Case Law Registry

Court of Justice of the European Union

Case 1/58, Stork v High Authority,97n4 Case 36/59, Geitling v High Authority,97n4 Case 26/62, NV Internationale Transportonderneming Van Gend & Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen,97n5 Case 29/69, Stauder v Stadt Ulm,97n7 Case 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft GmbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fur€ Getreide und Futtermittel,97n9 Case 22/70, Commission v Council (ERTA), 2n2, 4n9, 7n18 Joined Cases 41-44/70, NV International Fruit Company and others v Commission, 72n25 Case 4/73, Nold Kohlen- und Baustoffgrosshandlung v Commission,97n8 Case 181/73, Haegeman v Belgium,72n26 Case 41/74, Van Duyn v Home Office, 144n14 Opinion 1/75, Draft Understanding on a Local Cost Standard,12n31, 68n13 Case 87/75, Bresciani v Amministrazione Italiana delle Finanze, 145n18 Joined Cases 3, 4 and 6/76, Cornelis Kramer and others,8n20 Opinion 1/76, Draft agreement establishing a European laying-up fund for inland waterway vessels,8n21, 142n1, 143n4 Case 41/76, Criel, ne´e Donckerwolcke and Schou v Procureur de la Re´publique au tribunal de grande instance de Lille and Director General of Customs,68n15 Case 106/77, Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal SpA,97n6 Opinion 1/78, International agreement on natural rubber,68n14, 109n4 Case 93/78, Mattheus v Doego, 123n1 Case 91/79, Commission v Italy,83n5 Case 812/79, Attorney General v Burgoa, 146n28 Case 270/80, Polydor Limited and RSO Records Inc. v Harlequin Records Shops Limited and Simons Records Limited,72n26, 127n15 Case 104/81, Hauptzollamt Mainz v C.A. Kupferberg & Cie KG, 127n15 Case 264/82, Timex Corporation v Council and Commission,78n67 Case 14/83, Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen,74n44

H. de Waele, Layered Global Player, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20751-8, 161 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 162 Case Law Registry

Case 240/83, Procureur de la Re´publique v Association de de´fense des bruˆleurs d’huile usages,83n5 Case 294/83, Parti e´cologiste ‘Les Verts’ v European Parliament, 144n11 Case 12/86, Meryem Demirel v Stadt Schwabisch€ Gmund€ Case 70/87, Fe´de´ration de l’industrie de l’huilerie de la CEE (FEDIOL) v Commission,72n27 Case 30/88, Greece v Commission, 127n14 Case C-69/89, Nakajima All Precision Co. v Council,72n28 Case C-192/89, Sevince v Staatssecretaris van Justitie, 127n14 Case C-358/89, Extramet Industrie SA v Council,78n67 Case C-18/90, Office national de l’emploi v Kziber, 145n18 Case C-286/90, Anklagemyndigheden v Peter Michael Poulsen and Diva Navigation Corp,71n23, 143n10 Opinion 1/91, Draft agreement on the creation of the European Economic Area (I), 143n5 Opinion 2/91, Conclusion of ILO Convention No. 170 concerning safety in the use of chemicals at work,85n6, 149n44 Joined Cases C-181/91 & C-248/91, Parliament v Commission and Council (Bangladesh), 109n7 Case C-188/91, Deutsche Shell AG v Hauptzollamt Hamburg, 127n14 Case C-316/91, Parliament v Council (Lome´ IV), 109n6 Case C-327/91, France v Commission,7n16 Opinion 1/92, Draft agreement on the creation of the European Economic Area (II), 143n5 Case C-280/93, Germany v Council,72n31 Case C-324/93, The Queen v Secretary of State for Home Department, ex parte Evans Medical Ltd and Macfarlan Smith Ltd, 147n32 Case C-395/93, Neckermann Versand AG v Hauptzollamt Frankfurt/Main-Ost, 76n57 Case C-469/93, Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Chiquita Italia SpA, 145n19 Opinion 1/94, Competence of the Community to conclude international agreements concerning services and the protection of intellectual property,69n17 Opinion 2/94, Accession of the Community to the European Convention on Human Rights,15n44, 98n13 Opinion 3/94, Framework agreement on bananas,15n45 Case C-61/94, Commission v Germany, 144n16 Case C-124/95, The Queen, ex parte Centro-Com Srl v HM Treasury and Bank of England,3n6, 147n29 Case C-337/95, Parfums Christian Dior SA v Evora BV,74n37, 74n45, 150n48, 150n50 Case C-341/95, Gianni Bettati v Safety Hi-Tech Srl,71n23, 144n16 Case C-53/96, Herme`s International v FHT Marketing Choice BV,74n43, 149n40, 150n48 Case Law Registry 163

Case C-149/96, Portugal v Council,73n32, 128n16 Case C-162/96, A. Racke GmbH & Co. v Hauptzollamt Mainz,71n23, 145n23 Case C-416/96, El-Yassini v Secretary of State for Home Department, 145n18 Case C-414/97, Commission v Spain,55n39 Case C-62/98, Commission v Portugal, 147n33 Case C-84/98, Commission v Portugal, 147n34 Case C-170/98, Commission v Belgium, 147n34 Case C-377/98, Netherlands v Council and Parliament,84n10 Case C-467/98, Commission v Denmark,8n23 Case C-468/98, Commission v Sweden,8n23 Case C-469/98, Commission v Finland,8n23 Case C-471/98, Commission v Belgium,8n23 Case C-472/98, Commission v Luxembourg,8n23 Case C-475/98, Commission v Austria,8n23 Case C-476/98, Commission v Germany,8n23 Case C-63/99, The Queen v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Gloszczuk, 127n33 Case C-239/99, Nachi Europe GmbH v Hauptzollamt Krefeld,78n67 Case C-353/99 P, Hautala v Council,18n60 Opinion 1/00, Envisaged agreement on the establishment of a European Common Aviation Area, 143n6 Opinion 2/00, Cartagena Protocol,87n20 Case C-13/00, Commission v Ireland, 150n49, 150n51 Joined Cases C-27/00 & C-122/00, The Queen v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions, ex parte Omega Air Ltd and Omega Air Ltd, Aero Engines Ireland Ltd and Omega Aviation Services Ltd v Irish Aviation Authority,74n37 Case C-438/00, Deutscher Handballbund eV v Kolpak, 145n18 Case C-171/01, Birlikte v Wahlergruppe€ Gemeinsam, 127n13 Case C-216/01, Budvar v Rudolf Ammersin GmbH, 148n37 Case C-93/02 P, Biret International SA v Council,74n37 Case C-281/02, Commission v Council (Energy Star Agreement), 87n21 Case C-377/02, Le´on van Parys NV v Belgisch Interventie- en Restitutiebureau, 74n39 Opinion 1/03, Competence of the Community to conclude the new Lugano Convention,11n29 Case C-94/03, Commission v Council (Conclusion of the Rotterdam Convention), 87n23 Case C-105/03, Criminal proceedings against Maria Pupino,74n46 Case C-178/03, Commission v Council (Incorporation of the Rotterdam Convention), 17n50, 88n24 Case C-239/03, Commission v France, 150n52 Case C-265/03, Igor Simutenkov v Ministerio de Educacio´n y Cultura and Real Federacio´n Espan˜ola de Fu´tbol, 127n13, 129n20 164 Case Law Registry

Case C-266/03, Commission v Luxembourg, 147n30 Case C-433/03, Commission v Germany, 147n30 Case C-459/03, Commission v Ireland, 151n54 Case C-144/04, Werner Mangold v Rudiger€ Helm,98n12 Case C-344/04, The Queen on the application of International Air Transport Association and European Low Fares Airline Association v Department for Transport, 144n15 Case C-532/04, Commission v Netherlands,8n23 Case C-91/05, Commission v Council (ECOWAS), 16n48, 118n33, 154n1 Case C-266/05 P, Sison v Council,17n55 Case C-284/05, Commission v Finland,55n39 Case C-337/05, Commission v Italy,55n39 Case C-341/05, Laval un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetarefo€rbundet and Others Joined Cases C-402/05 P & C-415/05 P, Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission,17n53, 71n24, 104n31, 143n7, 144n14 Case C-431/05, Merck Gene´ricos – Produtos Farmaceˆuticos Lda v Merck & Co. Inc. and Merck Sharp & Dohme Lda,75n47, 150n50 Case C-205/06, Commission v Austria, 147n31, 148n35 Case C-242/06, Minister voor Vreemdelingenzaken en Integratie v Sahin, 129n20 Case C-249/06, Commission v Sweden, 147n31, 148n35 Case C-308/06, The Queen, on the application of International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (Intertanko) and Others v Secretary of State for Transport,71n24, 144n13, 145n17, 145n20, 145n22, 146n28 Case C-411/06, Commission v Parliament and Council,88n25 Case C-45/07, Commission v Greece, 150n46 Case C-166/07, Parliament v Council (International Fund for Ireland), 17n50 Case C-118/07, Commission v Finland Case C-188/07, Commune de Mesquer v Total France and Total International Ltd, 146n28 Case C-246/07, Commission v Sweden, 150n46 Case C-370/07, Commission v Council (CITES) Opinion 1/08, Conclusion of agreements pursuant to Article XXI GATS,70n19 Case C-56/08, Parlitigu€ OU€ v Maksu- ja Tolliameti Po˜hja maksu- ja tollikeskus, 76n57 Case C-301/08, Bogiatzi v Deutscher Luftpool, Socie´te´ Luxair, European Communities, Luxembourg Foyer Assurances SA, 146n28 Case C-386/08, Brita GmbH v Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Hafen, 143n10 Opinion 1/09, Creation of a unified patent litigation system,15n44 Case C-160/09, Ioannis Katsivardas – Nikolaos Tsitsikas OE v Ipourgos Ikonomikon, 145n19 Case C-343/09, Afton Chemical Limited v Secretary of State for Transport,84n10 Case Law Registry 165

General Court of the European Union (Formerly Court of First Instance)

Case T-115/94, Opel Austria GmbH v Council, 144n15 Case T-14/98, Hautala v Council,18n60 Case T-2/99, T. Port GmbH & Co. KG v Council,74n41 Case T-18/99, Cordis Obst und Gemuse€ Grobhandel v Commission,74n38 Case T-243/01, Sony Computer Entertainment Europe Ltd v Commission,76n57 Case T-383/00, Beamglow Ltd v European Parliament and Others,74n42 Case T-306/01, Yusuf and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission,18n57 Case T-315/01, Kadi v Council and Commission,18n57 Case T-228/02, Organisation des Modjahedines du peuple d’Iran v Council,17n54 Case T-47/03, Sison v Council,17n55 Case T-429/05, Artegodan v Commission,84n10 Case T-1/07, Apache Footwear Ltd and Apache II Footwear Ltd v Council,78n67 Case T-157/07, People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran v Council,17n54 Case T-183/07, Poland v Commission,90n33 Case T-256/07, People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran v Council,17n54 Case T-263/07 Estonia v Commission,90n33 Case T-341/07, Sison v Council,17n54 Case T-284/08, People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran v Council1,17n54 Case T-85/09, Kadi v Commission,18n57 Case T-122/09, Zhejiang Xinshiji Foods Co. Ltd and Hubei Xinshiji Foods Co. Ltd v Council,78n67

European Court of Human Rights

Posti & Rahko v Finland, Application No. 27824/95, 19n62 Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm v Ireland, Application No. 45036/98, 19n62 Tillack v Belgium, Application No. 20477/05, 104n32

International Court of Justice

Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Reports 1949, p. 174, 5n14 Index

A B Accession to the EU Balkan wars, 48, 155 accession agreement, 13, 14, 137 Barcelona process, 131–133 conditions for, 43, 51, 78, 135 Battle Groups See European Union Battle post-accession monitoring, 138 Groups pre-accession screening, 136 Biosafety protocol, 86, 87 procedure for, 31, 123, 125, 143, 153 Blacklisting See Restrictive measures Access to documents, 18 Black Sea synergy, 138 Accountability, 30, 34 Border surveillance, 16–17, 163 Acquis communautaire, 16, 136 Budget of the EU, 35, 37, 102, 107, 113, 114 Advisory procedure (ECJ), 14 African, Carribean and Pacific countries, 65, 66, 73, 101, 108, 113, 114, 129 C African Union, 41, 114, 159 Candidate countries, 113, 134–137 Agencies, 12, 19, 23, 26, 28–41, 43, 44, 104, Charter of Fundamental Rights See European 105, 142, 148, 155, 156 Union Charter of Fundamental Rights Agreement on Safeguards (WTO), 77 Civilian Headline Goal (CHG), 57 Agreement on Textiles and Clothing Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, (WTO), 72 37, 39 Andean Community, 129, 159 Civil Protection Mechanism, 115 Annulment, action for, 15–17, 67, 78 Civil society, 102, 131 Anti-dumping, 64, 72, 75, 77–79, 159 Clean Development Mechanism, 91 Anti-Dumping Agreement (WTO), 77 Climate change, 84, 89–91, 150 Anti-Dumping Regulation (EU), 72, 77 Code of Conduct on Defence Procurement, Anti-subsidies, 64, 77 54, 55 Area of Freedom, Security and Cold War, 54, 59 Justice, 159 Comite´ des repre´sentants permanents, 32, 36 Association agreements, 7, 13, 109, Comitology, 66, 78 123–129, 138 Common Customs Tariff, 64, 74, 79 Association Committee, 126 Common defence, 26, 31, 48, 49, 157 Association Council, 126, 127 Common positions, 24, 43, 44 Association of South East Asian Nations Common strategies, 43, 44, 58 (ASEAN), 129, 159 Community Customs Code, 76 Autonomy Compensation, 6, 73 of the EU, 143, 144 Competences of the Member States, 109 abuse of, 88, 146

167 168 Index

Competences (cont.) Education, 12, 39, 40, 66, 70, 146 attribution of, 8, 9, 44, 88, 101 Emissions trading system (ETS), 90, 91 complementary/supporting, 10, 112, 146 Energy, 8, 29, 30, 58, 87, 89–91, 132, 133 division of, 1, 6–12, 19 Enhanced cooperation, 50 exclusive, 1, 9–11, 13, 68, 70, 71, 78, Enlargement of the EU See Accession 85–88, 91, 109, 148, 151 to the EU implied (see Implied powers) Environmental action plans (EAPs), 83, 89 shared, 9–12, 69–71, 86, 88, 92, 109–111, Euromed Agreements (EMAs), 131 148, 149, 151, 158 EuropeAid Development and Cooperation shared parallel, 12, 112, 115, 117 (EADC), 114, 115, 155 Complementarity, principle of, 8 European Central Bank, 14 Compliance, 73, 75, 76, 98, 104, 136, 151 European Commission, 2–4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, Conferred powers See Competences, 16–18, 24–37, 45, 50, 54, 55, 65–78, attribution of 83–92, 97, 101, 104, 105, 123–139, Conform interpretation, 74, 144, 149 144–157 Constitutional Treaty, 8, 16, 40, 49, 153 European Commission President See President Consumer protection, 95, 136 of the European Commission Convention on International Trade in European Community Humanitarian Aid Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Office (ECHO), 114, 115 Flora (CITES), 85 European consensus on development, Cooperation and Verification Mechanism, 138 116, 117 Copenhagen criteria, 103, 134–137, 139 European Constitution See Constitutional Cotonou Agreement, 16, 66, 73, 100, 108, 129 Treaty Council of Europe, 7, 96, 101, 142 European Convention on Human Rights, Countermeasures, 124 13–15, 19, 96–99, 105 Culture, 146 European Council, 14, 26–35, 37, 41–44, Customary international law, 144, 145 48, 49, 56, 66, 92, 131, 134, 135, Customs Code See Community Customs Code 137, 139 Customs union, 64, 73, 76, 138 European Council President See President of the European Council European Court of Auditors, 14, 113 D European Court of Human Rights, 19, 97, 104 Democracy, 26, 98, 99, 101–103, 111, 130, European Court of Justice, 3, 127 133–135, 159 European Defence Agency (EDA), 30, 40, de´tournement de pouvoir See Competences, 54, 59 abuse of European Defence Community (EDC), 24, 96 Development Cooperation Instrument, 113, 115 European Development Fund, 113–115 Direct effect European Economic Area, 128, 143 of DSB rulings, 74, 75 European external action service (EEAS), 19, of EU law, 75, 78, 127 30, 35–40, 52, 105, 115, 132, 156, 157 of rules in association agreements, 127 European Fighter Aircraft, 40 of WTO rules, 73 European Free Trade Association, 128, 143 Disconnection clause, 147 European Initiative for Democracy and Human Dispute Settlement Body, 73–75, 151 Rights, 101, 102 Dispute Settlement Understanding, 72, 73 European Instrument for Democracy and Dual-use items, 77 Human Rights (EIDHR), 102, 103, 105 Dumping, 64, 72, 75, 77, 78 European Investment Bank, 113, 131 European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, 131, 133 E European Neighbourhood Policy, 29, 123, 124, Eastern Partnership, 124, 133, 138, 139 129–131, 133, 138, 139 ECHO See European Community European Parliament, 13, 14, 18, 19, 34–35, 66, Humanitarian Aid Office 74, 90, 109, 113, 125, 137, 144 Index 169

European Political Community, 24, 96 Human dignity, 26, 98, 99, 134 European Political Cooperation (EPC), 24, Human rights, 2, 15, 18, 19, 26, 43, 65, 25, 96 95–105, 107, 124, 131, 134, 135, European Security and Defence College, 39 139, 155, 157 European Security Strategy (ESS), 57–59 clauses, 100, 102, 131 European Union Battle Groups, 56 conditionality, 100–101, 124 European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights, 98, 105, 136, 155 European Union Institute for Security I Studies, 39 Implied powers, 2, 7–9, 69, 154 European Union Joint Situation Centre, 39, 52 Indirect effect See Conform interpretation European Union Military Committee (EUMC), Infringement proceedings, 14, 27 38, 52 Intergovernmentalism, 2, 24, 27, 35, 44, European Union Military Staff, 38 45, 156 European Union Satellite Centre (EUSC), International Court of Justice, 5, 151 39–40 International Covenant on Economic, Social European Union Security Strategy, 57–59 and Cultural Rights, 97 Europe 2020 Strategy, 92 International Labour Organization (ILO), Export policy, 64 85, 142, 149 International Monetary Fund, 116, 142 International organisations, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, F 24, 29, 33, 34, 37, 42, 92, 100–102, 124, Food and Agricultural Organization, 142 141, 142, 146, 148, 150 Foreign Affairs Council, 26, 28–30, 32, 36 Interpretation of treaties See Treaty, Fouchet Plan See European Political interpretation of Community Investment (foreign direct), 64, 66, 67 Iraq war, 44, 155 Ius cogens, 144 G Gemeinschaftstreue See Sincere cooperation, principle of J General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 Joint actions, 16, 39, 40, 43, 44, 52 (GATT 1947), 68, 69, 71, 72, 156 Judicial activism, 7, 15 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994), 63, 72, 74, 77, 78, 128, 144, 145, 149, 156 General Agreement on Trade in Services, K 69, 70 Kompetenzkatalog, 1, 10, 70 Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), 76, Kyoto Protocol, 90, 150 77, 102, 108, 124 General Secretariat (of the EU Council), 37, 38 L Legal basis choice of, 88 H dual, 17, 88, 89 Harmonious interpretation See Conform Legal personality interpretation international legal personality of the Harmonisation, 12, 27, 54, 85 EU/EC, 1, 5, 6, 10, 141 Healthcare, 11 international legal personality of the UN, Helsinki Headline Goal, 49, 56, 57 1, 4, 5 High Representative of the Union for Foreign Lex specialis, 9, 12, 44, 47, 50, 52, 67, Affairs and Security Policy, 23, 28–30, 79, 88 33–36, 39, 44, 52, 156, 157 Luns-Westerterp procedures, 12 170 Index

M Pre-emption, 9, 11, 12 Millennium Development Goals, 116, 117 Preliminary references, 14, 127 Mixed agreements, 11, 13, 71, 87, 125, 141, Presidency of the Council of the European 142, 149–151 Union, 31, 32 Mixed participation, 11 President of the European Commission, Modernised Community Customs Code See 29, 37 Community Customs Code President of the European Council, 29–32, 37 Most Favoured Nation clause, 75, 129 Primacy See Supremacy Mutual assistance clause, 50 Procurement of defence equipment, 53–55 Provisional application, 13, 125 Proximity principle, 84 N National treatment, principle of, 75 Natural disasters, 47, 115 Q North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 25, 49, Qualified majority voting, 13, 26, 41, 42, 44, 50, 52, 53, 59 50, 66, 68, 70, 85, 86, 113, 125

O R Opinions of the ECJ See Advisory procedure Res inter alios acta, 146 (ECJ) Restrictive measures, 17, 43, 44, 90, 100 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Retaliation, 73, 124 Development (OECD), 7, 82, 107, 116, 117, 142 Organization for Security and Cooperation S in Europe (OSCE), 101, 142 Safeguards, agreement on, 77 Overseas Countries and Territories, 113, 114 Sanctions See Restrictive measures Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), agreement on the application of, 69, 74 P Security Strategy See European Union Security Pacta sunt servanda, 6, 74, 152 Strategy Pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt, 146, Sincere cooperation, principle of, 27, 148, 152 147–151, 154 Parallelism, 7 Single European Act, 8, 25, 83 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, Soft law, 43, 49, 58, 98, 130, 137 126, 128, 130, 133 Solidarity, 26, 27, 33, 45, 50, 99, 118, 134, 150 Peacekeeping, 49, 51, 52 Sovereignty, 24, 154, 157 Peacemaking, 49, 51, 52 Special committees, 24, 92 Permanent structured cooperation, 33, 34, Special Representatives, 33, 40–42 50, 59 Sport, 12 Petersberg Declaration, 48 Strategic guidelines, 52 Petersberg Tasks, 49, 51, 56 Subsidies, 64, 77, 78 Pillar(s) of the EU, 5, 6, 15–17, 25, 153 Succession (functional), 146 Pleven Plan See European Defence Supremacy, 18, 97, 98, 141, 148 Community Pluralism, 134 Policy-linking clause, 83 T Political and Security Committee (PSC), 36, Tariff preferences, 68, 76, 85, 108 38, 39, 52 Technical Barriers to Trade, Agreement on, Polluter pays principle, 84 69, 74 Post-conflict stabilisation, 51 Terrorism, 51, 58 Pre-accession strategy, 136 Tokyo Round, 68 Precautionary principle, 84, 86 Trade Barriers Regulation (TBR), 65, 72, 75, 79 Index 171

Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Unionstreue See Sincere cooperation, Rights, agreement on, 69, 70, 74 principle of Transparency, 7, 19, 26, 102, 136, 153, 156 United Nations Conference on Trade and Transport, 7, 8, 29, 50, 56, 69–71, 74, 84, Development, 5, 7, 18, 34, 51, 144–146, 154 109, 150 Treaties United Nations Convention on the Law of the bilateral investment treaties, 64 Sea, 144, 145, 151 conclusion, 4, 9, 13–15, 42, 64–66, 69–71, United Nations Educational, Scientific and 86–88, 101, 111, 125–130, 133, 137, Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 142 141–148, 151 United Nations Security Council EU treaty-making procedure, 12, 14 position of EU in, 18 interpretation, 74, 76, 126, 143, 148, 151 resolution of, 18, 143 signing, 4, 5, 7, 13, 24, 26, 40, 87, 125 role of the High Representative, 32, 34 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe UN Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, 151 See Constitutional Treaty Uruguay Round, 68, 73 Treaty of Amsterdam, 5, 25, 41, 49, 70, 98, 99, 153 Treaty of Lisbon, 5, 8, 14, 16, 19, 25, 26, 29, V 31, 37, 40, 43, 44, 47, 49, 59, 64, 66, 70, Veto, 25, 41, 125 76, 89, 98, 99, 110, 153–155, 159 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Treaty of Maastricht, 2, 4, 8, 15, 23, 25, 48, 98, 6, 7, 13, 15, 87, 125, 143 110 Voting rules, 13, 27, 42, 69, 125 Treaty of Nice, 5, 25, 70, 110, 153

W U Western European Union, 24, 48–50, 59 Ultra vires,6,92 World Health Organization (WHO), 142 Union for the Mediterranean, 129, World Trade Organization (WTO), 37, 63, 131–133, 138, 139 65, 66, 68–79, 128, 142, 145, 149, Union loyalty See Sincere cooperation, 151, 156, 159 principle of World War Two, 51, 83