Normative Isomorphism: Is Irish Academic Work-Life the Same in Different Institutional Types in the Universal Phase of Higher Education?
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Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Doctoral Applied Arts 2015-6 Normative Isomorphism: Is Irish Academic Work-Life the Same in Different Institutional Types in the Universal Phase of Higher Education? Amanda Moynihan Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/appadoc Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Moynihan, A. (2015) Normative Isomorphism: Is Irish Academic Work-Life the Same in Different Institutional Types in the Universal Phase of Higher Education?, Doctoral Thesis, Technological University Dublin. doi:10.21427/D7P886 This Theses, Ph.D is brought to you for free and open access by the Applied Arts at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Normative Isomorphism: Is Irish academic work-life the same in different institutional types in the universal phase of higher education? Amanda Moynihan, MA A thesis submitted to Dublin Institute of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Higher Education Policy Research Unit (HEPRU) School of Languages, Law and Social Sciences College of Arts and Tourism Supervisor: Dr Ellen Hazelkorn June 2015 Abstract Academic work-life in the universal phase of higher education has reportedly involved an extreme intensification and diversification of academic roles. International empirical research supports the hypothesis that academic staff are spending more time at work, are reporting diminishing morale, and are experiencing erosion of their values of academic freedom, autonomy and collegiality. What has not yet been adequately investigated is the extent to which this experience of academic work-life is the same or different depending on institutional type, thus identifying the research problem addressed in this thesis. This study takes a historical investigative approach to the initial literature review, illustrating the fluid creation and re-creation of different institutional types, internationally and in Ireland, and describing the academic work-lives they define. The research employs social institutional theory to hypothesise that normative isomorphism is occurring at the academic staff level in different institutional types in Ireland, making them more homogenous. The study uses a comparative cross sectional research design to test a range of hypotheses through an extensive survey instrument. It employs a quantitative data analysis plan that facilitates controlling for other possible factors aside from institutional type that may influence academic work-lives, thereby isolating the particular influence of institutional type. The findings show that academic staff, in the current universal phase of higher education in Ireland, are under considerable strain. However, the majority of the demands on academic staff are being experienced in different ways and at differing levels in different institutional types. The findings also show that the homogenous set of national objectives and strategies for higher education have not resulted in homogenous work-lives for academic staff overall. This PhD study develops on the existing literature and the recent research in four key ways. Firstly, by providing data about Irish academic staff‟s characteristics, activities, outputs and perceptions about their work-lives. Secondly, by employing an analysis design that facilitates the particular isolation of the influence of institutional type on academic work-life. Thirdly, by re-instating institutional type, which had become increasingly overlooked in the recent literature about academic identity, as a primary shaping factor of academic work-life. And fourthly, by creating re-usable constructs to measure features of academic work-life in the universal phase which can be compared effectively between sectors. i Declaration I certify that this thesis which I now submit for examination for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others, save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. This thesis was prepared according to the regulations for postgraduate study by research of the Dublin Institute of Technology and has not been submitted in whole or in part for another award in any other third level institution. The work reported on in this thesis conforms to the principles and requirements of the DIT guidelines for ethics in research. DIT has permission to keep, lend or copy this thesis in whole or in part, on condition that any such use of the material of the thesis be duly acknowledged. ii Acknowledgements This PhD research was very much dependent on the guidance and assistance of a broad spectrum of individuals and groups since it began in October 2008. I would like to express my gratitude to some of them here: I am indebted to my supervisor Professor Ellen Hazelkorn who kept me on course and provided me with the drive to keep the research going. I am very grateful to Dr. Anne Murphy who provided excellent advice prior to thesis submission. The Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) Faculty of Applied Arts ABBEST scholarship provided funding for this thesis research from October, 2008. The School of Social Sciences and Law of DIT who generously made their academic expertise available to me and also provided office facilities and support. DIT Mountjoy square Information Technology Support team John Duffy and Geraldine Donohoe who provided excellent IT support for this project. PhD colleagues at the DIT who were collaborative and supportive throughout the process. The survey participants in this thesis research who cannot be named but who were drawn upon for research data. Dr. Vivienne Patterson and Muiris O‟Connor for providing a research internship with the Higher Education Authority (HEA). Colleagues at the Dublin Institute of Technology who were instrumental to the thesis research, Dr. Elaine Ward, Dr. Martin Ryan, Dr. Joe Condon, Dr. Kevin Lalor, Dr. Dorit Deering, Dr. John Donovan, Dr. Brian O‟Neill. Dr. Pamela Eddy, for international collaboration. Family and friends who remained patient and understanding throughout. Lastly, I am so grateful to my husband, Colin Merry, who has supported and encouraged me unwaveringly in this endeavour and in all that I try to do. iii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. i Declaration ........................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... x 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research purpose and questions ......................................................................... 3 1.2 Plan of the Thesis ............................................................................................... 4 2 THE HISTORY AND LITERATURE ABOUT ACADEMIC WORK-LIVES IN DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONAL TYPES ........................................................................ 9 2.1 Elite phase ........................................................................................................ 12 2.1.1 Elite phase in Europe ................................................................................ 13 2.1.2 Academic work defined by institutional type in Europe ........................... 18 2.1.3 Elite phase in Ireland ................................................................................. 22 2.1.4 Academic work defined by institutional type in Ireland ........................... 25 2.1.5 Section summary ....................................................................................... 28 2.2 Mass phase ....................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1 Mass phase in Europe and Ireland ............................................................ 30 2.2.2 Initial research into institutional type and academic work........................ 41 2.2.3 Section summary ....................................................................................... 50 2.3 Universal phase ................................................................................................ 51 2.3.1 Social and political demands on higher education in the universal phase 53 2.3.2 Effects of the social and political demands on academic staff .................. 58 2.3.3 The influence of institutional type on academic work-life in the universal phase ................................................................................................................... 66 2.3.4 National strategies,