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A Critical Hermeneutic Inquiry of Language, Culture and Identity in Shanghai Amy E

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A Critical Hermeneutic Inquiry of Language, Culture and Identity in Shanghai Amy E The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Doctoral Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects 2009 Tradition and change in urban China : a critical hermeneutic inquiry of language, culture and identity in Shanghai Amy E. Pierovich Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Pierovich, Amy E., "Tradition and change in urban China : a critical hermeneutic inquiry of language, culture and identity in Shanghai" (2009). Doctoral Dissertations. 235. https://repository.usfca.edu/diss/235 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of San Francisco TRADITION AND CHANGE IN URBAN CHINA: A CRITICAL HERMENEUTIC INQUIRY OF LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND IDENTITY IN SHANGHAI A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Education Organization and Leadership Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education by Amy E. Pierovich San Francisco May 2009 This dissertation, written under the direction of the candidate’s dissertation committee and approved by the members of the committee, has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education. The content and research methodologies presented in the work represent the work of the candidate alone. Amy E. Pierovich 4/07/09 Candidate Date Dissertation Committee Ellen A. Herda, Ph.D. 4/07/09 Chairperson Patricia Mitchell, Ph.D. 4/07/09 Betty Taylor, Ph.D. 4/07/09 Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE: THE RESEARCH FOCUS Introduction 1 Statement of the Issue 2 Background of the Research Issue 3 Educational Significance 9 Summary 11 CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND OF SHANGHAI Introduction 13 The Story of Shanghai 14 Population and People 14 History 15 Economic Development 21 Language 22 Education 23 Summary 24 CHAPTER THREE: REVIEW OF LITERATURE Introduction 25 Anthropological Research 26 Critical Hermeneutic Research 29 Chinese Language, Culture and History 34 CHAPTER FOUR: THE RESEARCH PROCESS Introduction 38 Theoretical and Conceptual Background 38 Early Anthropologists 39 Critical Hermeneutics 41 Research Protocol 44 Entrée and Participant Selection 45 Categories and Questions 48 Pilot Study 50 Research Timeframe 51 Data Collection and Creation of Text 51 Data Analysis and Presentation 52 Learning through Hermeneutic Research and Its Implications 54 Background of the Researcher 55 Summary 56 CHAPTER FIVE: DATA PRESENTATION AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS Introduction 57 Presentation of Data and Preliminary Analysis 58 i Mimesis: Aloneness and the Erosion of Trust 58 Survival, Materialism and Urban Alienation 63 Appropriation: Historicity and Shanghainese Identity 73 Imagination: Hope for a Better Future 75 Summary 77 CHAPTER SIX: SECONDARY ANALYSIS Themes and Implications 79 Secondary Analysis of Data 80 Mimesis: The Significance of Stability in Chinese Culture 80 Past, Present and Future Appropriation: Globalization, Historicity and the Middle Way 88 Imagination: Hopes and Dreams for the Future 94 Summary of Secondary Analysis 97 CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Introduction 100 Summary of Research Findings 100 Introduction to Summary 100 Preliminary Analysis 101 Aloneness and the Erosion of Trust 101 Survival, Materialism and Urban Alienation 102 Historicity and Shanghainese Identity 103 Hope for a Better Future 106 Secondary Analysis 107 Stability 107 Moderation 109 Hope for Greater Freedom 110 Findings to Implications of the Data: Policy and Curriculum 113 Implications for Policy 113 Freedom in Praxis 113 Reconciliation of Contradictions 113 Building Trust in the Present 114 Implications for Curriculum Development 114 Human Rights 114 International Policy and Economy 115 Belonging and Identity in Urban Society 115 Future Research 115 Conclusions 116 Reflections 117 BIBLIOGRAPHY 118 APPENDICES Appendix A: Letter of Invitation and Research Questions 123 Appendix B: Follow-Up Letter 125 ii Appendix C: Consent Form for Research Participant 126 Appendix D: Pilot Study Transcript (2007) 129 iii To the memory of my father Andrew L. Pierovich iv Acknowledgements This research would not be possible without the support and generosity of many people, so I wish to thank the following: my doctoral advisor and dissertation chair Dr. Ellen Herda for her teaching and guidance throughout my doctoral journey. I have found Dr. Herda to be a person of exceptional integrity. Over time, one observes that Dr. Herda has congruence between speech and praxis. Dr. Herda exemplifies solicitude and care for the other. She has opened up the world of critical hermeneutic inquiry to me, which lead me to a new way of understanding my purpose and place in the world. Through knowing Dr. Herda, I have appropriated an important message: We are always in relationship with the other, and it is through relationship that we come toward the fullest realization of our humanity. my dissertation committee members, Dr. Patricia Mitchell and Dr. Betty Taylor, for their guidance and insight into my research. These individuals are committed to a high ethical standard both in teaching and in working with others in the broader community. my statistics professor Dr. Mathew Mitchell, and also physicist Dr. Richard Sears, for shedding light on a difficult subject. my philosophy professor Father Denis Collins for his extraordinary course lectures. Father Collins gave me a deeper understanding of philosophy, phronesis and ethical action. I carry with me fond memories of my discussions with Father Collins. my former teacher and special friend, Nancy Rubin, who showed me the true meaning of love and compassion. my husband, Dr. Joseph Leone, for his encouragement to pursue doctoral work. With his support, my studies, research and eventually my dissertation came to fruition. I have appreciated the exchange of ideas between us over these many years. my sister, Ann Elizabeth Pierovich, for her insight into Shanghai’s culture and for her significant contribution to my research library on China and critical hermeneutics. my son, Victor Sprenkle, for his love and for his ability to tell stories that are truly engaging. my family and friends for their support and their interest in my research topic. my research participants and all of the people I met in Shanghai during the spring and summer of 2008. The goodness of the human spirit is alive and well in China. v CHAPTER I THE RESEARCH FOCUS Introduction China is experiencing rapid economic growth, and is a strong contender in international trade and commerce. Moreover, this country is gaining in military strength. China’s tremendous growth and development challenges the United States’ position as the primary economic and political leader in the world. With a population of 1,307.6 million people, China’s populous is the country’s greatest asset (Hemelryk and Benewick 2008: 6). My research site, Shanghai, is unique. Shanghai has been an important trade port city with a high concentration of foreign residents and foreign visitors for most of its history. Hemelryk and Benewick (2008: 8) state, “Shanghai is a directly governed municipality, and China’s showcase modern city. It is fast turning itself into Asia’s telecommunications, logistics and financial hub.” This document explores language, culture and identity in present-day urban China viewed through the lens of critical hermeneutic theory. The main focus of this work is an exploration of urban Chinese identity; language and culture together create the substructure that is identity. In terms of theory, this text draws upon the hermeneutic concepts of mimesis, appropriation and imagination in particular. The guiding questions for this research invite the research participant to engage in dialogue and reflection on the following questions: What is significant from China’s past that is carried forward into the present? What characterizes Chinese life in modern, urban China? What are the narratives, the stories that seek to be told, of the urban Chinese? China is a nation on the precipice of change. This country is faced with issues 1 such as severe environmental pollution and a growing disparity between wealthy and the poor. Furthermore, there is a need for China to address human rights issues, and to open up a dialogue on freedom of speech and other associated freedoms sought by Chinese people. China has historical greatness, and the story that is China continues to unfold. Statement of the Issue This research seeks to discover and illumine urban Chinese identity. This inquiry draws significantly upon the work of Paul Ricoeur who states that identity includes the self, ipse; the other, idem; and the dialectic of the two (Ricoeur 1992: 116). Thus, identity is inclusive of individual identity and also of one’s relationship to others in society. Ricoeur submits that we are always in relationship with the other, whether or not we have an awareness of this relationship (Ricoeur 1992: 116). We hold relationship with the other to such a degree that selfhood cannot be defined without the context of relationship
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