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History 4th Quarter Mr. Gerber
*Please note*
Mr. Gerber will be available for questions through email or phone (leave message, Iwill call back) From 10:00-11:00 am during school days
Please try to address questions early in the week so you have an understanding of the weekly assignment.
On the “Discussion questions” (Three per week), answer them the best you can based on the reading. Please put your answers on the separate sheet provided.
On the “Suggested Activities” portion of the packets (one per week), ifyou do not have the ability to research the topic, please just give me your best opinion based on the reading. These should be anywhere from a half page to a page long. Do your best on
them. I am looking for your thoughts and your critical thinking.
I have included a sixth reading about the Moon Landing there is no written work for this it is just for additional reading
I willtry to post some additional information in the google classroom for those who have access to it. *Note nothing BUT,the paper packet willgraded*
Contact information
Email cgerberhayward.k12.wi.us
Phone 715-638-9443
Thank you, Mr. Gerber *
C APR. 21, 753 B.C.: ROME FOUNDED Weeks Biographies, discussion questions, suggested activities and more /2 in HISTORY of By tu are Ita the the the Por IN own most town thou Spain Julius of home world’s a historic its army reign and and is Catholic tAY of long, alphabet one of 410; small Odovacar’s September include religion. the the a Spanish, area THIS Gaul other In prosperity. Africa About wake was dominance to Roman Roman City, world which Western weight the from and around A.D. the encompassed many end triumphant the in French, Augustus, invaded of empire. the fn,o of Roman northern ruins, grew major and peak Vatican peace of a civilization. Britain the Dimc modern metropolitan among century its Huns of ignoble hy as empire of Asia, (Italian, under long
ROME control at Rome Romulus the an one: ancient an age fifth photo
Stage human The brutal its legacies that by Forum, greater won the of headquarters Latin, western B.C. for its his Ancient by encompasses one collapsed languages (olc golden of bringing emperor, became Christianity many the foundations a empire and and
the Roman over fall of from B.C., history also otth an the Odovacar and Italy, the century Rome much the Rome and Italy the of Attila Rome. western world began into provinces of Romance in first Rome and derived century last the named its Among king 430. Britain, the shaking the country, River decline emergence by republic, in of the ancient founding, capital Cover him a the people. of
Setting eighth Augustus, its prince losing fall use famous Pantheon as islands. the implosions further Europe, is Africa Romanian) and the is empire’s and the sites. after in Italy’sTiber deposing million history 450, years the and independent empire, rise Rome 4 emperor, proclaimed Rome Germanic dramatic ROMEFOUNDED 450 years After a northern calendar artistic . widespread central first over continental around Beginning Mediterranean its ly on of most bloated Italy.
ANCIENT and contrast, sand the After Caesar’s and multuous Colosseum, and tuguese smallest Church. 476, troops Today, to APR.2i,753C. APR. 21, 753 B.C. ROME
APR.
ROME
A act Remus tius Silvia, mythical would Rome. brother washed Amulius pregnated a FOUNDED she-wolf According date Varro the ccording led brother, Before not myth Amulius, of ashore ordered city in by daughter give Rome’s until by the originated located to a the the Remus, she-wolf at birth first to they the the birth who the war founding tradition, legend, century of to were in infants foot forced of god founded
21, the rival King sometime as the of found orphaned Mars Alban was Romulus claimants BC. on drowned the twins, Numitor Rhea
FOUNDED April Rome set Palatine and by Hills in to Numitor the by the 21, gave and infants. become of in on to southeast
753 the shepherd the fourth 753 Alba hill, his the Remus birth Roman was title. Tiber, where B.C., site Actually, Longa. a century to vestal deposed of However, where were Faustulus. Romulus scholar but Romulus they what Alba they the virgin the B.C., they were would by Marcus
B.C. Romulus Rhea sons Longa and survived his and and so were suckled younger that his become of was the Remus, Teren was suck Rhea twin and and she ex im THIS by a DAY JN HSTORV I 3 Reared by Faustulus and his wife, the twins later became Another Roman foundation legend, which has its origins leaders of a band of young shepherd warriors. After learn in ancient Greece, tells of how the mythical Trojan Aeneas ing their true identity, they attacked Alba Longa, killed founded Laviniumand started a dynasty that would lead to the wicked Amulius, and restored their grandfather to the the birth of Romulus and Remus several centuries later. In throne. The twins then decided to found a town on the site the Iliad,an epic Greekpoem probably composed by Homer where they had been saved as infants, They soon became in the eighth century B.C.,Aeneas was the only majorTrojan involvedin a petty quarrel, however, and Remuswas slain by hero to survivethe Greekdestruction ofTroy.Apassage told his brother. Romulus then became ruler of the settlement, of how he and his descendants would rule the Trojans,but which was named”Rome”after him. since there was no record of any such dynasty inTroy,Greek scholars proposed that Aeneas and his followers relocated. To populate his town, Romulus offered asylum to fugi tives and exiles.Rome lacked women, however, so Romulus In the fifth century B.C.,a few Greek historians speculat invited the neighboring Sabines to a festival and abducted ed that Aeneas settled at Rome,which was then stilla small their women. Awar then ensued, but the Sabine women in city-state. In the fourth century B.C.,Rome began to ex tervened to prevent the Sabine men from seizing Rome. A pand within the Italianpeninsula, and Romans,coming into peace treaty was drawn up, and the communities merged greater contact with the Greeks,embraced the suggestion under the joint rule of Romulus and the Sabine king,Titus that Aeneas had a role in the foundation of their great city. Tatius.Tatius’early death, perhaps perpetrated by Romu In the first century B.C.,the Roman poet Virgildeveloped lus, left the Roman as the sole king again. After a long and the Aeneas myth in his epic poem the Aeneid, which told successful rule, Romulus died under obscure circumstanc of Aeneas’journey to Rome,Augustus, the first Roman em es. Many Romans believed he was changed into a god and peror and emperor during Virgil’stime, and Julius Caesar,his worshipped him as the deity Quirinus.After Romulus,there great-uncle and predecessor as Roman ruler,were said to be were six more kings of Rome, the last three believed to be descended from Aeneas. Etruscans.Around 509 B.C.,the Roman republic was estab lished.
DID YOU KNOW?
The ancient Romans created the world’s first shopping mall, apartment buildings, running water, central heating, public welfare system and landfill.
APR. 21, 753 B.C. ROME FOUNDED THIS DAY IN H1STORY I 4 The javelin that tion cities, religious a racing revived Christian, APR.21,753L3.C. first was the and and throws as
CONCURRENT recorded Olympics limited festival by an military abolished the international and to honoring fifth Olympic were wrestling. foot - competitions. ROME the century races, at Games Games least the FOUNDED athletic With but B.C. Greek 500 as The later the were from competition FIRST part years god rise pentathlon, a held as number of of many Zeus. old his Rome, at RECORDED at efforts Olympia in In as that of introduced 1896, the the 100 other to time. Olympics eighth cities suppress in thanks events
T the The from in OLYMPK century Greek to ancient 708 were declined, paganism the throughout B.C., city-state added, efforts B.C., Olympics, consisted and contestants in GAMES of including
EVENTS the of the in Frenchman 393 Elis Roman Greek held of in AD, a 776 wrestling, foot every came empire. the Empire. B.C., Pierre race, Roman four from but THIS Initially, the The boxing, de years, a it Coubertin. Emperor long dozen Olympic is DAY generally occurred Olympic horse jump, IN or Theodosius Games HISTORY more and discus accepted competi during chariot Greek were and a IS I, \ru,er ::St O1 ke?’ DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Fustulus f,ds Remus end Romu’us with a shewoif. ByMahre au* in:ripiions xvsiècle
According to myth, Rome was founded by two brothers who were or phaned as infants and raised by a wolf.What do you think a myth is? Can you think of any others?
Ancient Rome has served as inspiration for countless movies and books. Why do you think modern people find ancient Rome so fasci nating?
Roman emperors weren’t elected, but some were very much beloved by the people of Rome. What qualities do you think made for a popu lar Roman emperor?
APR. 2i 753 D.C. . ROME FOUNDED THIS DAY tN IBSTORY I 9 Discussion Questions Week One Rome
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C expansion of have imagery. and engineering concrete, to the report or chosen side and the Groups Roman achievement significance groups cities one their how the roads; should of On FOUNDED first on cartoons territories; small and research research. historic they the site. to reign to its class into domes; ROME of e other ‘ the their the relevant other, why; prestige; one class ,-v- to 13.C. student with the c emperor and bridges; and the and was during C 753
SUGGESTED it On each 21, day introducing site. built Rome Roman Ask relations events; Divide arched power a sentation APR.
P)ects’ JUL.4, 1776:THE DECLARATIONOF INDEPENDENCE Biographies, discussion questions, suggested activities and more 12 a in HISTORY by ar the Oc few first War IN Hall) New That Lee’s Con Con he in recent course suit Britain, of howev of ordered on the Thomas first DAY changed crush conserva the America its Britain. to and which Great introduced THIS vote in in possible many followed became the Parliament Sherman Lee Continental Livingston month, Great from Revolutionary departing, reached ? Independence to R. had copies only colonies E’ Independence. the 1 Sense;’ the radical.Things with this attempted Roger leading of Henry same the (later of Before Robert rurrbuiI, and before postponed 150,000 convention message and break That colonies Britain committee—including rebellious iori become News and House Richard his “Common as the independence
Stage weeks. than considered In the right” other Declaration navy. State dcic Congress would Massachusetts; the more five-man €p army. several and seven delegate a of
the as however, radicals’cause against revolutionary justifying published complete reconciliation. independence “natural o( what sold for a Pennsylvania; of debate, great the of army Adams—were year, of railed Paine its Adams known was Virginia Ill Pennsylvania desired recess of royal John next hopes colonies’ appointed Carolina’s statement a heated the battles John pamphlet the poto; the 7, Franklin the the independence; force at also Thomas become their of
Setthig George the of North of Amid cc called for initial colonists formal did—like the strengthening met June a Virginia; King it all the few and independence would favor who On 1776, of publication. Benjamin course 1776, draft calling abandon in colonies; delegates immigrant in with out, 1775, that after when to the those enlargement the the March vote Philadelphia. DECLARA11ONOflNDEPENDENCE broke Even rebels British and In over gued mid-May. in resolution tober motion the for necticut; January tives weeks er, gress to York—to Jefferson document INDEPENDENCE 1776 JUL,4, Writing of dence, Declaration Gerome by JUL. Ferris Indepen- Jean 4, 1776, the Leon 1776
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DID YOU KNOW?
It wasn’t widely known that Thomas Jefferson wrote most of the Declaration of Independence until the 1790s. Before that, it was believed to have been the collective effort of the entire Continental Congress.
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SEP. 22, 1862: LINCOLN ISSUES EMANCIPATIONPROCLAMATION Biographies, discussion questions, suggested activities and more We 12 on an win war HISTORY then insti what word didn’t Union hurdle IN decide federal Lincoln Lincoln current fathers, only the allowed the the described the abolished, finally DAY emancipa the the They about were”unde must major Constitution, common 1854, in for 1862, based a emancipation, which write a that THIS we Though of of the founding of within Lincoln Lincoln not slavery—and fight saw slaves society. with fall protecting it and Roerts. feelings to to of clause, but was under immediately realized the hy”. owners. explicitly Only behalf would summer nation’s or Welles, in about be clauses blacks service, not strong on representation America’s late The slave us.” wrong, nqvnc1 Lincoln them. of key members did done opposition their three-fifths draw the that Illinois, system, should Gideon
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of the Fmanciotoo Proc{mtton by Anehm Lincoet, Pnbnq ny Frncc; BickneBCarpenfe 64
n this day in 1862, President belief that slavery was morally repugnant. Abraham Lincoln issues a prelim Instead, Lincolnchose to move cautiously Qinary Emancipation Proclamation, until he could gain wide support from the which sets a date for the freedom of more public for such a measure. than 3 million black slaves in the United In July 1862, Lincoln informed his cabi States and recasts the CivilWar as a fight net that he would issue an emancipation against slavery. proclamation but that it would exempt the When the CivilWar broke out in 1861, so-called border states, which had slave- shortly after Lincoln’s inauguration as holders but remained loyal to the Union. America’s 16th president, he maintained His cabinet persuaded him not to make that the warwas about restoring the Union the announcement until after a Union vic and not about slavery. He avoided issuing tory. Lincoln’sopportunity came following an anti-slavery proclamation immediately, the Unionwin at the Battle of Antietam in despite the urgings of abolitionists and September 1862, On September 22, the radical Republicans,as well as his personal president announced that slaves in areas
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SUGGESTED end 1862 one class, be experiences students 22, the argument the role, By Lincoln’s perspective conditions could an group Ask to SEP. FEB. 14, 1929: INVENTION OF PENICILLIN images, biographies, discussion questions and more ‘-1 PENICILLIN
Setting the Stage
Before the invention of penicillin, minor injuries like cuts or scratches could lead to deadly infections. Evena paper cut could killyou. Surgeries and child birth were much more dangerous than they are today and there was no cure for countless conditions considered treatable today, liketuberculosis, menin gitis and rheumatic fever. Before penicillin, treatment for infections included a variety of remedies with varying degrees of effectiveness including fresh air, bloodletting and herbs. Infected wounds were often burned out with a hot iron or boiling oil.
Once its use became widespread in the 1940s, penicillin had an enormous
impact, preventing countless deaths. Without penicillin, World War IIwould have resulted in far more fatalities, as infected wounds could not have been treated. In addition, modern medical breakthroughs like organ transplants and chemotherapy, which rely on antibiotics to be successful, would not be possible.
c(ve LhOtOA Ot Sr Alexarder Hamng, the rhrcovrrer of Prndhn I 914.
FEB. 14, 1929 iNVENTiON OF PENCLLN TH S DAY N HISTORY f 2 Q discovery humanity, his his London FEB. That family laboratory
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OF By been his inoculation some untidy most his lab studying return petri and table accounts, personal cultures grown
department, PENICILLIN dishes to something the work, habits Flem mold. influ con had he covery: microscope on tatum, Fleming few normal identified growing bread, weeks a growth The mold examined more THIS the and he and mold similar mold was of immediately of DAY made the the had the able as to cultures. IN PecTin mold. penicillium dishes a the disrupted to HISTORY startling confirm kind set Within Fleming under found about dis the no his I a a 3 findings. The penicillium mold prevented the growth of the Finally,in the summer of 1941, Florey and Chain teamed staphylococci, and Fleming believed it also could be used to up with a group of American scientists in Peoria, Illinois,to treat infectious disease. Fleming later wrote of the discovery, find a way to mass-produce penicillin.Together they discov
“When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, ered a method to enhance a different species of the penicilli
I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine...but I urn bacteria that allowed them to create much greater quan guess that was exactly what i did:’ tities of the drug. In the first five months of 1942 alone, 400 million units of pure penicillin were produced. That March, Fleming had discovered the world’sfirst antibiotic, a type 14 years after Fleming’s discovery, a Connecticut woman of drug that destroys or limits the growth of harmful bacte named Anne Millerbecame the first person to be successful ria. Today, antibiotics are used to treat everything from ear treated by penicillin. The most immediate impact of pen infections to strep throat to pneumonia. But the impact of ly icillin was felt in World War Il,when it was used to prevent penicillin was not immediate--in fact, Fleming’s discovery gangrene in wounds, saving lives and reducing the need for initially attracted little notice. Then, in 1938, an Australian limb amputation. pathologist working at Oxford University named Dr. How ard Florey stumbled upon Fleming’s paper on penicillium At war’s end, in 1945, Fleming, Florey and Chain were and decided to try to isolate the active ingredient in what awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine. In his acceptance Fleming called his “mould juice’ However, even after Flo speech, Fleming presciently warned of the dangers of anti rey’s team, including biochemist Dr.Ernst Chain, had creat biotic resistance. ed effective penicillin injections, they struggled to produce Today, penicillin is the most widely used antibiotic in the enough penicillin to make treatment with it viable--it could world; it has saved hundreds of millions of lives. take thousands of liters of penicillin to treat just one infec tion.
DID YOU KNOW?
In the early days of penicillin use, producing it from mold was difficuLt, expensive and time-consuming. In an attempt to meet demand, doctors discovered they could reuse it by extracting it from previous patients’ urine.
FEC. 14, 1929 . NUENT!ON OF PENJCLUN THIS DAY IN HISTOR’( I 4 FEB. 14,
SEE 192 The set tions with taminating undergoing ascertaining evidently medium. temperature bacteriolytic into to a few yellow mannite days markedly under fumigatus, closely in in culture month. INVENTION fow almost WRILE nature aside Subcultures the The British LS In Growth In A ON From the days various these in days TEE broth PENICILLIU4, anaerobic number its air resembles pigment colony glucose medium. fluids o,ij or been
IT black, and The THE the to morphology of alkaline, It Journal sporulates, working plates -USE mould lysis Spo’rotrichum, 1929, ANTIBACTERIAL the dulcite is OF something for the the properties micro-organisms. Laboratories a was Reprinted that species formed were slow appeats PENICILLtN of of dark and laboratory (see one laboratory. conditions, mould ANTIBACTERIAL Vol. is P. were In the IN this found other of it In broth. the sacoharose with tested at rubrum. not is four or Fig. green .Ezperirnental certain examined staphylococcus in the X, THE this an mould necessarily 37°C. as pH from to grows two of ALEXANDER the moulds of extracted that Received or staphylococcus ocntro p. Cladosporium, 1). WITH a “animal many for bench CHARACTERS the the organism felted varying white mould five 220. weeks BODY -ISOLATION conditions and were l3iourge Inoculation antibacterial on broth broth. - properties were It becoming days of were and for is the fluffy mass. Pathokgy, SPECIAL exposed culture was de had the made ELABORATED by frout most publication is in colonies a laboratoire.” examined surface grown (1923) Eidamia There bright more noticed CHCI3. FLFMTNG, a a acquired mass ACTION PenüAlUum, which OF Department, reddish penicillium variants 8’5 and The dark rapid and of 1 to substances OF THE comnhon is states to which in the as became yellow the experiments which REFERENCE May broth green-and no the that viridiscen.s, from 9. The about broth a colour marked B. air bacteriolytie IN MOULD. acid white a 10, F.R.C.S. that mould OF rapidly Acid This had around iSt. ‘n— 8 colour becomes reaction and number JNFLUE1VZAE. time and CULTURE transparent pathogenic 1929. strains. production 2000. at at can Mary’s hd diffused jf CULTURES:. fluffy penicillium is inhibitory, later in they room various to had Ac> Botrytie conducted has is be produced increases a all time. produed of a- observed No bright of large in Hospitul, growth, never became substance rio been its BY i Of temperature into old bacteria. culture-plates and the ‘ growth in intervals ‘- cineria, characters these ALL colony e THEIR In is 7 cultures bactericidal found in grown yellow the in ‘ with were broth days not - contaminated nqc which in changing the London. sjze OF three MOULDS? it surrounding th&growth. is which p,er uncommon Alpergillu-s a was P. obviously in examina of up and at THIS observed and becomes view darkens and A diffuses lactose,. it rubruin or a o’- to room found were after most con four in had and this one the DAY to a a. IN - -. V HiSTORY - - 2 one ‘n / 7 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
A
p% I
Howdo you think lifewas different before the invention of penicillin?
Whydo you think penicillin is often called a wonder drug?
Can you think of any modern-day medical innovations that have had a similar impact?
FEE. 14, 1929 NVENTtON OF PENC!UJN THIS IAY IN HISTORY / 9 Discussion Questions Week Four Invention of Penicillin
1.
2.
3. SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
[rnst Chin in his lab durinq Word War II.
Dividethe class into three groups. Assign one grou o the”producers”and give them a somewhat time-consuming task to complete, for example, stringing 10 small pap ips together to form one dose of”penicillin’ Before beginning a string, the producer should have to wait in line get t paper clips from the teacher, who has to count them out. Assignthe second group of students to be doct s or nurses a the third group to be patients. Usea timer so that every 30 seconds or so a patient asks for a dose of nicillinand the do s/nurses are asking (and cajoling) the producers for more.When a patient has to wait more tp n a minute for a dose, he is d to leave the game. When the patients have all been forced out, ask the students to unpack the activity.Why was it difficultto make enough medicine? What would happen to patients if they were forced to wait too long? Why was it important to find ways to mass produce penicillin? Whywould this be especially important in wartime?
Alexander Fleming is traditionally given most of credit for developing penicillin, but further investigation reveals that a number of other scientists played impor nt role n groups or individually,ask students to research and create a list of the many scientists who contribute o penicillin’sde opment, along with their contribution. Then, have them create a visual representation of how penicillin became a drug, no g the many contributors along the way.See sample infographic here: https://www.kidsdiscover.com/infographics/how-a-bill-becomes-a-law-for-kids/
a -‘- )v bL Ask students to imagine a conversation between Alexander Fleming and Howard Florey or Ernst Chain after Florey and Chain came across Fleming’swork on penicillin and began to work on developing it as a practical treatment for infection.The conversation should include details from the scientists’ livesand could cover Fleming’sstory of discovery, his speculations about its potential, and Florey’sor Chain’splans for developing it, as well as both of their hopes for its future uses.
FEC. 14, 1929 NVENTON OF PEMCILLIN TfflS flAY IN HISTORY / 10 I t5L l&v cr ‘cS •‘-° o__ o. FEB.
14, PEOPLE 1929 INVENTtON OF PEMCILLIN of Mary’s Fleming, during oculation septics ing response tute, discovered healing. He pioneer inoculation medicine Oxford, who ing into Florey as the Human minister periment Chain be ican began then stances most side partment he becoming a
instead TO used discovered field to Nazis way a scientists, Florey is in mass-produce important viable was identify Hospital credited in was which honor used where testing, produced in After of of to for a 1941 to for department with at came vaccine recommended born Australia, and penicillin. bacteriology. Scottish mass-produce an department, the the treatment on treatment. his a the of he and in and on surgeon bacteria-infected the Medical Australian-born other with including University wounds to Fleming work man in infection, 1939, war, studied
developing KNOW by therapy from Germany, extract chemical power. it, doctor helping said microorganisms ever scientists In on Fleming at in he on when School there, Florey 1945, order and St. were penicillin. Fleming of which on and infected born it. that the of causing A a research. Florey,”Jn Mary’s and In to large wounded biochemist, makeup Oxford his but he a active a Florey actually to returned Fleming wounds in on was 1940, transform in way team, doctor, former was mice was emigrated bacteriologist, London. develop Australia!’ the served scale. Hospital wounds. more In working to and worked, ingredient the given renamed to that of potential 1946, including World terms mass-produce harming be was mentor to pathologist fight eventually penicillin, Robert team health Chain as Fleming’s He it proved St. kept an to he into to a awarded Fleming at of abandoned War along Mary’s, infection. doctor work opportunity performed Great became England’s of the well-being, Almroth clean joined THIS in the Ernst issues a Menzies, studied II naturally practical penicillin Fleming’s helping troops Wright-Fleming began with discovery in body’s and where Britain observed IAY during and penicillin the Chain, the the than Along head Edward a his medicine Lincoln pharmacologist dry the a Nobel group i then-burgeon working in occurring pathology cure. Florey to to own successful he was in they mold, original began World North HISTORY of of to join with 12th isolate eventually 1933, so that St. Wright, penicillin effective. promote immune of prize College, helped. was it the as Mary’s along Florey, Africa, Amer War prime work at could Insti anti plan after sub well and the de for ex in St. I a I, 5
______
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AUG. 6, 1945: BOMB DROPPED ON HIROSHIMA Biographies, discussion questions, suggested activities and more 4 r W¼_.e nr —S ,4 t a
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WEAPONS 1 fascist of course threatened Manhattan weapons the of War Truman’s despite already Japanese the top-secret in only materials uranium-235 they the other Mexico, the become from bomb--at upto program’s had iIos:ulioo end, of between bringing which not refused. of World Manhattan own but nuclear and ho Byrnes, Manhattan the had New of these of Secretary bombing its rejected fission, suffered the mid-July, fact, bitter they of powers refugees In if would hoh’o “The turn determine years, James number Japan plutonium the and hopes to 1945, a Japan invasion, those casualties to 194) as Alamos, to
SettingtheStage Germany’s nuclear MacArthur funding outbreak Declaration, them Allied the 16, that Poro power U.S. half and July, Los in of several for office, winning. in the fight Nazi the conventional Photo worked to of reservations device--a massive position to late 0: codenamed destruction” began ofiuly next a nearly took Douglas the In proving with bomb Potsdam time, hc result before the Mexico. them utter materials moral A-bomb--such with atomic chance (ov: devastating this vowed the Eisenhower . program, penheimer morning Even key New ernment sent in up entists—many cerned By Pacific, defeat. its an e Over D. and would General the tle Truman dominant totaling tinuing atomic the
NUCLEAR 1945 6, AUG. AUG. 6, 1945 BOMB DROPPED ON HIROSHIMA
utrk Boyr,omr>
n August 6, 1945, at 8:16 am. Japanese time, an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, dropped the world’s first atomic bomb Qover the city of Hiroshima. Approximately 80,000 people were killed as a direct result of the blast, and another 35,000 were injured. At least another 60,000 would be dead by the end of the year from the ef fects of the fallout.
U.S.President HarryS.Truman, discouraged by the Japanese response to the Potsdam Conference’sdemand for unconditional surrender, made the decision to use the atomic bomb to end the war in order to prevent what he predicted would be a much greater loss of lifewere the United States to invade the Japanese mainland. Andso on August 5,while a“con ventional” bombing of Japan was underway, “Little Boy:’(the nickname for one of two atomic bombs available for use against Japan), was loaded onto Lt.Col, Paul W.Tibbets’plane on Tinian Island in the Marianas.Tib bets’ B-29,named the Enola Gay after his mother, left the island at 2:45 am, on August 6. Fiveand a half hours later,“LittleBoy”was dropped, ex
AUG. 6, 1.965 ATOMICCOMB DROPPED ON HIROSHIMA THIS DAY tN HISTORY I 3 ploding 1,900 feet over a hospital and unleashing the equiv Hiroshima’s devastation failed to elicit immediate Jap alent of 12,500 tons of TNT.The bomb had several inscrip anese surrender, however, and on August 9 Major Charles tions scribbled on its shell, one of which read “Greetings to Sweeney flew another B-29 bomber, Bockscar, from Tini the Emperor from the men of the Indianapolis” (the ship that an. Thick clouds over the primary target, the city of Koku transported the bomb to the Marianas). ra, drove Sweeney to a secondary target, Nagasaki, where the plutonium bomb “Fat Man”was dropped at 11:02 that There were 90,000 buildings in Hiroshima before the morning. More powerful than the one used at Hiroshima, bomb was dropped; only 28,000 remained after the bomb the bomb weighed nearly 10,000 pounds and was built to ing Of the city’s 200 doctors before the explosion; only 20 produce a 22-kiloton blast. The topography of Nagasaki, were left alive or capable of working.There were 1,780 nurs which was nestled in narrow valleys between mountains, es before--only 150 remained who were able to tend to the reduced the bomb’s effect, limiting the destruction to 2.6 sickand dying. square miles. According to John Hersey’s classic work Hiroshima, the At noon on August 15, 1945 (Japanese Emperor Hiroshima city government had put hundreds of schoolgirls time), Hi rohito announced his country’s surrender in a radio broad to work clearing fire lanes in the event of incendiary bomb cast. The news spread quickly, and”Victory in Japan” or”V-J attacks. They were out in the open when the Enola Gay Day” celebrations broke out across the United and dropped its load. States other Allied nations. The formal surrender agreement was There were so many spontaneous fires set as a result of signed on September 2, aboard the U.S.battleship Missouri, the bomb that a crewman of the Enola Gay stopped trying anchored inTokyo Bay. to count them. Another crewman remarked, “It’spretty ter rific.What a relief it worked:’
DID YOU KNOW?
Since 1968, the sitting mayor of Hiroshima sends a letter of protest every time a nuclear test isconducted anywhere in the world. Copies of these letters are on display at Hiroshima’s Peace Memorial Museum.
In May 2016, Barack Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to visit Hiroshima since the city was devastated by the U.S. atomic bomb.
AUG. 3, i45 ATOMIC B’M )PPEO ON HIROSHM.A THIS DAY IN HISTORY I 4 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Cot.Pu W.1 bbets ir3or(1 tri. Lncia Gay befJre rikeetf on Auajs 6. 945
How do you think it would have felt to be aboard the Enola Gay as it was flying toward Hiroshima?
Why do you think J. Robert Oppenheimer and other scientists in volved in the development of the atomic bomb felt so strongly that it should not be used and that even more damaging bombs should not be developed?
How do you think the surviving citizens of Hiroshima and Nagasaki felt about the United States and the war after the bombings?
AUG. 6, 1945 ATOMICBOMB DROPPED ON HROSHMA TH DAY N HISTORY J 10 Discussion Questions Week Five Atomic Bomb
1.
2.
3. /
AUG.
cision:
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JUL. 20,1969: ARMSTRONG WALKSON THE MOON Biographies, discussion questions, suggested activities and more E4-rt\ /2
In HISTORY
of
its
on
the
the
and
and
rela
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with
were
of
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as NASA.
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itself
DAY
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expansion two
States race. its
Americans
combative
moan.
have
to
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surprise
launch missiles
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also this
known
about Russians
the
as
on
prided
in
by
war.
for
space
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be
United could him
the growing
international
refusal
They
out 01
immediately
the a
to
Union’s
to
sending
the
States
arena
that
technology, tker
between
entry
America
of
America
concerned
race;
Postwar its
WAR system.
came
played
fear fltos
during
U.S.-Soviet
of
Soviet
United
were
earlier
arms
between
community.
approach
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country.
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to
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JUL.20,1069
JUL.
20,
JUL.
ARMSTRONG
THE
1969
ARMSTRONG
20,
MOON
WALKS
ON
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MOON
1969
0
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and
and thousands
manned
test
the
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tragedy
in
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Space
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small
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mankind:’
National
team
employees
moon
was
astronauts
moon.
commit
people
module
at
to
on
a
setback,
1968,
five development,
tested
President
mission,
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Kennedy
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vehicle
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a
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spacecraft
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3 a phisticated systems needed to conduct a moon journey He then planted his left foot on the gray, powdery surface, and landing. In December of the same year, Apollo 8 took took a cautious step forward, and humanity had walked on three astronauts to the dark side of the moon and back, the moon, and in March 1969 Apollo 9 tested the lunar module for the “Buzz”Aldrin joined him on the moon’s surface at 11:11 first time while in Earth orbit. Then in May,the three astro p.m., and together they took photographs of the terrain, nauts of Apollo 10 took the first complete Apollo spacecraft planted a US, flag, ran a few simple scientific tests, and around the moon in a dry run for the scheduled July landing spoke with President Richard M.Nixon via Houston. By1:11 mission. am. on July 21, both astronauts were back in the lunar mod At 9:32 am, on July 16, with the world watching, Apol ule and the hatch was closed. The two men slept that night lo 11 took off from Kennedy Space Center with astronauts on the surface of the moon, and at 1:54 p.m. the Eaglebegan NeilArmstrong, Edwin AldrinJr. and Michael Collinsaboard. its ascent back to the command module. Among the items Armstrong, a 38-year-old civilian research pilot, was the left on the surface of the moon was a plaque that read:”Here commander of the mission. After traveling 240,000 miles men from the planet Earth first set foot on the moon—July in 76 hours, Apollo 11 entered into a lunar orbit on July 19. 1969 AD—Wecame in peace for all mankind:’ The next day, at 1:46 p.m., the lunar module Eagle, manned At 5:35 p.m., Armstrong and Aldrin successfully docked by Armstrong and Aidrin, separated from the command and rejoined Collins, and at 12:56am. on July 22 Apollo 11 module, where Collins remained. Two hours later, the Eagle began itsjourney home, safely splashing down in the Pacific began its descent to the lunar surface, and at 4:18 p.m. the Ocean at 12:51 p.m. on July 24. craft touched down on the southwestern edge of the Sea of Tranquility, Armstrong immediately radioed to Mission There would be five more successful lunar landing mis Control in Houston, Texas,a famous message:”The Eagle has sions, and one unplanned lunar swing-by, Apollo 13. The landed:’ last men to walk on the moon, astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission, left the lunar At 10:39 p.m., five hours ahead of the original sched surface on December 14, 1972. The Apollo program was a ule, Armstrong opened the hatch of the lunar module. As costly and labor intensive endeavor, involving an estimated he made his way down the lunar module’s ladder, a tele 400,000 engineers, technicians, and scientists, and costing vision camera attached to the craft recorded his progress $24 billion (close to $100 billion in today’s dollars).The ex and beamed the signal back to Earth, where hundreds of pense was justified by Kennedy’s 1961 mandate to beat the millions watched in great anticipation. At 10:56 p.m., Arm Soviets to the moon, and after the feat was accomplished strong spoke his famous quote, which he later contended ongoing missions lost their viability.D was slightly garbled by his microphone and meant to be “that’sone small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind:’
DID YOU KNOW?
During the ApolLo 11 moon landing mission, Buzz Aid rin used a felt-tip pen to fix a broken circuit breaker in the Eagle lunar module. The switch was essential for take off and reconnecting with the command module that would take them back to Earth.
JUL. 20, 1969 ‘ ARMSTRONG WALKS ON THE MOON T’US OAY N HISTORY / 4 PEOPLE TO KNOW
Elected in 1960 as the 35th u.s.president, 43-year-old John F. Kennedy became the youngest man and the first Roman Catholic ever to hold that office. As president, Kennedy confronted mounting Cold War tensions in Cuba, Vietnam and elsewhere. He also led a renewed drive for public ser vice and eventually provided federal support for the growing civil rights movement. In 1961, President Kennedy made the bold, public claim that the u.s.would land a man on the moon before the end of the decade. In February 1962, John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth, and by the end of that year, the foundations of NASA’slunar landing program- -dubbed Project Apollo--were in place. In 1969, eight years after the presi dent’s proclamation, the Apollo 11 mission put a man on the moon.
On February 20, 1962,John Glenn became the third American in space and the first to orbit the Earth when he successfully completed three orbits aboard the space capsule Friendship 7. In the midst of Cold War tensions and the very real fear that the Soviet union was winning the space race, Glenn’s accomplishment brought a sense of pride and relief to Americans and instantly made the 31-year-old Glenn a national hero. Glenn resigned from NASAin 1964, and in 1974 was elected to the u.s.Senate, where he represented Ohio for 25 years. In October 1998, Senator Glenn returned to space at the age of 77 as a payload specialist aboard the space shuttle Discovery, making him the oldest person ever to fly in space. Glenn died on December 8,2016, at the age of 95, following several years of declining health.
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova was born in 1937 to a peasant family in Russia. She began work at a textile factory when she was 18, and at age 22 she made her first parachute jump with a local aviation club. Her enthusiasm for skydiving brought her to the attention of the Soviet space program, which sought to put a woman in space as a means of achieving another space”first” before the united States. An accomplished parachut ist, Tereshkova was well equipped to handle one of the most challenging procedures of a Vostok space flight: the mandatory ejection from the cap sule at about 20,000 feet during reentry. She was chosen to take part in the second dual flight in the Vostok program and on June 16, 1963, aboard Vostok 6, Tereshkova became the first woman to travel into space. After 48 orbits and 71 hours, she returned to Earth, having spent more time in space than all u.s.astronauts combined to that date.
JUL. 20, 1969 ARMSTRONG WALKS ON THE MOON THIS DAY IN HISTORY I 5 Neil Armstrong began his career as a Navy pilot and joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics after his service, spending 17 years as an engineer and test pilot. He eventually joined the astronaut program at NASAin 1962, where his first mission was commander of Gemini 8, where he took part in the first successful docking of two vehicles in space. A few years later, on July 20, 1969, at the age of 38, Armstrong became space craft commander to Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing mission. Armstrong became the first human to walk on the surface of the moon, nearly 240,000 miles from Earth. After the successful mission, Armstrong went on to become a highly decorated NASAadministrator and a profes sor of aerospace engineering. He was forever remembered by the words he spoke to more than a billion people as he walked on the moon: “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind:’
A German mechanical engineer and physicist, Wernher von Braun devel oped the most sophisticated rockets of his time. He originally produced long-range ballistic missiles and built the first rocket to enter the fringes of space for Nazi Germany. During World War II,Von Braun surrendered to the Americans and was taken to the United States, where he continued his rocketry work. Von Braun eventually shifted his loyalty to America and became a U.S.citizen. When NASAwas formed in 1968, he was called upon to oversee the Saturn launch vehicles. It was Von Braun’sSaturn rockets that took 27 Americans to the moon; 12 of these astronauts walked on the lunar surface.
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Th Outsidsr.cbyg.E. I-Uiitoi Chapters1-2 In what point of view is this story being told’? In chapter one, Ponyboy defines or categorizes himself and his family several different ways For instance, one person can be defined as a teacher, parent, son or daughter, sibling, friend, employee, pet-owner, runner, musician, etc. List at least six -. different ways a person can be defined or categorized Ponyboy Curtis —‘ Soda Curtis —‘ Darry Curtis —‘ Briefly describe Two-Bit Matthews -4 each of the Greasers: Steve Randle —‘ Dallas Winston -. Johnny Cade d Author’s Craft: -- Descnptive wrltmg uses imagery to paint a picture in the reader’s mind. Authors also use similes to create strong word pictures. Similes use the words ‘like’ or ‘as’ to compare two nouns. Write threeamp1es of either imagery(oimi1e -- from chapters one and two, including the page number for each example 42 Copyhght © 2013 Literary Sherri AUrights reserved by author. For classroom use only. 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I4intoh Chapters11-12 In your opinion, why Ponyboy is referring to Why do you think Soda says to Pony and is Ponyboy refusing Randy when he says: Two-Bit was relieved Darry: “It’s like I’m to believe that Johnny “A Soc, even, worried when Ponyboy picked the middleman in a is dead and insisting because some kid greaser up the glass from the tug o’ war and I’m that he killed Bob was on his way to a foster bottle he broke and being split in half.” Sheldon, not Johnny? home or something. That used to threaten the Socs? In what way(s) can you was really funny. I don’t relate to this feeling? mean funny. You know what I mean.” What word do you believe Pony is trying to capture? Pony indicates that if someone could tell Johnny’s, Daily’s, and Bob’s stories in a way that people understood those boys, then perhaps people would not be so quick to judge them. Do you agree that we judge others because we do not understand them? Do you believe if we understood others, we would not judge them? Explain your thoughts. Author’s Craft Authors use flashback to recall incidents that took place in the past. At the end of this novel, we discover the entire book is a flashback that Ponyboy writes for his English composition. List four books, movies, or TV shows that use flashback: 50 (.opyright © 2013 Literary Sherri All rights reserved by author. For classroom use only. This copy is to he used by a single teacher. Please purchase one license per teacher using this product. you do How become? to want and to up look Ponyboy and Journal Johnny did heroes: of Heroes (Unintentional) (Intentional) heroes of types 2 Selfish Selfless each. type are • • Outsiders: Which There Define know? One GOOD Directions: 4. 3. 6. 2. 7. 5. 1. 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