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GUIDANCE REPORT: Electric Trucks Where They Make Sense

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GUIDANCE REPORT: Electric Trucks Where They Make Sense ABSTRACT This report assesses the viability for North American Class 3 to 8 commercial battery electric vehicles (CBEVs) to help the industry understand the many arguments for and against them. These are very exciting times as the industry now sees daily news of electric truck developments. This report provides a foundation for understanding the key pro and con discussions of this rapidly evolving GUIDANCE technology alternative to diesel powertrains. The study team engaged with REPORT: the entire industry in generating the findings that are presented here. Thanks to all of those who contributed to this Electric Trucks important work. Where They Make Sense © 2018 North American Council for Freight Efficiency. All rights reserved. This document is intended for the internal use of recipients only and may not be distributed externally or reproduced for external distribution in any form without express written permission of the North American Council for Freight Efficiency. Companies purchasing this report may redistribute copies internally by any means. The contents of this document are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement of any product, service, industry practice, service provider, manufacturer, or manufacturing process. Nothing contained herein is intended to constitute legal, tax, or accounting advice, and NACFE assumes no liability for use of the report contents. No portion of this report or accompanying materials may be copied, reproduced, or distributed in any manner without express attribution to the North American Council for Freight Efficiency. Acknowledgements: Study Team: Rick Mihelic, NACFE Program Manager, Mihelic Vehicle Consulting LLC Mike Roeth, NACFE Executive Director & CWR Trucking Lead Study Editors: Denise Rondini, NACFE and Rondini Communications Laurie Guevara-Stone, Senior Writer/Editor, Rocky Mountain Institute Peer Reviewers & Contributors: NACFE thanks the nine peer reviewers, the many interviewees and the surveyed fleets who contributed to the content and quality of this report. NACFE Technical Advisory Committee: Tim Dzojkote, Air Products Bruce Stockton, Stockton Solutions Steve Orbanski, Bison Transport Bill Brentar, UPS Randy Cornell, CFI Guy Welton, Werner John Vesey, Hirschbach Mike Roeth, NACFE Dan Deppeler, Paper Transport David Schaller, NACFE Ken Marko, PepsiCo Yunsu Park, NACFE Ezel Baltali, Ryder System Inc. Rick Mihelic, NACFE Steve Jarosinski, Schneider May 1, 2018 Purchaser’s Internal Use Only Guidance Report – Electric Trucks - Where They Make Sense 1 CONTENTS 2 Table of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... 5 3 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 8 4 Guidance Report Objective ................................................................................................................. 17 5 The Electric Truck Dialogue ................................................................................................................. 17 6 NACFE’s Mission .................................................................................................................................. 18 7 Introduction To An Electric World ...................................................................................................... 19 8 Rationalizing Charging Trucks ............................................................................................................. 20 9 Energy Content and Efficiency ............................................................................................................ 25 10 Define Scope of Comparison ........................................................................................................... 28 11 Weight ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Typical Freight Weight ................................................................................................................ 32 Weight Reduction ....................................................................................................................... 35 Batteries and Weight .................................................................................................................. 36 11.3.1 Comparing Anatomy of Electric and Diesel Trucks ............................................................. 37 11.3.2 Weight of Fluids .................................................................................................................. 39 11.3.3 Major Vehicle Components ................................................................................................ 41 11.3.4 Average Vehicle Weights .................................................................................................... 41 11.3.5 Class 8 CBEV Battery Weight ............................................................................................... 43 11.3.6 Class 3 through 6 CBEV Weight ........................................................................................... 46 12 Time ................................................................................................................................................ 48 Operator Time at Pump vs. Time at Charger .............................................................................. 48 Vehicle Charging Times ............................................................................................................... 49 13 Duty Cycles - More Than Range & Weight ...................................................................................... 49 14 Fueling and Charging ....................................................................................................................... 54 15 Electricity Pricing ............................................................................................................................. 56 16 Grid Readiness and Market Penetration Realities .......................................................................... 58 17 Energy Delivery – Grid Details ......................................................................................................... 60 Innovative Strategies for Delivering Power ................................................................................ 62 Charging Speeds .......................................................................................................................... 63 Solar, Wind and Green Energy .................................................................................................... 63 May 1, 2018 3 Purchaser’s Internal Use Only Guidance Report – Electric Trucks - Where They Make Sense Charging Connector Types .......................................................................................................... 64 18 Batteries .......................................................................................................................................... 66 Battery Types .............................................................................................................................. 66 Battery Degradation Rate ........................................................................................................... 67 Battery Basics .............................................................................................................................. 70 19 Battery Electric Vehicle Learning Curve .......................................................................................... 72 20 CBEV Warranties and Parts ............................................................................................................. 72 21 Service Skills & Infrastructure ......................................................................................................... 74 22 Mixed Fleets .................................................................................................................................... 76 23 Soft Costs/Soft Benefits .................................................................................................................. 76 24 Effects of Regulations & Incentives................................................................................................. 80 25 Decision Bias & Investment Timelines ............................................................................................ 81 26 Vehicle Purchase Cost ..................................................................................................................... 83 27 Charging Infrastructure Purchase Cost ........................................................................................... 87 28 Range Extending ............................................................................................................................. 88 29 China, Europe and Global Technology Development ..................................................................... 89 30 Small Fleet & Large Fleet Perspectives ........................................................................................... 92 31 Findings ........................................................................................................................................... 92 32 Summary ........................................................................................................................................
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