Sammelrez: M.Honeck: We Are the Revolutionists
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State and Local Immigration Regulation in the United States Before 1882
BENJAMIN J. KLEBANER STATE AND LOCAL IMMIGRATION REGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE 1882 The absence of significant federal regulation in the area of immigration legislation until 1882 1 no more denotes a laissez-faire approach in this area than in many other aspects of American economic life. For many generations Congress had left the task of regulating the immigrant stream to the states and localities.2 The first general federal law (1882) is best understood in the context of antecedent activity on the local level. Eventually most of the seaboard states, including many without an important passenger traffic, enacted statutes dealing with immi- gration. Table I presents a brief outline of their essential features. After a consideration of certain aspects of the provisions of these laws, their administration in the major seaports will be surveyed. It will then be shown how the increasing opposition by business inter- ests to state legislation, culminating in decisions by the Supreme Court declaring such regulation unconstitutional, eventually paved the way for the 1882 Act of Congress. I. THE STATUTORY BACKGROUND Nine of the thirteen colonies reflected in their enactments the desire to protect the community from the burden of foreigners likely to 1 Federal space and sanitation requirements, however, date back to 1819. Federal legis- lation is conveniently compiled in U.S. Immigration Commission, Reports, vol. XXXIX (Washington, 1911). Cf. John Higham, Strangers in the Land (New Brunswick, N. J.; Rutgers University Press, 1955), p. 44. This article does not discuss legislation enacted in a number of states which barred foreign convicts. - The author acknowledges with gratitude the many helpful suggestions made by Professor Carter Goodrich, who super- vised his doctoral thesis "Public Poor Relief in America, 1790-1860" (Columbia University, 1952) from which much of the material for this article is taken. -
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction. -
Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY GENERAL ISSUES RELIGIONS AND PHILOSOPHY FIORANI, ELEONORA. Friedrich Engels e il materialismo dialettico. Feltrinelli Editore, Milano 1971. 272 pp. L. 3000. Engels's Anti-Diihring, Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy and Dialectics of Nature are the writings most elaborated upon by the author, who, refuting efforts to draw a line between Marx and Engels as regards their later followers, stresses Engels's contribution to Marxism. She argues that his contribution to dialectical materialism is still important for a clarification of topical issues, and makes some comments on the vicissitudes of diamat in the USSR. A chronology of Engels's life and an annotated bibliography are appended. HARTMANN, KLAUS. Die Marxsche Theorie. Eine philosophische Unter- suchung zu den Hauptschriften. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin 1970. xii, 593 pp. DM 78.00. The author of this learned study undertakes a re-appraisal of Marx's theory from a purely philosophical angle. He criticizes Popper's theses (and lack of understanding of Hegelianism), but his own refutation of Marxian views brings him closer to Popper's. It is denied that a dialectical process going on in reality could justifiably be made to fit in the chain of historical necessity. Besides Marx's more philosophical writings all his major works, especially Capital, come up for discussion. Interesting are the comments on Marxist and non-Marxist evaluations of our time (Sartre, Habermas etc.). WILDERMUTH, ARMIN. Marx und die Verwirklichung der Philosophic. Martinus Nijhoff, Den Haag 1970. xii, 852 pp. (in 2 vols.) Hfl. 90.00. "The synthetic unity [of inter-subjective and object-related communications] constitutes the indissoluble process of the 'social movement', the total process of human self-reproduction. -
University of New South Wales 2005 UNIVERSITY of NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Project Report Sheet
BÜRGERTUM OHNE RAUM: German Liberalism and Imperialism, 1848-1884, 1918-1943. Matthew P Fitzpatrick A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales 2005 UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Project Report Sheet Surname or Family name: Fitzpatrick First name: Matthew Other name/s: Peter Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD. School: History Faculty: Arts Title: Bürgertum Ohne Raum: German Liberalism and Imperialism 1848-1884, 1918-1943. Abstract This thesis situates the emergence of German imperialist theory and praxis during the nineteenth century within the context of the ascendancy of German liberalism. It also contends that imperialism was an integral part of a liberal sense of German national identity. It is divided into an introduction, four parts and a set of conclusions. The introduction is a methodological and theoretical orientation. It offers an historiographical overview and places the thesis within the broader historiographical context. It also discusses the utility of post-colonial theory and various theories of nationalism and nation-building. Part One examines the emergence of expansionism within liberal circles prior to and during the period of 1848/ 49. It examines the consolidation of expansionist theory and political practice, particularly as exemplified in the Frankfurt National Assembly and the works of Friedrich List. Part Two examines the persistence of imperialist theorising and praxis in the post-revolutionary era. It scrutinises the role of liberal associations, civil society, the press and the private sector in maintaining expansionist energies up until the 1884 decision to establish state-protected colonies. Part Three focuses on the cultural transmission of imperialist values through the sciences, media and fiction. -
Author Interview--David T. Dixon (Radical Warrior) Part 2
H-CivWar Author Interview--David T. Dixon (Radical Warrior) Part 2 Discussion published by Niels Eichhorn on Thursday, September 24, 2020 Hello H-CivWar Readers: Today we feature the second part of our interview with David T. Dixon to talk about his new book Radical Warrior: August Willich’s Journey from German Revolutionary to Union General, which came out with the University of Tennessee Press. Part 1 Obviously, I completely agree with your attitude about giving more attention to European experiences of European immigrants. At the same time, Willich seems torn in Europe. In part he is something of an ideologue but he does have his military background and much of his 1848 work is military. Do you think of him more as a soldier or as a political reformer in Europe, especially in 1848? DTD: Willich certainly had a difficult time breaking away for his military career, but by 1847 he was so utterly consumed with the plight of working class people and the disregard of their welfare by the monarchs of Europe, that he dedicated himself to radical political and social change for the rest of his life. I see him as a far-left activist who believed that violent revolution in Europe by an armed citizenry was the only feasible path to a more just and equitable society. So, in that sense, his military training and skills, combined with strong leadership talents, made him well-suited for the rebellion that took place in 1848 and 1849. So, he sounds very similar to Karl Marx. How did the two get along with each other? DTD: Not well. -
Mathilde Franziska Anneke (1817–1884)
Karin Hockamp „Von vielem Geist und großer Herzensgüte“ Mathilde Franziska Anneke (1817-1884) Zweite, überarbeitete Auflage Sprockhövel 2010 Vom „Flintenweib“ zur „Heldin“ Im Zuge ihrer Recherchen für das Buch „Mathilde Franziska Anneke in Selbstzeugnissen und Dokumenten“ 1 erkundigte sich Professorin Maria Wagner (Rutgers University in New Jersey, USA) 1978 bei der Stadtverwaltung Sprockhövel nach dem Geburtshaus von Mathilde Franziska Anneke. Werner Windgasse, damals Leiter des Haupt- und Schulverwaltungsamtes der Stadt, bemühte sich in Folge dieser Anfrage erstmals von Amts wegen um Informationen über diese „wohl offenbar bekannte Frauenrechtlerin“, die im Sprockhöveler Ortsteil Hiddinghausen geboren worden war.2 Aktenkundig wurde der „Vorgang“ Anneke erst wieder 1984 mit einer schriftlichen Einladung des Hagener Heimatbundes an die Stadtverwaltung Sprockhövel zu einem Vortrag mit dem Titel „Mathilde Francisca Anneke - Amazone oder nur ein Flintenweib?“ Handschriftlich war vermerkt: „Ablichtung an die weiblichen Ratsmitglieder, den Heimat- u. Geschichtsverein Spr.“ 3 Dass auch männliche Ratsmitglieder oder gar die Öffentlichkeit ein Interesse an diesem Vortrag haben könnten oder sollten, schien damals offenbar abwegig. Für den Studienassessor Martin Sturm, der 1986 als Erster von der Stadt Sprockhövel mit dem Aufbau und der Führung eines Stadtarchivs beauftragt wurde, war das Lebenswerks Annekes auch der Männerwelt zumutbar. Er beschaffte eine Mikrofilm-Kopie des Nachlasses der 1 Maria Wagner: Mathilde Franziska Anneke in Selbstzeugnissen und Dokumenten, Frankfurt 1980. ( = Die Frau in der Gesellschaft. Lebensgeschichten. Hrsg.. von Gisela Brinker-Gabler.) Maria Wagner hat den Nachlass Mathilde Franziska Annekes ausgewertet und zahlreiche ihrer Briefe wiedergegeben. Das leider vergriffene Werk enthält auf 442 Seiten u.a. eine Zusammenstellung des literarischen Schaffens Mathildes und eine Würdigung der frühen amerikanischen Frauenbewegung. -
An Unpublished Letter of M.A. Bakunin to R.Solger
Robert M. Cutler AN UNPUBLISHED LETTER OF M.A. BAKUNIN TO R. SOLGER* After Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin escaped from Siberian exile in 1861, he circumnavigated the globe en route to London, where he joined his friends A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogarev. En route Bakunin travelled by boat from Yokohama to San Francisco, traversed the isthmus of Panama, and sojourned in New York and Boston before reembarking for England. Four decades ago Hecht wrote that there "is little record of Bakunin's stay in America",1 but Avrich has since established the general contours and many details of that record.2 An unpublished letter of Bakunin to Reinhold Solger, which lies among Solger's papers in the Library of Congress, sheds further light on Bakunin's activities in the United States in late 1861.3 Bakunin met Solger in Zurich in * I wish to thank Professor Margaret Dorsch for assisting in the decipherment of the manuscript and for suggesting alternative renderings in the translation. 1 David Hecht, Russian Radicals Look to America, 1825-1894 (Cambridge, Mass., 1947), p. 56. 2 Paul Avrich, "Bakunin and the United States", International Review of Social History, XXIV (1979), pp. 320-40, adds new material to Max Nettlau's account of Bakunin's passage through the United States, in The Life of Michael Bakounine. Michael Bakunin: Eine Biogra- p/u'e,3volsin2(London, 1896-99), l,pp. 139-40. Avrich also expands upon Hecht's treatment (which is from the standpoint of intellectual history) of the sojourn's influence upon the subsequent development of Bakunin's political thought, and he provides a detailed discussion of the influence of Bakunin's writings upon the development of collectivist socialist move ments in the United States towards the end of the nineteenth century. -
German Immigrants and the Arc of Reconstruction Citizenship in the United States, 1865-1877
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications History, Department of Spring 2010 German Immigrants and the Arc of Reconstruction Citizenship in the United States, 1865-1877 Alison Clark Efford Marquette University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/hist_fac Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Efford, Alison Clark, "German Immigrants and the Arc of Reconstruction Citizenship in the United States, 1865-1877" (2010). History Faculty Research and Publications. 285. https://epublications.marquette.edu/hist_fac/285 Features GHI Research Conference Reports GHI News GERMAN IMMIGRANTS AND THE ARC OF AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP DURING RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1877 Alison Clark Efford MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY 2009 FRITZ STERN DISSERTATION PRIZE WINNER My dissertation, “New Citizens: German Immigrants, African Amer- icans, and the Reconstruction of Citizenship, 1865-1877,” explores the infl uence of German immigrants on the reshaping of Ameri- can citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. This >> as a Foreign Country: project was initially inspired by questions that have long occupied Reconstruction, Inside and Out,” in Reconstructions, historians of the United States. First, how did African-American ed. Brown, 117–40. Pio- men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fift eenth neering works addressing transnational connec- Amendments? In 1867, the Fourteenth Amendment defi ned Ameri- tions include Mitchell Snay, can citizens as all persons born or naturalized in the United States. Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Three years later, the Fift eenth Amendment prohibited states from Nationality in the Era of Re- construction (Baton Rouge, using racial qualifi cations to limit citizens’ right to vote. -
Bakunin and the United States
PA UL A VRICH BAKUNIN AND THE UNITED STATES "MIKHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH BAKUNIN is in San Francisco", announced the front page of Herzen's Kolokol in November 1861. "HE IS FREE! Bakunin left Siberia via Japan and is on his way to England. We joyfully bring this news to all Bakunin's friends."1 Arrested in Chemnitz in May 1849, Bakunin had been extradited to Russia in 1851 and, after six years in the Peter-Paul and Schlusselburg fortresses, condemned to per- petual banishment in Siberia. On June 17, 1861, however, he began his dramatic escape. Setting out from Irkutsk, he sailed down the Amur to Nikolaevsk, where he boarded a government vessel plying the Siberian coast. Once at sea, he transferred to an American sailing ship, the Vickery, which was trading in Japanese ports, and reached Japan on August 16th. A month later, on September 17th, he sailed from Yokohama on another American vessel, the Carrington, bound for San Francisco.2 He arrived four weeks later,3 completing, in Herzen's description, "the very longest escape in a geographical sense".4 Bakunin was forty-seven years old. He had spent the past twelve years in prison and exile, and only fourteen years of life — extremely active life, to be sure — lay before him. He had returned like a ghost from the past, "risen from the dead" as he wrote to Herzen and Ogarev from San Francisco.5 His sojourn in America, one of the least well-known episodes of his career, lasted two months, from October 15th, when he landed in San Francisco, to 1 Kolokol (London), November 22, 1861. -
Leadership and Social Movements: the Forty-Eighters in the Civil War
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES LEADERSHIP AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: THE FORTY-EIGHTERS IN THE CIVIL WAR Christian Dippel Stephan Heblich Working Paper 24656 http://www.nber.org/papers/w24656 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2018 We thank the editor and two referees for very helpful suggestions, as well as Daron Acemoglu, Sascha Becker, Toman Barsbai, Jean-Paul Carvalho, Dora Costa, James Feigenbaum, Raquel Fernandez, Paola Giuliano, Walter Kamphoefner, Michael Haines, Tarek Hassan, Saumitra Jha, Matthew Kahn, Naomi Lamoreaux, Gary Libecap, Zach Sauers, Jakob Schneebacher, Elisabeth Perlman, Nico Voigtländer, John Wallis, Romain Wacziarg, Gavin Wright, Guo Xu, and seminar participants at UCLA, U Calgary, Bristol, the NBER DAE and POL meetings, the EHA meetings, and the UCI IMBS conference for valuable comments. We thank David Cruse, Andrew Dale, Karene Daniel, Andrea di Miceli, Jake Kantor, Zach Lewis, Josh Mimura, Rose Niermeijer, Sebastian Ottinger, Anton Sobolev, Gwyneth Teo, and Alper Yesek for excellent research assistance. We thank Michael Haines for sharing data. We thank Yannick Dupraz and Andreas Ferrara for data-sharing and joint efforts in collecting the Civil War soldier and regiments data. We thank John Wallis and Jeremy Darrington for helpful advice in locating sub-county voting data for the period, although we ultimately could not use it. Dippel acknowledges financial support for this project from the UCLA Center of Global Management, the UCLA Price Center and the UCLA Burkle Center. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. -
Friedrich Franz Karl Hecker, 1811–1881 Part II Kevin Kurdylo
Volume 19 No 2 • Summer 2010 Friedrich Franz Karl Hecker, 1811–1881 Part II Kevin Kurdylo As the 150th anniversary of the begin- was convinced that the contract of ning of the Civil War approaches, we the Union could not be broken by a will examine the role German-born minority of states,2 and he believed immigrants played during that histori- firmly that each man should take cal era. The first section of this article on Friedrich Hecker (Spring 2010) his place according to his abilities. examines his career in Europe before Because he felt Sigel was the more he came to this country. This section experienced and competent soldier, focuses on his activities in America. he was prepared to do his part as an infantryman if need be. There were ealizing that Lincoln’s elec- others, including some of his promi- tion as president meant an nent German-American friends, end to compromise on the who felt Hecker should lead his own Rissue of slavery, southern states began troops. to secede from the Union in the first In May of 1861, without Hecker’s months of 1861. Propelled by the knowledge (though capitalizing on same strong beliefs he held during his reputation), recruitment had be- the Revolution of 1848, the fifty-year- gun in Chicago for what was called Colonel Friedrich Hecker old Hecker answered Lincoln’s call the 1st Hecker Jäger [Hunter] Regi- to arms, and he crossed the Missis- ment, later known as the 24th Illinois and not enough privates, and a severe sippi River by rowboat to join Francis Volunteers, and Hecker was offered discipline problem, the latter exac- (Franz) Sigel’s 3rd Missouri Volunteer command of this regiment with the erbated by friction between Hecker Regiment—as a private.1 Hecker rank of colonel. -
No. 734, April 21, 2000
soC!: No. 734 "'H23 21 April 2000 The Elian Case and the U.S. Imperialist Drive for Counterrevolution Delend the Gains 01 the Cuban Revolution! Ever since the government of Fidel divisions within the American bourgeoi Castro expropriated the capitalist class in sie over Cuba. Spearheading the efforts to Cuba in 1960-61, establishing a bureau For Unconditional Military Defense of keep Elian in the U.S. are the counterrev cratically deformed workers state, the olutionary gusanos (worms)--the former U.S. ruling class has worked relentlessly Cuba Against Imperialism! bourgeoisie and its henchmen from the to undermine and overthrow the Cuban brutal regime of Fulgencio Batista-who Revolution. From the 1961 Playa Gir6n At the same time, the collapse of the ment has opened up to foreign capital fled the Cuban Revolution and have ever (Bay of Pigs) invasion to repeated attempts Soviet Union has enabled the American over the past decade. Consequently, since waged a campaign of terrorism to assassinate Castro, from funding coun bourgeoisie to pursue different means of many within the Clinton administra supported by their CIA masters. The terrevolutionary terrorists in Miami to the promoting counterrevolution in Cuba. In tion now advocate policies of "construc gusanos' aim is the reconquest of power ongoing economic embargo, the Ameri tum, this has led to increasing divi tive engagement" with Cuba, aiming to in Cuba, wreaking bloody vengeance on can bourgeoisie has been determined to sions among U.S. capitalists. After the strengthen the forces of counterrevolu the workers and peasants, and especially bring back the days when Cuba was a U.S.