions and individuals who have helped in so many ways in trying to find multi­ lingual equivalents for terms which have often originated in one country to describe a local phenomenon which may not have an exact natural counterpart in other countries. GLOSSARY AND MULTILINGUAL EQUIVALENTS OP KARST TERMS First Edition June 1971 ACTIVE CAVE see: cave Pr. grotte fonctionnelle A cave through which water is flowing Germ. aktive HcShle, aktive ifessei>- WJhle, WasserhíJhle Gre. energon speleon Ital. grotta attiva Sp. cueva activa Turk. aktif magara- (active solution channel *> aktive rime boplugu) USSR aktivnaja polost aktivna pec'ina, aktivna spiljaTug. ACTIVITY INDEX OP KARST also; degree of karBtification related to: corrosion, solution Pr. indice d'activite du karst Germ. Losungsmenge, A measure of the current rate of solution Abtragungsindex in a karst system or zone expressed as Gre. syntelestis karstikopiiseos the percentage of rock volume actually Ital. indice di attività carsica dissolved and removed from the total Sp. indice de actividad kárstica volume of soluble rock in a suitable unit Turk. karst aktivite derecesi of time, as for example the last 1 000 USSR pokazatel aktionozti karsta years. Related to the "storage co­ Yug. stupanj krskoga procesa, efficient" under water-table conditions stopnja zakarsevanja, stepen karst if ikac i j e AGGRESSIVE WATER related to: corrosion Pr. eau agressive Water containing free carbonic acid, Germ.