CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY AND STUDY AREA 43 3.0: Methodology The methodologies adopted in the field are given in Table 3.1. In order to study the environment, ecosystem and biodiversity in drought prone area two types of data were collected. One was primary data, which was collected with the help of informal discussion with villagers and foresters. Along with this the checklist method was used in order to know about the biodiversity of the study area. To study the impact of watershed development programme on the patterns of land use house hold questionnaire was developed that asked about land use before watershed programme implementation and after the implementation and along with this the method of direct observation was adopted to study the present pattern of land use. Secondary level data were also gathered from the government department working in the respective field for analysis. To study the impact of watershed development programme on improvement in water availability, increased cropping intensity, productivity of crops and horticulture development in terms of agriculture development Questionnaire method was adopted as the major tool along with informal discussion and direct observations. In discussion the major focus was kept on finding out that the water required for fulfilling different needs has been satisfactorily achieved or not through watershed development work. Result of analysis of primary data was used to identify the change in cropping intensity, productivity of crop and horticulture development. Secondary level data was collected froni GSDA in order to find out the quality of water and whether level of water table has increased or decreased. 44 < s To study the impact of Types of land its use Gram Panchayat Actual visit tb Geographical area Primary and watershed development and its total records and from \respective places / in square km. Secondary data programme on the geographical area records of Taluka from Gram patterns of land use. before Agriculture Panchayat records implementation of Office. and from records of WDP and Present Taluka Agriculture situation. Office. f O To study the impact of Change in level of Direct Schedule and Name of species Primary data watershed development water table, Sources Observation and discussion with its importance collection along program on of surface water, data from Gram Gram Sevak, and area in with secondary data improvement in water Type of horticulture Panchayat records Talathi, Sarpanch hectors. collection from availability, increased crops, and Change in and from records and Farmers. GSDA, Pune and cropping intensity, number of farmers of Taluka Taluka Agriculture productivity of crops practicing Agriculture Office. and horticulture horticulture. Office. development. • * To study the impact of Number of additional Gram Panchayat Primary and Number of days, Survey method for watershed development days of employment records and from secondary data Quantum of collection of on employment and income records of Taluka from villagers. agriculture primary data. generation and generated, Increase in Agriculture produce in livelihood resources. land under crops, Office. quintals, Number Increase in assets, of assets and Increase in number of domestic animals. domestic animals. Tt To study the Type of communities, Schedule and Primary data Respondents Primary data determinants of Participation types Informal collection and participation in collection from community and stages discussion Secondary data village villagers. participation and group collection. development dynamics in watershed development programme. To study the determinants of community participation and^roup dynamics was analyzed by conducting independent survey with the /respondents fjom the main^juieftionnaire. Approximately one third respondents in GO anchNGO villages were randomly selected. Along with this nearly 131 womenfs were selected on random basis from the study area. The data was collected with the help o£scheduje>The level of participation was analyzed by using 13.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). 3.1: Universe of the Study The universe comprises all the villagers covered under WDP in Pune district. The universe is very specific as this study is concerned with the study of implementation process and impact of WDPs which have been implemented by GOs and NGOs. There are number of projects implemented by GOs and NGOs. To get the detailed view about the approaches two categories of the villages have been identified i.e. the projects implemented by GOs and NGOs^Thus the^ universe is further divided into two categories as mentioned above. 3.2: Method of Selection of Sample Villages While selecting the sample villages from the universe following criteria were kept in view and the villages which fulfill these criteria were selected on random basis. For this purpose lottery method was used l.C SuccessfyUfhplementation of WDP. 2. (Cooperation"tronvvillagers for collection of necessary information and data. 3.( Coo"peration from the officials such as Gram Sevak, Talathi, Sarpanch, Block' Development Officer, Tehesildar, Taluka Agriculture Officer etc. 4. (Visual impactW WDP. 5. Approachable by public transport facilities 6. Project implemented at least five years ago under DPAP. 48 3.3: Selection of Watershed Programme implementing organizations For comparing the watershed work done by GOs and VOs, four villages were selected. Two villages were of Government Organization and remaining two villages were of Non- Government Organization. Selection of the organization working in watershed area was based on certain criteria which are- 1. Organization should be working in the Watershed area for at least five years. 2. Organization must have taken the project exclusively from DPAP. 3. It must have at least one project of watershed completed or on the verge of completion. 4. Organization must be working in $hirur taluka ojf Pune district of Maharashtra State. 5. Government departments were accepted as project implementation agencies by the ^venture of guidelines. , Based on the above criteria following four villages and two organizations were selected (refer Appendix 6 —for NGO and GO profile): 1. Morachi Chincholi and Shashtabad were selected as examples of projects conducted by NGO. ("Jai Malhar" has worked for watershed development there). 2. Kendur and Pabal were selected as examples of projects under GO ("Taluka Agriculture Department" is working for watershed development) The year 2000-01 is (considered as base year in order to study the impact of/WDP after year v200b-01 in comparison to the situation before year 2000-0. 3.4.: Selection of Respondents After selection of the villages respondents were selected on the basis of following criteria: 1. Inhabitant of the respective village. 2. Having agricultural land or agriculture as the main occupation or a7landless persorjl 3. A person who is heading the family. 3.5: Study Population The study population for the study was villagers of the four villages. Two of the villages are Kendur and Pabal, where Government Organizations have worked. And rest two villages are Morachi Chincholi and Shashtabad, where Voluntary Organizations have implemented the Watershed Programme under DPAP. 49 Study population was restricted only in case of age. People, who were the members of Gramsabha of all the four villages, were selected on the basis of landholdings, caste, landlessness etc.__Study population was not restricted to gender or social status. Both male and females of different age groups, castes and social status were considered for the study. 3.6: Rapport Building Some of the initial days of the study were used in building rapport and pre testing of questionnaire. Not much effort was needed by the researcher to develop rapport with villagers in all the four villages as these villages already hadr>-^ompleted watershed development programme. Hence the advantage of already developed rapport with villagers by VOs/ GOs that worked in village for program implementation was automatically available to the researcher. Local language spoken is Marathi. As the researcher is domicile citizen of Maharashtra State, researcher faced no problem in this regard. Visit to various treatment sites for land and water conservation helped researcher to understand directly the local participation, also the problems and situation of village. 3.7: Study tools and methods The study follows the descriptive research design. The main aim of this design is to present the situation and status of sustainability of watershed development programme through the impact on land, water and biological components^ The general methodology of study was the (field study\ which included the interviews, questionnaire, general discussions etc. Present study was undertaken to study the (methods, ( - ---' V. __-- impacts at two different types of implementers, working with authority on one hand and working on basis of people's mandate on the other. Relevant research reports and documents were reviewed to conceptualize problem situation, needs and constraints in the sustainability of watershed development programme. 50 3.8: Data Collection Data collection was done in two ways, primary data collection and secondary data collection 3.8.1: Primary Data Collection Following method was followed for the collection of primary data. a. Reconnaissance Survey: A reconnaissance survey was conducted to identify and familiarize with the watershed and people of the study area. b. Household Survey : AQjouse