THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW Law and Philosophy Library

VOLUME 64

Managing Editors

FRANCISCO J. LAPORTA, Department of Law, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain ALEKSANDER PECZENIK, Department of Law, University of Lund, Sweden FREDERICK SCHAUER, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

Former Managing Editors AULIS AARNIO, MICHEAL D. BAYLESt, CONRAD D. JOHNSONt, ALAN MABE

Editorial Advisory Board

AULIS AARNIO, Research Institute for Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland ZENON BANKOWSKI, Centre for Criminology and the Social and Philosophical Study of Law, University of Edinburgh PAOLO COMANDUCCI, University of Genoa, Italy ERNESTO GARZON VALDES, Institut fur Politikwissenschaft, Johannes Gutenberg Universitiit Mainz JOHN KLEINIG, Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York NEIL MacCORMICK, European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium WOJCIECH SADURSKI, European University Institute, Department of Law, Florence, Italy ROBERT S. SUMMERS, School of Law, Cornell University CARL WELLMAN, Department of Philosophy, Washington University THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

by

JUHA RAITIO

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-90-481-6264-2 ISBN 978-94-017-0353-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0353-6

Printed on acid1ree paper

All Rights Reserved © 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 2003 No part of this publication may be reproduced Of utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, inc1uding photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements xiii

Abbreviations xvii

Tables xxi

PART 1. EC, HISTORY, INTEGRATION, EC LAW, LEGAL CERTAINTY Ch. 1 Introductory Remarks 3 1.1 How Can the Principle of Legal Certainty be Studied in the Context of EC Law? 3 1.1.1 What is 'EC Law'? 5 1.1.2 Approaching the 'EC Law' from Different Angles 8 1.2 Ways of Approaching 'The Principle of Legal Certainty'? 10 1.3 Objections and Refutations 11

Ch.2 Some Remarks about the History of the European Community 15 2.1 The Genesis of the European Communities: the ECSC, EEC and Euratom Treaties 15 2.2 European Integration and the Intergovernmental Tendencies in the 1960s and 1970s 22 2.3 The Idea of an Internal Market and the Single European Act 33 2.4 Towards the Era After the Cold War and the Treaty on European Union 39 2.5 The Treaty of Amsterdam and Beyond 50

Ch. 3 Conclusions: Remarks about Theories of Integration, European Community and EC Law 59 3.1 Theories of European Integration: Nugent's Summary 59 3.2 European Community: Siedentop's View on European Democracy and the European Community 62 3.2.1 Why Constitutions and the Conception of the State are Important? 63

v TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.2.2 The Three Models of State. 64 3.2.3 Creating an Open Political Class and a Rights-based Political Culture in Europe - Mission Impossible ? 66 3.3 EC Law: The Jack-in-the-Box Theory of EC Law by Wilhelms son and Features of the Finnish Discussion 73

PART 2. EC LAW, PRINCIPLES OF EC LAW, GENERAL PRINCIPLES, LEGAL CERTAINTY

Ch.4 The Sources, Objectives and Principles of EC Law 83 4.1 The Sources and Objectives of EC Law 83 4.1.1 The Relevant Sources of EC Law; Primary Law,Secondary Legislation and Case Law of the European Courts 83 4.1.2 The Objectives of the European Community 90 4.2 The Three Categories of the Principles Applied by the European Courts 94 4.2.1 Principles Derived from the EC Treaty 95 4.2.1.1 Principles of Loyalty, Proportionality,Non- discrimination and Equality 96 4.2.1.2 Principles of Legality, Subsidiarity and Flexibility 98 4.2.2 General Principles of EC law 101 4.2.3 Principles Based on the Case Law of the European Court of Justice 105 4.2.3.1 The Supremacy of EC Law 106 4.2.3.2 The Direct Effect and the Direct Applicability of EC Law 108 4.2.3.3 The Indirect Effect of EC Law and the State Liability 111 4.3 Problems in the Categorization of Principles and the Literal Approach 116

Ch.5 Legal Certainty in the Framework of Other General Principles ofEC Law 125 5.1 The Term 'Legal Certainty' in EC Law and the Intertwining of General Principles - A Literal Point of View 125 5.2 The Term 'Rule of Law', Legality and the Requirements of Democracy 130 5.2.1 The Terms 'Rule of Law' and 'Legal Certainty' in the Case Law of the ECJ and CFI 130 5.2.2 An Attempt to Interpret the Rule of Law 134 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

5.3 The Principle of Revocability of Illegal Measures, the Term 'Deni de Justice' 146 5.4 The Good administration, Right to a Fair Hearing, Misuse of Powers, Proportionality and Openness. 148 5.5 The Concepts of Non Bis In Idem, Lis Pendens and Nulla Poena Sine Lege 156 5.6 'Access to Justice', the Right to an Effective Judicial Remedy and Legal Professional Privilege 160 5.7 Examples of the Material General Principles of EC Law 165 5.8 Fundamental Rights, Human Rights, Equality and the General Principles of EC Law 170 5.8.1 An Introduction to the History of the Case Law Concerning the Fundamental Rights and Human Rights in EC Law 170 5.8.2 Discrimination in the Context of Sexual Minorities as an Example of Equality, Non-discrimination and Human Rights in EC Law 176

Ch.6 The Principle of Legal Certainty Based on the Case Law of the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance 187

6.1 The Principle of Non-Retroactivity 187 6.1.1 The Concept of Retroactivity and the Immediate Application of EC Law 187 6.1.2 The Retroactivity of EC Legislation 190 6.1.3 The Retroactivity of ECl's Judgments, Especially the Preliminary Rulings under Article 234 EC 196 6.2 The Principle of Protection of Legitimate Expectations 200 6.2.1 The Conceptual Differences in Civil Law and Common Law Countries: The British and German Administrative Law as an Example. 200 6.2.1.1 The Estoppel Doctrine and Legitimate Expectations in English Administrative Law 200 6.2.1.2 The Estoppel Doctrine and Legitimate Expectations in EC Law: the Stork Amsterdam Case 204 6.2.1.3 Annulment of an Administrative Act in Germany and 'Vertrauenschutz' 214 6.2.2 Annulment of an Administrative Act and the Protection of Legitimate Expectations in EC law: a Case Study 217 6.2.2.1 Maenpaa's and Waelbroeck's Criteria Regarding the Protection of Legitimate Expectations 218

VB TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.2.2.2 Pinpointing the Set of Questions for the Protection of Legitimate Expectations under EC Law and the Actions of Annulment 220 6.2.2.3 The Revocation of Lawful Administrative Acts Conferring Benefits 227 6.2.2.4 The Withdrawal of Unlawful Administrative Acts Conferring Benefits 230 6.2.2.5 Special Characteristics of the Annulment of Administrative Measures Imposing Burdens 237 6.2.2.6 The Locus Standi of Article 230 EC, the Protection of Legitimate Expectations and Legal Certainty 240 6.2.3 Protection of Acquired Rights and Legitimate Expectations 252 6.3 Periods of Limitation and Legal Certainty 256 6.3.1 Prescribed Procedural Time-Limits and Indefinitely Delayed Actions Especially in the Framework of Articles 230, 232 and 234 Ee. 256 6.3.2 Sanctions Based on EC Law, Recovery of Charges and the Periods of Limitation 260

PART 3. NORMS, INTERPRETATION, LEGAL CERTAINTY

Ch.7 Beyond Literalism - Conceptions and Theoretical Remarks about Norms, Validity, Interpretation, Judicial Activism and Legal Certainty 267

7.1 Theories of Norms - Ronald Dworkin's Theory of Law as a Starting-point 267 7.1.1 The Background to Dworkin's Essay 'The Model of Rules 1': a Challenge to Positivism and Utilitarianism 268 7.1.1.1 Hans Kelsen, the 'Grundnorm' and 'Stufenbau' 269 7.1.1.2 H.L.A. Hart and the 'Rule of Recognition' 272 7.1.2 Some Features of Dworkin's Theory of Law 275 7.1.2.1 Standards 275 7.1.2.2 Concept of Rights, the One Right Answer Thesis and Judicial Activism 281 7.1.3 Criticism against Dworkin's Theory of Law and Further Developments 285 7.1.3.1 The Difference between Rules and Principles 285 7.1.3.2 The One Right Answer Thesis and Values 288 7.1.3.3 The Difference between Principles and Policies 290 7.1.4 Siltala's Contribution: Summers' Levels of Legal Formality Combined with Dworkin's Theory of Law 294 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.1.5 Norms, Interpretation and Justification in the Context of EC Law 298 7.1.5.1 The Emphasis on 'Proto-Norms' 298 7.1.5.2 Concepts and Conceptions 300 7.1.5.3 The Levels of Justification 301 7.2 The Judicial Argumentation and Interpretative Arguments 304 7.2.1 The Rational Reconstruction of Argumentation by the Bielefeld Circle 304 7.2.2 Basic Types of Legal Arguments 307 7.2.3 Patterns of Justification and the Logic of the Judicial Decisions as a Whole 311 7.2.4 The Interaction of Interpretative Arguments and Underlying Values 316 7.2.5 Justificatory Style of the Judicial Decisions 318 7.2.6 Justification in the Preliminary Rulings of the ECJ: Structure, Style and the Basic Arguments of the Decision 321 7.2.6.1 General Remarks about the Structure and Style of the Preliminary Rulings 321 7.2.6.2 Linguistic Arguments and the Problem of Translations in EC Law 324 7.2.6.3 Systemic, Teleological and Transcategorical Arguments in the ECJ 331 7.3 Legal Certainty 337 7.3.1 Concept of Legal Certainty - A Nordic Perspective 337 7.3.2 Expectation of Legal Certainty 340

Ch.S Predictability and Acceptability as Aspects of Legal Certainty 347 8.1 Some Applications of the Anti-literal Approach to EC Law: History, EC Law and Legal Theory 347 8.1.1 The Van Gend en Loos Case, Direct Effect, Supremacy and the Legal Certainty of EC Law 348 8.1.2 The Defrenne Case, Equality, Direct Effect, Non- Retroactivity and Legal Certainty 352 8.1.3 Remarks on the Free Movement of Goods from the Historical Perspective and Legal Certainty 356 8.2 Problems with the Anti-literal Approach to Legal Certainty 364 8.3 The Conception of Legal Certainty 368 8.3.1 Justification and Arguments 368 8.3.2 The Threefold Conception of Legal Certainty 372 8.3.3 The Levels of Justification, Legal Certainty and Democracy 376

ix TABLE OF CONTENTS

8.3.4 Factual Legal Certainty and the Scale from Formal to Substantive Legal Certainty 380 8.4 Concluding Remarks 383

Index 389

x European unity is the most important event in the West since the war, not because it is a new great power, but because the new institutional method it introduces is permanently modifying relations between nations and men. Human nature does not change, but when nations and men accept the same rules and the same institutions to make sure that they are applied, their behaviour towards each other changes. This is the process of civilization itself.

Jean Monnet, A Ferment of Change, JCMS, 1962, p.211.

Xl Acknowledgements

The present book is based on my doctoral thesis which was defended in public on 12 January 2002 at the University of Helsinki. Since the thesis defence, some structural, stylistic and other changes have been effected throughout the text. I am indebted to a great many colleagues and advisers in the fields of EC law, jurisprudence and legal history both in Finland and the United Kingdom, but regrettably only a few of them may be mentioned here. The former Professor of European Law Kari Joutsamo (28.11.1946-17.1.2001) was my skilful supervisor and mentor at the University of Helsinki. It was originally his suggestion that I should study the principle of legal certainty in EC law and he was genuinely interested in my progress. He contributed to my work in many ways, and while I was in Edinburgh (10.1.1999-13.2.2001) he visited me twice regardless of the distance. His outstanding knowledge and experience gave me intellectual support, and his kindness and encouragement promoted my work otherwise. Joutsamo's excellent textbook of EC law, co-authored with my talented colleagues Pekka Aalto, Heidi Kaila and Antti Maunu, is often referred to in the course of the study. My other supervisor, the former Professor in Jurisprudence and Private International Law, Hannu Tapani Klami (30.1.1945-22.1.2002), has also promoted my university career and encouraged me in many ways. He has commented the original manuscript and his insightful thoughts in the fields of EC Law and Jurisprudence have inspired me in my work. He kept on supervising me even though he was severy ill while I was preparing the final parts of this work. I cannot but express my deep gratitude to him as well. I dedicate this book to the memory of my supervisors, to Professor Kari Joutsamo and to Professor Hannu Tapani Klami. The preliminary examiners appointed by the Law Faculty were Professor Olli Maenpaa (University of Helsinki), Professor Alexander Peczenik (University of Lund) and Professor John A. Usher (University of Edinburgh). In the course of my studies the dissertation has also been commented by Professor Seppo Laakso (University of Tampere), Doctor of Laws Esa Paasivirta (Commission of the European Communities) and Professor Hjalte Rasmussen (University of Copenhagen). I thank them all for the insightful comments on the original manuscript. Furthermore, I would like to take the opportunity to thank Professor Usher, the Director of the Europa Institute in Edinburgh, for providing me with the facilities necessary for my research work in Edinburgh. I consider it a great honour that Professor Usher acted as the officially nominated opponent at the thesis defence. Professor Maenpaa, Dean of the Law Faculty in Helsinki, as well

Xlll THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW as Professors Raimo Lahti and Jukka Kekkonen, the successive directors of the university institute where I conducted my study, deserve my gratitude for provid• ing me with the facilities necessary for studies in Helsinki. Special thanks go to Professor Kekkonen for commenting on the first chapter of the original manu• script, and to Professor Lahti, the Vice Dean of the Law Faculty, for his invaluable advice, guidance and backing over the years at the University of Helsinki. I am grateful to Professor Aulis Aarnio, the former Director of the Research Institute for Social Sciences in Tampere, for the inspiration and guidance he has given me in the course of my research project. Negotiations with him, his scholarly works in the field of jurisprudence as well as his historical novels has had a great impact on my studies. For example, Aarnio's and Peczenik's theoreti• cal approach to legal certainty is one of the cornerstones of this work. I am happy that I had a privilege to discuss with Professor Peczenik as well while preparing the final version of my presentation concerning legal certainty. I am grateful to him for his support and encouragement. Additionally, I thank Professor Raimo Siltala for his advice, fraternal encouragement and intelligent remarks. The academic 'My Method'-seminars in Lammi in 1997-1999 organized by Professors Aulis Aarnio, Urpo Kangas and Juha Poyhonen as well as Raimo Siltala's post-graduate seminars at the University of Helsinki have been an important part of my studies in the field of legal theory. The revision work conducted by John Calton from the Department of English Language at the University of Helsinki has been invaluable; I thank him for his dedication and thoroughness as well as his sharp comments. I thank my colleagues in the field of EC law for contributing to my studies by their publications, participation in various academic seminars or otherwise. Special thanks go to Director of the Institute of the International Economic Law, Doctor of Laws Pia Letto-Vanamo for contributing to my work by organiz• ing inspiring seminars in the framework of FE SA and Doctor of Laws Zacharias Sundstrom in the framework of FIDE, respectively. Several people have provided technical help. The professional assistance given by Leena Huovinen, Gunilla Hfikli and Eeva Laurila from the library of the Institute of the International Economic Law has been invaluable. I am also grateful to the personnel at the Europa Institute in Edinburgh as well as the personnel at the Faculty of Law in Helsinki. Viljo Matikainen, in particular, patiently solved all my various technical problems as regards the e-mail connec• tions and internet while I worked abroad. I am grateful to the Academy of Finland for a two-year grant, which made it possible to work as a visiting fellow at the University of Edinburgh. I would also like to thank the following foundations or institutions for the generous financial support I received for my study: the Association of Finnish Lawyers, the Leo and Regina Wainstein Foundation, the 350 Anniversary Foundation of the University of Helsinki, the Aili and Brynolf Honkasalo Foundation, the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, the Olga and Kaarle Oskari Laitinen Foundation and the Hilkka and Otto Brusiin Foundation. xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my wife Minnariitta for her love and support; to my parents, Irja and Pentti Raitio, as well as my brother OUi Raitio for always encouraging me in my scholarly and other aspirations. However, my acknowledgements to the loved ones are more appropriately expressed elsewhere and not by using words only. Additionally, I would like to express my warmest thanks to my other relatives and a large number of friends for providing assistance and encouragement in the course of the study. Special thanks go to June and Stig Suominen for letting me a room in their lovely home while I worked in Edinburgh; to Mona Hislop from the Consulate of Finland for her advice and guidance, and many other friends from the Scottish-Finnish Society.

Juha Raitio Helsinki, 17 April 2003

xv Table of Abbreviations

AC Appeal Cases (English Law Reports) ACP African,Caribbean and Pacific States A-G Advocate-General AJIL American Journal of International Law All ER All England Law Reports APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation ARSP Archiv fUr Rechts- und Socialphilosophie ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations BRD Bundesrepublic Deutschland Bull.Cass.Crim. Bulletin des arrets de la Cour de cassation, Chambre criminelle Bull. EC/EU Bulletin of the European Communities/ of the European Union CAP Common Agricultural Policy CCP Common Commercial Policy CDU Christlich-Demokratische Union CECA Communaute Europeenne du Charbon et de L'Acier CEE Communaute Economique Europeenne CEECs Central and Eastern European Countries CEFTA Central European Free Trade Agreement CELEX Communitatis Europae Lex CFI The Court of the First Instance of the European Communities CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy Ch. Chancery Division, The Law Reports (England, Wales) Ch.crim. Chambre criminelle (France) CLl Cambridge Law Journal CMLR Common Market Law Reports CMLRev Common Market Law Review Cranch Cranch, United States Supreme Court Reports (1801-1805) Crim. L.R. Criminal Law Review Columbo J. Eur. L. Columbia Journal of European Law COM Commission of the European Communities COREPER Committee of Permanent Representatives of the Member States CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe DDR Deutsche Democratische Republic DG Directorate-General

xvii TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

DL Defensor Legis D. & R. Decisions and Reports of the European Commission of Human Rights EAGGF European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund EC European Communities ECB European Central Bank ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ECJ The Court of Justice of the European Communities Ecofin Council of Economic and Finance Ministers ECOSOC Economic and Social Committee ECR European Court Reports ECSC European Coal and Steel Community ECU European Currency Unit EDC European Defence Community EEA European Economic Area EEC European Economic Community EEC Statute Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Community of April 17, 1957 EFTA European Free Trade Association EHRR European Human Rights Reports EIB European Investment Bank ELJ European Law Journal ELRev European Law Review EMS European Monetary System EMI European Monetary Institute EMU European Monetary Union EP European Parliament EPC European Political Community (1950s) EPC European Political Cooperation (1970s) EPU European Political Union ERDF European Regional Development Fund ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism ESCB European System of Central Banks ESPRIT European Strategic Programme of Research and Development in Information Technology EU European Union EuGH Der Europaische Gerichtshof EVGF Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fUr Getreide und Futtermittel EUI European University Institute Euratom European Atomic Energy Community FIDE Federation internationale pour Ie droit europeen FRG Federal Republic of Germany Fordham ILJ Fordham International Law Journal FYBIL Finnish Yearbook of International Law xviii TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

GATS General Agreement on Trade on Services GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product GDR German Democratic Republic GG Grundgesezt fUr die Bundesrepublik Deutschland Harv. L.R. Harvard Law Review ICJ International Court of Justice ICJ Reports Reports of Judgments, Advisory opinions and Orders of the International Court of Justice ICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly IGC Intergovernmental Conference ILM International Legal Materials ILO International Labour Organization IMPs Integrated Mediterranean Programs INDEX A-Z Numerical and alphabetical index of cases before the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities since 1953 ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies JHA Co-operation in Justice and Home Affairs JO Journal Officiel des Communautis Europeennes K.B. Law Reports, King's Bench (UK 1901-1952) KHO Korkein hallinto-oikeus (The Supreme Administrative Court of Finland) KKO Korkein oikeus (The Supreme Court of Finland) LIEI Legal Issues of European Integration,(Law Review of the Europa Instituut, University of Amsterdam) LM Lakimies LQR The Law Quarterly Review MEP Member of the European Parliament MERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Sur (Southern Cone Common Market) MLRev Modern Law Review NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation N.E. North Eastern Reporter (USA) N.Y. New York (State) Court of Appeals Reports OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OEEC Organisation for European Economic Co-operation OJ Official Journal Phil.Rev. Philosophical Review PM Prime Minister psr. Produced in a Specific Region

XIX TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

Q.B. Law Reports, Queen's Bench (UK) Rec. Recueil de la Jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice des Communautes Europeennes, (French version of ECR) Rec. de la CECA Recueil de la Jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice de la Communaute Europeenne du Charbon et de L'Acier, (Vol. I-IV, 1954-58) RIIA Royal Institute of International Affairs RTDE Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Europeen SEA Single European Act S.L Statutory Instrument SopS Suomen siiiidoskokoelman sopimussarja TEU Treaty on European Union ("Maastricht Treaty") TLJ Turku Law Journal TOA Treaty of Amsterdam TRIPs Agreement of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights UK The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland UN The United Nations UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development USA The United States of America VAT Value Added Tax WEU The Western European Union WLR Weekly Law Reports WTO World Trade Organisation Yale LJ Yale Law Journal YEL Yearbook of European Law

xx Tables

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XXXIX THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

Talcott Parsons, Eleventh Impression, London: Unwin University Books, 1971, (Original edition Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus in 1904~05), (Weber 1971). Weber, Max: Economy and Society, ed. by G. Roth and C. Wittich, Berkeley, 1978, (Weber 1978). Wehberg, Hans: Pacta sunt Servanda, 53 AJIL 1959, pp. 775~ 786. Weiler J.H.H.: The Transformation of Europe, Yale Ll, Vol. 100, 1991, pp. 2403~2483, (Weiler 1991). Weiler, J.H.H.: Does Europe Need a Constitution? Demos, Telos and the German Maastricht Decision, ELl, Vol. 1, No.3, Nov. 1995, pp 219~258, (Weiler 1995). Weiler J.H.H. ~ Lockhart, Nicolas J.S.: "Taking Rights Seriously" Seriously: The European Court and its Fundamental Rights Jurisprudence ~ Part I, CMLRev. 32, 1995, pp. 51~94, (Weiler-Lockhart I). Weiler J.H.H. ~ Lockhart, Nicolas J.S.: "Taking Rights Seriously" Seriously: The European Court and its Fundamental Rights Jurisprudence ~ Part II, CMLRev. 32, 1995, pp. 579~627, (Weiler-Lockhart II). Wiklund, Ola: EG-domstolens tolkningsutrymme, Om fOrMllandet mellan normstruktur, kompetensfOrdelning och tolkningsutrymme i EG-ditten, Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik AB, 1997. Wilhelms son, Thomas: Vieteriukkoteoria EY-oikeudesta, Oikeustiede• Jurisprudentia 1997, Aulis Aarnion juhlajulkaisu, pp. 357~374, (Wilhelmsson 1997a). Wilhelmsson, Thomas: Vielii vieteriukkoteoriasta, Oikeus 3/1997, pp. 309~311, (Wilhelmsson 1997b). Wilhelmsson, Thomas: Jack-in-the-Box Theory of European Community Law, in L-Kriimer, H.-W. Micklitz & K. Tonner (eds.): Law and Diffuse Interests in the European Legal Order, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1997, pp.177~194, (Wilhelmsson 1997c). Wilhelmsson, Thomas: General Principles of European Private Law and the Theory of Legal Pluralism, in Dialectic of Law and Reality, Readings in Finnish Legal Theory, ed. by Lars D. Eriksson and Samuli Hurri, Publications of the Faculty of Law, University of Helsinki, Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1999, pp. 427~436, originally published in Cameron & Simoni (eds.): Dealing with Integration, vol. 2, Skrifter fran Juridiska Fakulteten i Uppsala 52, Iustus F6rlag, Uppsala, 1996, pp. 40~52, (Wilhelmsson 1999a). Wilhelmsson, Thomas: Jack-in-the-Box Theory of European Community Law, in Dialectic of Law and Reality, Readings in Finnish Legal Theory, ed. by Lars D. Eriksson and Samuli Hurri, Publications of the Faculty of Law, University of Helsinki, Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1999, pp. 437~454, originally published in L-Kriimer, H.-W. Micklitz & K. Tonner (eds.): Law and diffuse Interests in the European Legal Order, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1997, pp. 177~194, (Wilhelmsson 1999b). Wilke, Marc ~ Wallace, Helen: Subsidiarity: Approaches to Power-Sharing in the European Community, RIIA Discussion Paper No. 27, London 1990, (Wilke-Wallace) xl BIBLIOGRAPHY

Winter, J.A.: Direct Applicability and Direct Effect. Two Distinct and Different Concepts in Community Law, CMLRev, Vol. 9 (1972), pp. 425-438. Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Tractatus Logico Philosophicus, eli Loogis-filosofinen tutkielma, suom. Heikki Nyman, Porvoo/Helsinki/Juva: Werner Soderstrom OY, 1996. (Original edition Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung in 1922). Wroblewski, Jerzy: The Judicial Application of Law, ed. by Zenon Bankowski and Neil MacCormick, Law and Philosophy Library, vol. 15, Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. Zweigert, Konrad - Kotz, Hein: An Introduction to Comparative Law, Third Revised Edition, Translated by Tony Weir, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, (Zweigert-Kotz). Osterdahl, Inger: Case T -124/96, Interporc Im- und Export GmbH v. Commission, Judgment of6 February 1998, (1998) ECR 11-231; Case T-83/96, Gerard van der Wal v. Commission, Judgment of 19 March 1998, (1998) ECR 11-545; Case T-174/95, Svenska JournalistfOrbundet v. Council of the European Union, Judgment of 17 June 1998, (1998) ECR II-2289, CMLRev, Vol. 36 (1999), pp. 1059-1077.

TABLE OF CASES OF THE ECJ AND CFI

3/54 Associazione Industrie siderurgiche Italiane (ASSIDER) v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1954-56) ECR 63. - 103, 147-8, 150, 157,332. 6/54 Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1954-56) ECR 103. - 241,332. 8/55 Federation Charbonniere de Belgique (Fedechar) v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1954-56) ECR 245. - 99, 103, 151-2,331. 8/55 Federation Charbonniere de Belgique (Fedechar) v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1954-56) ECR 292. - 103, 117, 133-4. 7/56 & 3-7/57 Dineke Algera, Giacomo Cicco nardi, Simone Couturaud, Ignazio Genuardi, FeJicie Steichen v Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (1957) ECR 39 or Rec. de la CECA (1957), Vol. III, p. 81. - 103, 146-7,228, 230,255. 8/56 Acciaierie Laminatoi Magliano Alpi (Alma) SpA v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1957-58) ECR 98. - 102. 9/56 Meroni & Co., Industrie Metallurgiche, S.p.A v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1958) ECR 133. - 150, 152, 331. 10/56 Meroni & Co., Industrie Metallurgiche, S.A.S. v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1957-58) ECR 157. - 152. 8/57 Groupement des Hauts Fourneaux et Acieries Belges v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. - 151-2. 1/58 Friedrich Stork & Co. v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1959) ECR 17. - 171. 3/59 Government of the Federal Republic of Germany v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1960) ECR 53. - 257. 4-13/59 Mannesmann AG and Others v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1960) ECR 113. - 104, 168.

xli THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

36-38 and 40/59 Prasident Ruhrkolen-Verkaufsgesellschaft mbH, Geitling Ruhrkohlen• Verkaufsgesellschaft mbH, Mausegatt Ruhrkolen-Verkaufsgesellschaft mbH and I. Nold KG v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1960) ECR 423. - 171. 42 & 49/59 Societe Nouvelle des Usines de Pontlieue - Acieries du Temple (SNUPAT) v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1961) ECR 53. - 187, 230-1,237-8. 43, 45 & 48/59 Eva von Lachmiiller, Bernard Peuvrier, Roger Ehrhardt v Commission of the European Economic Community (1960) ECR 463. - 104, 117, 167. 6/60 Jean-E. Humblet v Belgian State (1960) ECR 559. - 115, 331. 15/60 Gabriel Simon v Court of Justice of the European Communities (1961) ECR 115. - 229,255. 13/61 Kledingverkoopbedrijf de Geus en Uitdenbogerd v 1. Robert Bosch GmbH 2. NV Maatschappij tot voortzetting van de zaken der Firma Willem van Rijn (Reference for a Preliminary Ruling by the Court of Appeal of The Hague) (1962) ECR 45. - 103, 122, 131, 214. 14/61 Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken N.V. v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1962) ECR 253. - 121, 230, 237-8. 2 and 3/62 Commission of the European Economic Community v Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Kingdom of Belgium (1962) ECR 425, (The Gingerbread case). - 330, 333. 16 and 17/62 Confederation nationale des producteurs de fruits et legumes and Others and Federation nationale des producteurs de raisins de table v Council of the European Economic Community (1962) ECR 471. - 164, 242, 244, 252. 25/62 Plaumann & Co. v Commission of the European Economic Community (1963) ECR 95. - 161, 243, 249, 331. 26/62 N.V. Algemene Transport - en Expeditie Onderneming Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse administratie der belastingen (Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration) (1963) ECR 1. - 6, 26-7, 68, 73, 76, 105, 108, 115, 120, 169, 274, 336, 348-9, 364, 370, 386. 28-30/62 Da Costa en Schaake N.V., Jacob Meijer N.V. and Hoechst-Holland N.V. v Nederlandse Belastingadministratie (reference for a preliminary ruling by the Tariefcommissie, Amsterdam) (1963) ECR 31. - 88. 32/62 Maurice Alvis v Council of the European Economic Community (1963) ECR 49 or Rec. (1963), Vol. IX, p. 99. - 103, 148-9. 69/63 Mrs Anne-Marie Marcillat (nee Capitaine) v. Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community (1964) ECR 239. - 187. 75/63 Mrs M. K. H. Hoekstra (nee Unger) v Bestuur der Bedrijfsvereniging voor Detailhandel en Ambachten (Administration of the Industrial Board for Retail Trades and Businesses) (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Centrale Raad van Beroep, Netherlands) (1964) ECR 177. - 330. 93/63 Simone Minot (nee Van Nuffel) v. Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community (1964) ECR 489. - 187. 106-107/63 Alfred Toepfer and Getreide-Import Gesellschaft v Commission of the European Community (1965) ECR 405. - 243. 108/63 Officine Elettromeccaniche Ing. A. Merlini v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1965) ECR 1. 133, 171. 111/63 Lemmerz-Werke GmbH v High Authority of the ECSC (1965) ECR 677. -192, 232. 3 and 4/64 Chambre Syndicale de la Siderurgie Fran~aise and Others and Chambre Syndicale des Producteurs d'Aciers Fins et Speciaux and Others v High Authority of the ECSC (1965) ECR 441. - 103, 157. xlii BIBLIOGRAPHY

6/64 Flaminio Costa v ENEL (reference for a preliminary ruling by the Giudice Conciliatore di Milano) (1964) ECR 585. - 6, 73, 76, 105-6, 108, 115, 118,334,350. 40/64 Marcello Sgarlata and Others v Commission of the EEC (1965) ECR 215. -171,324. 56 and 58/64 Etablissements Consten SARL and Grundig-Verkaufs-GmbH v Commission of the European Economic Community (1966) ECR 299. - 104, 334. 18 and 35/65 Max Gutmann v Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community (1967) ECR 61. - 103, 152. 34/65 Hans Dieter Mosthaf v Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community (1966) ECR 521. - 239. 44/65 Hessische Knappschaft v Maison Singer and sons (1965) ECR 965. - 187-8. 57/65 Alfons Liltticke GmbH v Hauptzollamt Saarlouis (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Finanzgericht des Saarlandes) (1966) ECR 205. - 105. 8-11/66 Societe Anonyme Cimenteries CBR Cementbedrijven NV and others, Cementfabriek Ijmuiden (Cemij) NV, Eerste Nederlandse Cement Industrie (ENCI) NV, and Alsen'sche Portland-Cement-Fabriken KG and others v Commission of the EEC (Noordwijks Cement Accoord) (1967) ECR 75. - 243. 4/67 Anne Milller (nee Collignon) v Commission of the European Communities (1967) ECR 365. - 257. 17/67 Firma Max Neumann v. Hauptzollamt Hof/Saale (1967) ECR 441. - 189-90. 28/67 Firma Molkerei-Zentrale Westfalen/Lippe GmbH v Hauptzollamt Paderborn (1968) ECR 143. - 105, 109-10. 13/68 SpA Salgoil v Italian Ministry for Foreign Trade (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Corte d'Appello, Rome) (1968) ECR 453. - 77,105,109. 14/68 Walt Wilhelm and Others v Bundeskartellamt (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Kammergericht Berlin) (1969) ECR 1. - 103, 105, 158, 213. 23/68 Johannes Gerhardus Klomp v Inspektie der Belastingen (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Gerechtshof, The Hague) (1969) ECR 43. - 128, 255. 25/68 Andre Schertzer v European Parliament (1977) ECR 1729. - 257. 2 and 3/69 Sociaal Fonds voor de Diamantarbeiders v SA Ch. Brachfeld and Sons and Chougol Diamond Co. (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Vrederechter, Antwerp) (1969) ECR 211. - 370. 4/69 Alfons Liltticke GmbH v Commission of the European Communities (1971) ECR 325. - 115. 14/69 Markus & Walsch v Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Finanzgericht, Hamburg) (1969) ECR 349. - 332. 29/69 Erich Stauder v City of Vim, Sozialamt (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart) (1969) ECR 419. - 74,109,117,171,290,329,332. 41/69 ACF Chemiefarma NV v Commission of the European Communities (1970) ECR 661, (one of the Quinine Cartel cases). - 261. 44/69 Buchler & Co v Commission of the European Communities (1970) ECR 733, (one of the Quinine Cartel cases). - 261. 45/69 Boehringer Mannheim GmbH v Commission of the European Communities (1970) ECR 769, (one of the Quinine Cartel cases). - 261. 48/69 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. (ICI) v Commission of the European Communities (1972) ECR 619. - 261-2, 330. 64/69 La Compagnie Fran~aise Commerciale et Financiere S.A. v Commission of the European Communities (1970) ECR 221. - 334. 68/69 Bundesknappschaft v Elisabeth Brock (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Bundessozialgericht Kassel) (1970) ECR 171. - 188.

xliii THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

2/70 Acciaierie e Ferriere Riva S.p.a. v Commission of the European Communities (1971) ECR 97. - 238. 9/70 Franz Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Finanzgericht MUnchen) (1970) ECR 825. - 105, 109, 350. 11/70 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fUr Getreide und Futtermittel (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Verwaltungsgericht Frankfurt) (1970) ECR 1125. - 104, 154-5, 171, 305. 15/70 Amadeo Chevalley v Commission of the European Communities (1970) ECR 975. - 161. 22/70 Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European Communities (1971) ECR 263, (the ERTA case). - 84,86,98,99, 162,241,333,336. 37/70 Rewe-Zentrale des Lebensmittel-GroBhandels GmbH v. Hauptzollamt Emmerich (1971) ECR 23. - 188, 194. 41-44/70 NV International Fruit Company and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1971) ECR 411. - 244. 59/70 Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands v Commission of the European Communities (1971) ECR 639, (the Steel Subsidies case). - 128, 257, 262. 62/70 Werner A. Bock v Commission of the European Communities (1971) ECR 897. - 243. 80/70 Gabrielle Defrenne v Belgian State (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Belgian Conseil d'Etat) (1971) ECR 445. - 352, 366. 5/71 Aktien-Zuckerfabrik Schoppenstedt v Council of the European Communities (1971) ECR 975. - 102, 115, 133. 12/71 Gunther Henck v Hauptzollamt Emmerich (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Bundesfinanzhof) (1971) ECR 743. - 255. 30/71 Kurt Siemers & Co. v. Hauptzollamt Bad Reichenhall (1971) ECR 919. - 187. 43/71 Politi S.A.S. v Ministry for Finance of the Italian Republic Traunstein (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the President of the Tribunale di Torino) (1971) ECR 1039. - 105. 82/71 Pubblico Ministero della Repubblica Italiana v. Societa agricola industria latte (SAIL) (1972) ECR 119. - 187. 1/72 Rita Frilli v Belgian State (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Tribunal du Travail, Brussels) (1972) ECR 457. - 117. 6/72 Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company Inc. v Commission of the European Communities (1973) ECR 215. - 90, 93, 330, 336. 9/72 Georg Brunner KG v Hauptzollamt Hof (Reference for a preliminary ruling by the Finanzgericht Munchen) (1972) ECR 961. - 332. 33/72 Monique Gunnella v Commission of the European Communities (1973) ECR 475. - 257. 39/72 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic (1973) ECR 101. - 115. 59/72 Wiinsche Handelsgesellschaft v. Commission of the European Communities (1973) ECR 791. - 133. 70/72 Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany (1973) ECR 813. - 235. 81/72 Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European Communities (1973) ECR 575. - 200, 205-6, 214, 228, 238, 254-5, 374. 1/73 Westzucker GmbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle flir Zucker (preliminary ruling requested by the Hessisch Finanzgericht) (1973) ECR 723. - 129, 189-90, 219, 255-6. xliv BIBLIOGRAPHY

2/73 Riseria Luigi Geddo vEnte nazionale Risi (preliminary ruling requested by the Pretore di Milano) (1973) ECR 865. - 358. 4/73 J. Nold, Kohlen- und Baustoffgrosshandlung v Commission of the European Communities (1974) ECR 491. - 104, 172, 188,241. 6 and 7/73 Instituto Chemioterapico Italiano SpA and Commercial Solvents Corporation v Commission of the European Communities (1974) ECR 223. - 330. 120/73 Gebr. Lorenz GmbH v the Federal Republic of Germany and the Land Rheinland/Pfalz (preliminary ruling requested by the Verwaltungsgericht Frankfurt) (1973) ECR 1471. - 260, 334. 127/73 Belgische Radio en Televisie and Societe beige des auteurs, compositeurs et editeurs v SV SABAM and NV Fonior (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunal de premiere instance de Bruxelles) (1974) ECR 51. - 214. 143/73 Societe de produits alimentaires et dietetiques (SOPAD) S.A. v. Fonds d'orientation et de regularisation des marches agricoles (FORMA) et Fonds d'intervention et de regularisation du marche du sucre (FIRS) (1973) ECR 1433. - 189. 148/73 Raymond Louwage and Marie-Therese Louwage, nee Moriame v Commission of the European Communities (1974) ECR 81. - 365. 152/73 Giovanni Maria Sotgiu v Deutsche Bundespost (preliminary ruling requested by the Bundesarbeitsgericht) (1974) ECR 153. - 117, 122,333. 155/73 Giuseppe Sacchi (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunale di Biella) (1974) ECR 409. - 214. 167/73 Commission of the European Communities v French Republic (1974) ECR 359. - 93, 105. 173/73 Italian Government v Commission of the European Communities (1974) ECR 709, (Italy v Commission). - 260. 177/73 and 5/74 Andreas Reinarz v Commission of the European Communities (1974) ECR 819. - 256. 183/73 Osram GmbH v. Oberfinanzdirektion Frankfurt (1974) ECR 477. - 196. 190/73 Officier van Justitie v J. W. J. van Haaster (preliminary ruling requested by the Arrondissementsrechtbank Haarlem) (1974) ECR 1123. - 333. 192/73 Van Zuylen Freres v Hag AG (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunal d'Arrondissement of Luxembourg) (1974) ECR 731, (Hag I case). - 323. 8/74 Procureur du Roi v Benoit and Gustave Dassonville (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunal de Premiere Instance de Bruxelles) (1974) ECR 837. - 89, 96, 323, 330, 357, 359, 364, 370. 17/74 Transocean Marine Paint Association v Commission of the European Communities (1974) ECR 1063. - 103, 149,205. 32/74 Friedrich Haaga GmbH (1974) ECR 1201. - 111. 41/74 Yvonne Van Duyn v Home Office (preliminary ruling requested by the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice) (1974) ECR 1337. - 105, 110, 330-1. 56-60/74 Kurt Kampffmeyer Miihlenvereinigung KG and Others v Commission and Council of the European Communities (1976) ECR 711. - 247. 66/74 Alfonso Farrauto v Bau-Berufsgenossenschaft (preliminary ruling requested by the Bundessozialgericht) (1975) ECR 157. - 128, 225, 307. 74/74 Comptoir National Technique Agricole (CNTA) S.A. v Commission of the European Communities (1975) ECR 533. - 189,217,222,247. 78/74 Deuka, Deutsche Kraftfutter GmbH B.J.Stolp v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fUr Getreide und Futtermittel (preliminary ruling requested by the Verwaltungsgerichtshof), (Deuka I) (1975) ECR 421. - 190, 219.

xlv THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

95-98/74, 15 and 100/75 Union Nationale des Cooperatives Agricoles de Cereales and Others v Commission and Council of the European Communities (1975) ECR 1615. - 189,218-19,253. 100/74 Societe C.A.M. SA v Commission of the European Communities (1975) ECR 1393. - 219, 244, 253. 2/75 Einfuhr- und Vorratstelle fUr Getreide und Futtermittel v Firma C. Mackprang (preliminary ruling requested by the Bundesgerichtshof) (1975) ECR 607. - 214, 219, 223-4. 5/75 Deuka, Deutsche Kraftfutter GmbH BJ. Stolp v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fUr Getreide und Futtermittel (preliminary ruling requested by the Verwaltungsgericht Frankfurt), (Deuka II) (1975) ECR 759. - 219. 23/75 Rey Soda v Cassa Conguaglio Zucchero (preliminary ruling requested by the Pretore di Abbiategrasso) (1975) ECR 1279. - 334. 43/75 Gabrielle Defrenne v Societe Anonyme BeIge de Navigation Aerienne Sabena (preliminary ruling requested by the Cour du travail Brussels) (1976) ECR 455, (The Second Defrenne-case). - 94,97, 103, 105-6, 110, 176, 198-9, 330, 336, 352-4, 364, 366, 370. 55/75 Balkan-Import Export GmbH v Hauptzollamt Berlin-Packhof (preliminary ruling requested by the Finanzgericht Berlin) (1976) ECR 19. - 97. 59/75 Pubblico Ministero v Flavia Manghera and Others (preliminary ruling requested by the Giudice Istruttore presso il Tribunale di Como) (1976) ECR 91. - 334. 60/75 Carmine Antonio Russo v Azienda di Stato per gli Interventi suI Mercato Agricolo (AlMA) (1976) ECR 45. - 115. 87/75 Conceria Daniele Bresciani v Amministrazione Italiana delle Finanze (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunale of Genoa) (1976) ECR 129. - 105. 105/75 Franco Giuffrida v Council of the European Communities (1976) ECR 1395. - 152, 241. 110/75 John Mills v European Investment Bank (1976) ECR 1613. - 335. 111/75 Impresa Costruzioni Comm. Quirino Mazzalai v Ferrovia del Renon (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunale di Trento) (1976) ECR 657. - 105, 111. 130/75 Vivien Prais v Council of the European Communities (1976) ECR 1589. - 101. 7/76 mCA (Industria romana carni e affini SpA) v. Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato (1976) ECR 1213. - 187-8, 194. 26/76 Metro SB-GroBmarkte GmbH & Co. KG v Commission of the European Communities (1977) ECR 1875. - 251. 33/76 Rewe-Zentralfinanz eG and Rewe-Zentral AG v Landwirtschaftskammer fUr das Saarland (preliminary ruling requested by the Bundesverwaltungsgericht) (1976) ECR 1989. - 113-15, 118, 160. 44/76 Milch-, Fett- und Eier-Kontor GmbH v Council and Commission of the European Communities (1977) ECR 393. - 247. 45/76 Comet BV v Produktschap voor Siergewassen (preliminary ruling requested by the College van Beroep voor het Bedrijfsleven) (1976) ECR 2043. - 114, 118. 46/76 W.J.G. Bauhuis v The Netherlands State (preliminary ruling requested by the Arrondissementsrechtbank of the Haque) (1977) ECR 5. - 77. 51/76 Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen (preliminary ruling requested by the Hoge Raad of the Netherlands) (1977) ECR 113, (VNO-case). - 105, 111. 83 and 94/76, 4, 15 and 40/77 Bayerische HNL Vermehrungsbetriebe GmbH & Co. KG and others v Council and Commission of the European Communities (1978) ECR 1209. - 115, 197. xlvi BIBLIOGRAPHY

85/76 Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. AG v Commission of the European Communities (1979) ECR 461. - 150, 159. 88/76 Societe pour l'exportation des sucres SA v. Commission of the European Communities (1977) ECR 709. - 191. 97/76 Merkur AuBenhandel GmbH & Co. KG v Commission of the European Communities (1977) ECR 1063. - 190, 194, 218. 101/76 Koninklijke Scholten Honig N.V. (KSH) v Council and Commission of the European Communities (1977) ECR 797. - 244-5, 247. 104/76 Gerda Jansen v. Landesversicherungsanstalt Rheinprovinz (1977) ECR 829. - 190. 112/76 Renato Manzoni v Fonds National de Retraite des Ouvriers Mineurs (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunal du Travail, Charleroi) (1977) ECR 1647. - 88. 117/76 and 16/77 Albert Ruckdeschel & Co. and Hansa-Lagerhaus Stroh & Co. v. Hauptzollamt Hamburg-St. Annen; Diamalt AG v. Hauptzollamt Itzehoe (1977) ECR 1753. - 197. 27/77 Compagnie Cargill v Office national interprofessionnel des Cereales (ONIC) (1977) ECR 1535. - 192. 30/77 Regina v Pierre Bouchereau (preliminary ruling requested by the Marlborough Street Magistrates' Court, London) (1977) ECR 1999. - 328. 38/77 Enka BV v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen, Arnhem (1977) ECR 2203. - 105, 109, 350. 41-51/77 Groupement d'Interet Economique "Union Malt" and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1978) ECR 57. - 218. 78/77 Firma Johann Liihrs v Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas (preliminary ruling requested by the Finanzgericht Hamburg) (1978) ECR 169. - 218,222. 106/77 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal S.p.A. (preliminary ruling requested by the Pretore di Susa) (1978) ECR 629. - 96, 105, 107-8. 112/77 August Tiipfer & Co. GmbH v Commission of the European Communities (1978) ECR 1019. - 128, 217. 113/77 NTN Toyo Bearing Company, Ltd. and Others v Council of the European Communities (1979) ECR 1185. - 251. 135/77 Robert Bosch GmbH v Hauptzollamt Hildesheim (preliminary ruling requested by the Finanzgericht Hamburg) (1978) ECR 855. - 322. 149/77 Gabrielle Defrenne v Societe Anonyme BeIge de Navigation Aerienne Sabena (preliminary ruling requested by the Cour de Cassation, Belgium) (1978) ECR 1365. - 175. 156/77 Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium (1978) ECR 1881. - 259. 10/78 Tayeb Belbouab v Bundesknappschaft (preliminary ruling requested by the Sozialgericht Gelsenkirchen) (1978) ECR 1915. - 128. 84/78 Angelo Tomadini S.n.c. v Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato (preliminary ruling requested by the Pretura di Trento) (1979) ECR 1801. - 190, 218, 252. 93/78 Lothar Mattheus v Doego Fruchtimport und TiefkUhlkost eG (preliminary ruling requested by the Amtsgericht Essen) (1978) ECR 2203. - 345. 98/78 Firma A. Racke v Hauptzollamt Mainz (preliminary ruling requested by the Bundesfinanzhof) (1979) ECR 69. - 128, 187, 190-2, 194. 99/78 Weingut Gustav Dekker KG v. Hauptzollamt Landau (1979) ECR 101. - 187, 190-1,194. 120/78 Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung fUr Branntwein (preliminary ruling requested by the Hessisches Finanzgericht) (1979) ECR 649, (The Cassis de Dijon case). - 33, 89, 96, 330, 357, 360-1, 364, 370.

xlvii THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

122/78 S.A. Buitoni v Fonds d'Orientation et de Regularisation des Marches Agricoles (FORMA), (1979) ECR 677. - 155. 148/78 Pubblico Ministero v Tullio Ratti (preliminary ruling requested by the Pretura Penale, Milan) (1979) ECR 1629. - 74, 105, 109. 154,205,206,226-228,263 and 264/78 & 31, 39, 83 and 85/79 S.p.A. Ferriera Valsabbia and Others v. Commission of the European Communities (1980) ECR 907. - 94. 158/78 P. Biegi v Hauptzollamt Bochum. (1979) ECR 1103. - 196. 238/78 Ireks-Arkady GmbH v. Council and Commission of the European Communities (1979) ECR 2955. - 198. 209-215 and 218/78 Heintz van Landewyck Sarl and Others v Commission of the European Communities (FEDETAB ), (1980) ECR 3125. - 174. 240/78 Atalanta Amsterdam B.V. v Produktscap voor Vee en Vlees (1979) ECR 2137. - 155. 4/79 Societe Cooperative "Providence Agricole de la Champagne" v Office National Interprofessionnel des Cereales (ONIC) (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunal Administratif, Chalons-sur-Marne) (1980) ECR 2823, (One of the Derived Products cases). - 335. 15/79 P.B. Groenveld B.V. v Produktschap voor Vee en Vlees (preliminary ruling requested by the College van Beroep voor het Bedrijfsleven, The Hague) (1979) ECR 3409. - 361. 34/79 Regina v Maurice Donald Henn and John Frederick Ernest Darby (preliminary ruling requested by the House of Lords) (1979) ECR 3795. - 358, 369. 44/79 Liselotte Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz (preliminary ruling requested by the Verwaltungsgericht Neustadt) (1979) ECR 3727. - 101, 104, 168, 172. 61/79 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Denkavit Italiana S.r.l. (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunale Civile e Penale, Milan) (1980) ECR 1205. - 196, 198. 66, 127 and 128/79 Amministrazione delle Finanze v. S.r.l. Meridionale Industria Salumi, Fratelli Vasanelli and Fratelli Ultrocchi (1980) ECR 1237. - 196-8. 109/79 Sari Maiseries de Beauce v Office National Interprofessionnel des Cereales (ONIC) (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunal Administratif, Orleans) (1980) ECR 2883, (One of the Derived Products cases). - 335. 119 and 126/79 Lippiscbe Hauptgenossenscbaft e.G. and Westfalische Central• Genossenschaft e.G. v Bundesanstalt fiir landwirtschaftliche Marktordnung (preliminary rulings requested by the Verwaltungsgericht Frankfurt am Main) (1980) ECR 1863. - 96. 138/79 SA Roquette Freres v Council of the European Communities (1980) ECR 3333. - 195, 241, 345. 139/79 Maizena GmbH v. Council of the European Communities (1980) ECR 3393. -195. 145/79 SA Roquette Freres v French State - Customs Administration (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunal d'Instance, Lille) (1980) ECR 2917, (The Fourtb Roquette case), (One of the Derived Products cases). - 335. 155/79 AM & S Europe Limited v Commission of the European Communities (1982) ECR 1575. - 95, 104, 121, 165, 175. 730/79 Philip Morris Holland B.V. v Commission of the European Communities (1980) ECR 2671. - 234, 251. 826/79 Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato v. S.a.s Mediterranea importazione, rappresentanze, esportazione, commercio (MIRECO) (1980) ECR 2559. - 196. 23/80 Giuseppe Grasselli v Commission of the European Communities (1980) ECR 3709. - 149. 31/80 NV L'Oreal and SA L'Oreal v PVBA De Nieuwe AMCK (preliminary ruling requested by the Rechtbank van Koophandel, Antwerp) (1980) ECR 3775. - 205. xlviii BIBLIOGRAPHY

66/80 SpA International Chemical Corporation v Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato (preliminary ruling requested by the Tribunale Civile di Roma) (1981) ECR 1191. - 88, 240. 100-103/80 Mnsique Diffusion Franc;:aise and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1983) ECR 1825. - 150, 174. 113/80 Commission of the European Communities v Ireland (1981) ECR 1625, (the Irish Souvenirs-case). - 358, 362. 126/80 Maria Salonia v Giorgio Poidomani and Franca Baglieri, nee Giglio (1981) ECR 1563. - 165. 158/80 Rewe-Handelsgesellschaft Nord mbH and Rewe-Markt Steffen v Hauptzollamt Kiel (1981) ECR 1805. - 115. 197-200,243,245 and 247/80 Ludwigshafener Walzmiihle Erling KG and Others v. Council and Commission of the European Communities (1981) ECR 3211 . - 94. 212-217/80 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Srl Meridionale Industria Salumi and others; Ditta Halo Orlandi & Figlio and Ditta Vincenzo Divella v Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Corte Suprema di Cassazione, Rome) (1981) ECR 2735. - 128, 192. 258/80 SpA Metallurgica Rumi v. Commission of the European Communities (1982) ECR 487. - 195. 270/80 Polydor Limited and RSO Records Inc. v. Harlequin Record Shops Limited and Simons Records Limited (1982) ECR 329. - 93. 8/81 Ursula Becker v Finanzamt Munster-Innenstadt (1982) ECR 53. - 105. 12/81 Eileen Garland v British Rail Engineering Limited (1982) ECR 359 (reference for a preliminary ruling from the House of Lords of the United Kingdom). - 366. 14/81 Alpha Steel Ltd v Commission of the European Communities (1982) ECR 749.- 103, 159, 230. 53/81 D.M. Levin v Staatssecretaris van Justitie (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Netherlands Raad van State) (1982) ECR 1035. - 330. 60/81 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) v Commission of the European Communities (1981) ECR 2639. - 211, 241, 375. 75/81 Joseph Henri Thomas Blesgen v State of Belgium (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Belgian Cour de Cassation) (1982) ECR 1211. - 363. 84/81 Staple Dairy Products Limited v. Intervention Board for Agricultural Produce (1982) ECR 1763. - 194. 104/81 Hauptzollamt Mainz v. C.A.Kupferberg (Kupferberg I) & Cie. KG a. A. (1982) ECR 3641. - 85, 93. 108/81 G.R. Amylum v Council of the European Communities (1982) ECR 3107. - 195-6. 110/81 SA Roquette Freres v Council of the European Communities (1982) ECR 3159. - 195. 114/81 Tunnel Refineries Limited v Council of the European Communities (1982) ECR 3189, (the Second Tunnel Refineries case). - 195. 210/81 Oswald Schmidt, trading as Demo-Studio Schmidt v Commission of the European Communities (1983) 3045. - 210, 251, 375. 249/81 Commission of the European Communities v Ireland (1982) ECR 4005, (the Buy Irish-case). - 358. 283/81 Srl CILFIT and Lanificio di Gavardo SpA v Ministry of Health (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Corte Suprema di Cassazione) (1982) ECR 3415. - 88, 301, 317,336.

xlix THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

307/81 Alusuisse Italia SpA v Council and Commission of the European Communities (1982) ECR 3463. - 247. 314-316/81 and 83/82 Procureur de la Republique and Comite national de Defense contre l'Alcoolisme v. Alex Waterkeyn and others; Procureur de la Republique v. Jean Cayard and others (1982) ECR 4337. - 196. 11/82 A.E.Piraiki-Patraiki and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1985) ECR 207. - 242-3. 14/82 Alpha Steel Ltd v Commission of the European Communities (1982) ECR 749. - 233. 75 and 117/82 C. Razzouk and A. Beydoun v Commission of the European Communities (1984) ECR 1509. - 97. 140/82 Walzstahl-Vereinigung et al. v Commission of the European Communities (1984) ECR 951. - 241. 140, 146, 221 and 226/82 Walzstahl-Vereinigung and Thyssen Aktiengesellschaft v Commission of the European Communities (1984) ECR 951. - 151. 168/82 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) v The Liquidator of Ferriere Sant'Anna SpA (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale di Milano) (1983) ECR 1681. - 117. 181/82 Roussel Laboratoria BV and Others v The Netherlands (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Arrondissementsrechtbank, The Hague) (1983) ECR 3849. - 358. 191/82 EEC Seed Crushers' and Oil Processors' Federation (Fediol) v Commission of the European Communities (1983) ECR 2913. - 161, 251. 199/82 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v SpA San Giorgio (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale, Trento) (1983) ECR 3595. - 118, 197. 205-215/82 Deutsche Milchkontor GmbH and Others v Federal Republic of Germany (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Frankfurt am Main (1983) ECR 2633. - 231-2. 222/82 Apple and Pear Development Council v. K.J. Lewis Ltd and others. (1983) ECR 4083. - 196. 231/82 Spijker Kwasten BV v Commission of the European Communities (1983) ECR 2559. - 242-4. 237/82 Jongeneel Kaas BV and Others v State of the Netherlands and Stichting Centraal Orgaan Zuivelcontrole (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Arrondissementsrechtbank, The Hague) (1984) ECR 483. - 102. 264/82 Timex Corporation v Council and Commission of the European Communities (1985) ECR 849. - 104, 161, 163,251-2. 14/83 Sabine Von Colson and Elisabeth Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Arbeitsgericht Hamm) (1984) ECR 1891. - 105, 112. 63/83 Regina v. Kent Kirk (1984) ECR 2689. - 192. 69/83 Charles Lux v Court of Auditors of the European Communities (1984) ECR 2447. - 151, 153, 345, 365. 79/83 Dorit Harz v Deutsche Tradax GmbH (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Arbeitsgericht Hamburg) (1984) ECR 1921. - 105, 112, 118. 101/83 Raad van Arbeid v. P.B. Brusse (1984) ECR 2223. - 192. 129/83 Siegfried Zeiger v Sebastiano Salinitri (1984) ECR 2397. - 158. 147/83 Miinchener Import-Weinkellerei Herold Binderer GmbH v Commission of the European Communities (1985) ECR 257. - 244, 246-8. 207/83 Commission of the European Communities v United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1985) ECR 1201, (Commission v UK). - 358. BIBLIOGRAPHY

209/83 Ferriera Valsabbia SpA v Commission of the European Communities (1984) ECR 3089. - 256-7. 222/83 Municipality of Differdange and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1984) ECR 2889. - 121. 240/83 Procureur de la Republique v Association de defense des bnlleurs d'huiles usagees (ADBHU) (1985) ECR 531. - 363. 253/83 Sektkellerei C.A. Kupferberg (Kupferberg II) & Cie KG a. A. v. Hauptzollamt Mainz (1985) ECR 157. - 85. 294/83 Parti ecologiste 'Les Verts' v European Parliament (1986) ECR 1339. - 98, 134, 147,161,240. 298/83 Comite des industries cinematographiques des Communautes europeennes (CICCE) v Commission of the European Communities (1985) ECR 1105. - 210, 375. 1/84 R IIford SpA v. Commission of the European Communities (1984) ECR 423. - 191. 41/84 Pietro Pinna v Caisse d'allocations familiales de la Savoie (1986) ECR 1. - 355. 60 and 61/84 Cinetheque SA and Others v Federation nationale des cinemas franr;ais (1985) ECR 2605. - 361. 67/84 Sideradria SpA v Commission of the European Communities (1985) ECR 3983.- 225,227. 137/84 Ministere public v Robert Heinrich Maria Mutsch (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Cour d'Appel, Liege) (1985) ECR 2681. - 176. 142/84 and 156/84 British American Tobacco Company Ltd and R.J.Reynolds Industries Inc. v Commission of the European Communities (1987) ECR 4487, (BAT and Reynolds). - 210,375. 152/84 M. H. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Court of Appeal of England and Wales) (1986) ECR 723. - 105, 110, 118, 176. 160/84 Oryzomyli Kavallas OEE and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1986) ECR 1633. - 225. 169/84 Compagnie franyaise de l'azote (COFAZ) SA and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1986) ECR 391. - 251. 173/84 Lars Bo Rasmussen v Commission of the European Communities (1986) ECR 197. - 170. 178/84 Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany (1987) ECR 1227, (The German Beer case). - 89, 100. 181/84 The Queen, ex parte E. D. & F. Man (Sugar) Ltd v Intervention Board for Agricultural Produce (IBAP), (1985) ECR 2889, (The Sugar-case). - 96, 154. 222/84 Marguerite Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Industrial Tribunal of Northern Ireland, Belfast) (1986) ECR 1651. - 103-4, 113, 160, 172. 312/84 Continentale Produkten Gesellschaft Ehrhardt-Renken (GmbH & Co.) v. Commission of the European Communities (1987) ECR 841. - 192. 15/85 Consorzio Cooperative d'Abruzzo v Commission of the European Communities (1987) ECR 1005. - 230,233. 121/85 Conegate Limited v HM Customs & Excise (1986) ECR 1007. - 358, 369. 154/85 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic (1987) ECR 2717, (Commission v Italy). - 358. 201 and 202/85 Marte Klensch and Others v Secretaire d'Etat it l'Agriculture et it la Viticulture (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Conseil d'Etat of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) (1986) ECR 3477. - 97, 102.

Ii THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

223/85 Rijn-Schelde-Verolme (RSV) Maschinenfabrieken en Scheepswerven NV v Commission of the European Communities (1987) ECR 4617. - 236. 281, 283-285, 287/85 Federal Republic of Germany and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1987) ECR 3203. - 241. 314/85 Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Liibeck-Ost (1987) ECR 4199. - 98, 134,240. 338/85 Fratelli Pardini SpA v Ministero del commercio con I'estero and Banco toscana (Lucca branch) (1988) ECR 2041. - 218. 344/85 Ferriere San Carlo SpA v Commission of the European Communities (1987) ECR 4435. - 204, 222. 432/85 Theano Souna v Commission of the European Communities (1987) ECR 2229. - 365. 14/86 Pretore di Sal6 v Persons unknown (1987) ECR 2545. - 113. 24/86 Vincent Blaizot v University of Liege and Others (1988) ECR 379. - 196, 198, 355. 26/86 Deutz und Geldermann, Sektkellerei Breisach/Baden GmbH v Council of the European Communities (1987) ECR 941. - 161,247-8. 63/86 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic (1988) ECR 29. -122. 80/86 Criminal proceedings against Kolpinghuis Nijmegen (1987) ECR 3969. - 105, 112-13. 120/86 J. Mulder v Minister van Landbouw en Visserij (1988) ECR 2321, (Mulder I). - 193, 200-1. 144/86 Gubisch Maschinenfabrik KG v Giulio Palumbo (1987) ECR 4861. - 103, 157-8. 157/86 Mary Murphy and Others v Bord Telecom Eireann (1988) ECR 673. - 105, 112. 170/86 Georg von Deetzen v Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas (1988) ECR 2355. - 201, 217. 203/86 Kingdom of Spain v. Council of the European Communities (1988) ECR 4563. - 94. 222/86 Union nationale des entraineurs et Cadres techniques professionnels du football (Unectef) v Georges Heylens and Others (reference for a preliminary ruling from the tribunal de grande instance, Lille) (1987) ECR 4097. - 96. 302/86 Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Denmark (1988) ECR 4607. - 361, 363. 316/86 Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas v Kriicken (1988) ECR 2213. - 222. 46/87 and 227/88 Hoechst AG v Commission of the European Communities (1989) ECR 2859. - 104, 165, 172. 85/87 Dow Benelux NV v Commission of the European Communities (1989) ECR 3137. - 104, 166. 94/87 Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany (1989) ECR 1-175, (the AIcan case). - 231,235. C-142/87 Kingdom of Belgium v Commission of the European Communities (1990) ECR 1-959. - 235-6. 265/87 Hermann Schrader HS Kraftfutter GmbH & Co. KG v Hauptzollamt Gronau (1989) ECR 2237. - 168. 305/87 Commission of the European Communities v Hellenic Republic (1989) ECR 1461, (The Greek Maize case). - 97. 374/87 Orkem v Commission of the European Communities (1989) ECR 3283. - 173. C-2/88 Imm., J.J. Zwartveld and Others (1990) ECR 1-3365. - 98, 134. 5/88 Hubert Wachauf v Federal Republic of Germany (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Frankfurt am Main) (1989) ECR 2609. - 102. 20/88 Roquette freres SA v Commission of the European Communities (1989) ECR 1553. - 133.

Iii BIBLIOGRAPHY

C-49/88 AI-JubaiJ Fertilizer Company and Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Company v Council of the European Communities (1991) ECR 1-3187. - 149, 163. C-145/88 Torfaen Borough Council v B & Q pIc (1989) ECR 3851. - 363. C-152/88 Sofrimport SARL v Commission of the European Communities (1990) ECR 1-2477. - 133, 161,243, 252. 160/88 Federation europeenne de la sante animale (FEDESA) and Others v Council of the European Communities (1988) ECR 6399. - 242. C-177/88 Elisabeth Johanna Pacifica Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum voor Jong Volwassenen (VJV-Centrum) Plus (1990) ECR 1-3941. - 113, 176. C-262/88 Douglas Harvey Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group (refer• ence for a preliminary ruling from the Court of Appeal, London) (1990) ECR 1-1889. - 94,97, 198-9, 336, 356, 366. C-323/88 SA Sermes v Directeur des services des douanes de Strasbourg (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Cour d'appel, Colmar) (1990) ECR 1-3027. - 83, 122, 187. C-331/88 R. v Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the Secretary of State for Health, ex parte: Fedesa and Others (1990) ECR 1-4023. - 151-3. C-337/88 Societa agricola fattoria alimentare SpA (SAFA) v. Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato (1990) ECR 1-1. - 191. C-5/89 Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany (1990) ECR 1-3437, (the BUG-Alutechnik case). - 235. C-1O/89 SA CNL-SUCAL NV v HAG GF AG (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof) (1990) ECR 1-3711, (Hag II case). - 74, 323. T-33/89 and T-74/89 David Blackman v European Parliament (1993) ECR 11-249. - 220. C-44/89 Georg von Deetzen v Hauptzollamt Oldenburg (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Finanzgericht Hamburg) (1991) ECR 1-5119. - 104, 117, 167. C-49/89 Direction generale des douanes framraises v Corsica Ferries France (1989) ECR 4441. - 76. T-61/89 Dansk Pelsdyravlerforening v Commission of the European Communities (1992) ECR 11-1931. - 211. T-64/89 Automec Srl v Commission of the European Communities (1990) ECR 11-367, (Automec I). - 209-10, 222. C-104/89 and C-37/90 Mulder and Others v Council of the European Communities and Commission of the European Communities (1992) ECR 1-3061, (Mulder II). - 133. C-106/89 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentaci6n SA (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado di Primera Instancia e Instrucci6n No 1, Oviedo (Spain» (1990) ECR 1-4135. - 76, 105, 112, 118. T-141/89 Trefileurope Sales SARL v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-791. - 223. C-170/89 Bureau Europeen des Unions de Consommateurs (BEUC) v Commission of the European Communities (1991) ECR 1-5709. - 149, 163. C-213/89 The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte: Factortame Ltd and Others (reference for a preliminary ruling from the House of Lords) (1990) ECR 1-2433, (Factortame I-case). - 113, 118. C-221/89 The Queen v The Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame LTD and Others (Request for a preliminary ruling from the High Court of Justice) (1991) ECR 1-3905, (Factortame II-case). - 122. C-248/89 Cargill BV v Commission of the European Communities (1991) ECR 1-2987. - 230, 233.

liii THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

C-260/89 Elliniki Radiophonia Tileorassi AE v Dimotiki Etairia Pliroforissis and Sotirios Kouvelas (ERT), (1991) ECR 1-2925. - 93, 173. C-294/89 Commission of the European Communities v French Republic (1991) ECR 1-3591. - 122. C-298/89 Government of Gibraltar v Council of the European Communities (1993) ECR 1-3605. - 242, 249. C-300/89 Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European Communities (1991) ECR 1-2867. - 345. C-309/89 Codorniu SA v Council of the European Union (1994) ECR 1-1853. -120,161, 248-9,344. C-358/89 Extramet Industrie SA v Council of the European Communities (1991) ECR 1-2501. - 161, 249, 252-2. C-6/90 and C-9/90 Andrea Francovich and Others v Italian Republic (References for a preliminary ruling from the Preture of Vicenza and Bassano del Grappa) (1991) ECR 1-5357. - 105, 115-16, 118, 169, 197. T-24/90 Automec sri v Commission of the European Communities (1992) ECR 11-2223, (Automec II). - 209, 211. C-38/90 and C-151/90 Criminal proceedings against Thomas Edward Lomas and Others (1992) ECR 1-1781. - 199. C-87/90, C-88/90 and C-89/90 A. Verholen and Others v. Sociale Verzekeringsbank (1991) ECR 1-3757. - 138. C-159/90 Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v Stephen Grogan and Others (1991) ECR 1-4685. - 184, 369. C-163/90 Administration des Douanes et Droits Indirects v Leopold Legros and Others (1992) ECR 1-4625. - 198. C-179/90 Merci convenzionali porto di Genova SpA v Siderurgica Gabrielli SpA (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale di Genova) (1991) ECR 1-5889. - 97. C-181/90 Consorgan - Gestllo de Empresas, Ld.a, v Commission of the European Communities (1992) ECR 1-3557. - 233. C-189/90 Cipeke - Commercio e Industria de Papel, Ld.a, v Commission of the European Communities (1992) ECR 1-3573. - 233. C-200/90 Dansk Denkavit ApS and P. Poulsen Trading ApS v Skatteministeriet (1992) ECR 1-2217. - 199. C-208/90 Theresa Emmott v Minister for Social Welfare and the Attorney General (1991) ECR 1-4269. - 263. C-240/90 Federal Republic of Germany v Commission of the European Communities (1992) ECR 1-5383. - 159, 234. C-282/90 Industrie- en Handelsonderneming Vreugdenhil BV v Commission of the European Communities (1992) ECR 1-1937. - 133. C-295/90 European Parliament v Council of the European Communities (1992) ECR 1-4193. - 241. Opinion 1/91, Opinion delivered pursuant to the second subparagraph of Article 228(1) of the Treaty (1991) ECR 1-6079. - 98, 134. 2/91 Criminal proceedings against Wolf W. Meng (1993) ECR 1-5751. - 99. T-30/91 Solvay SA v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-1775, (One of the Soda-ash cases). - 163. T-36/91 Imperial Chemical Industries pic (ICI) v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-1847, (One of the Soda-ash cases). - 163. liv BIBLIOGRAPHY

T-37/91 Imperial Chemical Industries pIc (ICI) v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-1901, (One of the Soda-ash cases). - 163. C-71/91 and C-178/91 Ponente Carni SpA and Cispadana Costruzioni SpA v Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato (1993) ECR 1-1915. - 169. C-121/91 & C-122/91 CT Control (Rotterdam) BV and JCT Benelux BV v Commission of the European Communities (1993) ECR 1-3873. - 212. C-183/91 Commission of the European Communities v Hellenic Republic (Greece) (1993) ECR 1-3131. - 235. C-200/91 Coloroll Pension Trustees Limited v James Richard Russell and Others (1994) ECR 1-4389. - 199. C-260/91 and C-261/91 Diversinte SA and Iberlacta SA v. Administraci6n Principal de Aduanas de la Junquera (1993) ECR 1-1885. - 129, 191. C-267/91 and C-268/91 Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de Grande Instance, Strasbourg) (1993) ECR 1-6097. - 77, 99, 323, 357,363-4. C-314/91 Beate Weber v. European Parliament (1993) ECR 1-1093. - 103, 130, 134. C-317/91 Deutsche Renault AG v. Audi AG (1993) ECR 1-6227. - 99. C-338/91 H. Steenhorst-Neerings v Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor Detailhandel, Ambachten en Huisvrouwen (1993) ECR 1-5475. - 263. Opinion 1192, Opinion pursuant to the second subparagraph of Article 228( 1) of the EEC Treaty (1992) ECR 1-2821. - 48. T-37/92 Bureau Europeen des Unions de Consommateurs and National Consumer Council v Commission of the European Communities (1994) ECR 11-285, (BEUC and NCC). - 210. C-60/92 Otto BV v. Postbank NV (1993) 1-5683. - 174. C-91/92 Paola Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Giudice Conciliatore di Firenze) (1994) ECR 1-3325. - 105, 110, 118. C-137/92P Commission of the European Communities v BASF AG and Others (1994) ECR 1-2555. - 375. C-188/92 TWD Textilwerke Deggendorf GmbH v Federal Republic of Germany (1994) ECR 1-833. - 162-3, 246, 258-9. C-315/92 Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb eV v Clinique Laboratories SNC and Estee Lauder Cosmetics GmbH (1994) ECR 1-317. - 363-4. C-334/92 Teodoro Wagner Miret v Fondo de Garantia Salarial (1993) ECR 1-6911. - 105, 113. C-379/92 Criminal proceedings against Matteo Peralta (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Pretura Circondariale di Ravenna) (1994) ECR 1-3453. - 90. C-406/92 The owners of the cargo lately laden on board the ship "Tatry" v The owners of the ship "Maciej Rataj" (1994) ECR 1-5439. - 103, 157-8. C-410/92 Elsie Rita Johnson v Chief Adjudication Officer (1994) ECR 1-5483. - 263. C-419/92 Ingetraut Scholz v Opera Universitaria di Cagliari and Cinzia Porcedda (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per la Sardegna) (1994) ECR 1-505. - 97. C-63/93 Fintan Duff and Others v. Minister for Agriculture and Food, Ireland, and the Attorney General (1996) ECR 1-569. - 126. T -459/93 Siemens SA v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-1675. C-39/93 P, Syndicat Fran9ais de I'Express international (SFEI) and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1994) ECR 1-2681. - 211.

Iv THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

C-46/93 and C-48/93 Brasserie du Pecheur SA v Federal Republic of Germany and The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and Others (References for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof and the High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, Divisional Court) (1996) ECR 1-1029, (Brasserie du Pecheur & Factortame III). - 105, 115-16, 197-8. C-57/93 Anna Adriaantje Vroege v NCIV Instituut voor Volkshuisvesting BV and Stichting Pensioenfonds NCIV (1994) ECR 1-4541. - 198. C-65/93 European Parliament v Council of the European Union (1995) ECR 1-643. - 241, 344. C-128/93 Geertruida Catharina Fisscher v Voorhuis Hengelo BV and Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds voor de Detailhandel (1994) ECR 1-4583. - 199. C-156/93 European Parliament v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 1-2019. - 241. C-308/93 Bestuur van de Sociale Verzekeringsbank v J.M. Cabanis-Issarte (1996) ECR 1-2097. - 198, 355. C-312/93 Peterbroeck, Van Campenhout & Cie SCS v. Belgian State (1995) ECR 1-4599. - 131, 133. C-342/93 Joan Gillespie and others v. Northern Health and Social Services Board and others (1996) ECR 1-475. - 183. C-348/93 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic (Italy) (1995) ECR 1-673. - 236. C-363/93, C-407/93, C-408/93, C-409/93, C-41O/93 and C-411/93 Rene Lancry SA and Others v Direction Generale des Douanes and Others (1994) ECR 1-3957. - 370. C-392/93 The Queen v H.M. Treasury, ex parte: British Telecommunications pIc (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, Divisional Court) (1996) ECR 1-1631. - 105, 115, 197, 303, 330. C-415/93 Union Royale BeIge des Societes de Football Association ASBL and Others v Jean-Marc Bosman and Others (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Cour d'Appel, Liege) (1995) ECR 1-4921. - 77, 99, 198, 327. C-430/93 and C-431/93 Jeroen van Schijndel and Johannes Nicolaas Cornelis van Veen v Stichting Pensioenfonds voor Fysiotherapeuten (1995) ECR 1-4705. - 105, 118, 131, 133. C-450/93 Eckhard Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesarbeitsgericht) (1995) ECR 1-3051. - 97, 328. T-459/93 Siemens SA v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-1675. - 235-6. T-466/93, T-473/93, T-474/93 and T-477/93 Thomas O'Dwyer and Others v Council of the European Union (1995) ECR 11-2071. - 226. C-470/93 Verein gegen Unwesen in Handel und Gewerbe Koln e.V. v Mars GmbH (1995) ECR 1-1923. - 363. T-472/93 Campo Ebro Industrial SA and Others v Council of the European Union (1995) ECR 11-421. - 244,250. T-480 and T-483/93 Antillean Rice Mills NY and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1995) 11-2305. - 250. C-485/93 and C-486/93 Maria Simitzi v Municipality ofKos (References for a preliminary ruling from the Monomeles Diikitiko Protodikio, Rhodes, and the Trimeles Diiki Protodikio, Rhodes) (1995) ECR 1-2655. - 198, 370. T-571/93 Lefebvre Freres et Soeurs and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-2379. - 220.

Ivi BIBLIOGRAPHY

T-572/93 Odigitria AAE v. Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-2025. - 130. T-585/93 Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International) and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-2205. - 162. Opinion 1/94, Opinion pursuant to Article 228(6) of the EC Treaty (1994) ECR 1-5267. - 84, 166. Opinion 2/94, Opinion pursuant to Article 228(6) of the EC Treaty (1996) ECR 1-1759. - 170, 175. C-5/94 The Queen v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hedley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division) (1996) ECR 1-2553. - 105, 115, 197. C-13/94 P. v S. and Cornwall County Council (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Industrial Tribunal, Truro) (1996) ECR 1-2143. - 97, 176, 178-9, 182, 184, 300-1, 369,388. T -67/94 Ladbroke Racing Ltd v Commission of the European Communities (1998) ECR 11-1. - 234. C-90/94 Haahr Petroleum Ltd v Abennl Havn and Others (1997) ECR 1-4085. - 263. T-115/94 Opel Austria GmbH v Council of the European Communities (1997) ECR 11-39. - 191, 344. T-116/94 Cassa Nazionale di Previdenza ed Assistenza a favore degli Avvocati e Procuratori v Council of the European Union (1995) ECR 11-1. - 250. C-137/94 The Queen v Secretary of State for Health, ex parte Cyril Richardson (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice) (1995) ECR 1-3407. - 97,197. C-178/94, C-179/94, C-188/94, C-189/94 and C-190/94 Erich Dillenkofer and Others v Federal Republic of Germany (References for a preliminary ruling from the Landgericht Bonn) (1996) ECR 1-4845. - 105, 115-16, 197. T-185/94 Geotronics SA v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-2795. - 162. T-186/94 Guerin Automobiles v Commission of the European Communities (1995) ECR 11-1753. - 161. T-194/94 John Carvel and Guardian Newspapers Ltd v Council of the European Union (1995) ECR 11-2765. - 242. C-209/94 P, Buralux SA and Others v Council of the European Union (1996) ECR 1-615. 244,250. C-238/94, C-291/94 and C-292/94 Denkavit Internationaal BV and Others v Bundesamt fUr Finanzen (References for a preliminary ruling from the Finanzgericht Koln) (1996) ECR 1-5063. - 105. T-305/94, T-306/94, T-307/94, T-313/94, T-314/94, T-315/94, T-316/94, T-318/94, T-325/94, T-328/94, T-329/94 and T-335/94 Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij NV and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1999) ECR 11-931, (Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others). - 159. T-331/94 IPK Miinchen GmbH v Commission of the European Communities (1997) ECR 11-1665. - 233. T-336/94 Efisol SA v Commission of the European Communities (1996) ECR 11-1343. - 222. C-1O/95 P, Asociaci6n Espanola de Empresas de la Carne (Asocarne) (1995) ECR 1-4149. - 242.

Ivii THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

C-34/95, C-35/95 and C-36/95 Konsumentombudsmannen (KO) v De Agostini (Svenska) F5rlag AB and TV-Shop i Sverige AB (References for a preliminary ruling from the Marknadsdomstol) (1997) ECR 1-3843. - 303. T-47/95 Terres Rouges Consultant SA and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1997) ECR 11-481. - 250. C-72/95 Aannemersbedrijf P.K. Kraaijeveld BV and Others v Gedeputeerde Staten van Zuid-Holland, (1996) ECR 1-5403. - 110, 113, 138. T -73/95 Estabelecimentos Isidoro M. Oliveira, SA v Commission of the European Communities (1997) ECR 11-381. - 233. T-105/95 WWF UK (World Wide Fund for Nature) v Commission of the European Communities (1997) ECR 11-313. - 104, 142, 155, 164,332. T-106/95 Federation Fran9aise des Societes d'Assurances (FFSA) and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1997) ECR 11-229. - 234. C-139/95 Livia Balestra v Istituto Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale (INPS) (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Pretura Circondariale, Genoa) (1997) ECR 1-549. - 97. C-163/95 Elsbeth Freifrau von Hom v Kevin Cinnamond (1997) ECR 1-5451. - 157-8. C-168/95 Criminal proceedings against Luciano Arcaro (1996) ECR 1-4705. - 113. C-169/95 Kingdom of Spain v Commission of the European Communities (1997) ECR 1-135. - 235. T-174/95 Svenska Joumalistf"orbundet v. Council of the European Union (1998) ECR 11-2289. - 142, 155, 365. C-185/95 P, Baustahlgewebe GmbH v Commission of the European Communities (1998) ECR 1-8417. - 164. C-188/95 Fantask A/S and Others v Industriministeriet (Erhvervsministeriet), (1997) ECR 1-6783. - 113,262-3. T-213/95 and T-18/96 Stichting Certificatie Kraanverhuurbedrijf (SCK) and Federatie van Nederlandse Kraanverhuurbedrijven (FNK) v Commission of the European Communities (1997) ECR 11-1739. - 211. T-221/95 Endemol Entertainment Holding BV v Commission of the European Communities (1999) ECR 11-1299. - 164. C-279/95 P, Langnese-Iglo GmbH v Commission of the European Communities (1998) ECR 1-5609. - 212. C-280/95 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic (Italy) (1998) ECR 1-259. - 236. C-299/95 Friedrich Kremzow v Austrian State (1997) ECR 1-2629. - 99, 175. C-321/95 P, Stichting Greenpeace Council (Greenpeace International) and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1998) ECR 1-1651. - 162,251. C-357/95 P, Empresa Nacional de Uranio Sa (ENU) v Commission of the European Communities (1997) ECR 1-1329. - 212,223,375. C-366/95 Landbrugsministeriet - EF-Direktoratet v Steff-Houlberg Export I/S and Others (1998) ECR 1-2661. - 234. C-368/95 Vereinigte Familiapress Zeitungsverlags- und vertriebs GmbH v Heinrich Bauer Verlag (1997) ECR 1-3689. - 361, 363. C-395/95 P, Geotronics v Commission of the European Communities (1997) ECR 1-2271. - 162. T -124/96 Interporc Im- und Export GmbH v Commission of the European Communities (1998) ECR 11-231. - 164, 332. C-129/96 Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL v Region Wallo nne (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Belgian Conseil d'Etat) (1997) ECR 1-7411. - 330.

Iviii BIBLIOGRAPHY

T-132/96 and T-143/96 Freistaat Sachsen and Others v Commission of the European Communities (1999) ECR 11-3663, (The Volkswagen-case). - 236. C-149/96 Portuguese Republic (Portugal) v Council ofthe European Communities, (1999) ECR 1-8395, (The WTO-case). 85, 105, 226. C-157/96 The Queen v. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Commissioners of Customs & Excise, ex parte National Farmers' Union and Others (1998) ECR 1-2211. - 152. C-162/96 A. Racke GmbH & Co. v Hauptzollamt Mainz (1998) ECR 1-3655. - 90, 104, 167. C-228/96 Aprile SrI, in liquidation v Amministratione delle Finanze dello Stato (1998) ECR 1-7141. - 169. C-231/96 Edilizia Industriale Siderurgica SrI (Edis) v. Ministero delle Finanze (1998) ECR 1-4951. - 169. C-246/96 Mary Teresa Magorrian and Irene Patricia Cunningham v Eastern Health and Social Services Board and Department of Health and Social Services (1997) ECR 1-7153. - 95. C-249/96 Lisa Jacqueline Grant v South-West Trains Ltd (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Industrial Tribunal, Southampton) (1998) ECR 1-621. - 176-9, 181-3, 185, 300-1, 369, 388. C-260/96 Ministero delle Finanze v Spac SpA (1998) ECR 1-4997. - 169. C-262/96 Serna Siiriil v Bundesanstalt fUr Arbeit (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Sozialgericht Aachen) (1999) ECR 1-2685. - 198. C-279/96, C-280/96 and 281/96 Ansaldo Energia SpA v Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato and Arnministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Marine Insurance Consultants SrI and GMB SrI and Others v Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato (1998) ECR 1-5025. - 169. C-291/96 Criminal proceedings against Martino Grado and Shahid Bashir (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Amtsgericht Reutlingen) (1997) ECR 1-5531. - 120. C-315/96 Lopex Export GmbH v Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas (1998) ECR 1-317. - 226. C-343/96 Dilexport SrI v Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato (1999) ECR 1-579. -169. C-351/96 Drouot Assurances SA v Consolidated Metallurgical Industries (CMI Industrial Sites) and Others, (1998) ECR 1-3075. - 103, 157-8. C-9/97 and C-118/97 Proceeding brought by Raija-Liisa Jokela and Laura Pitkliranta (1998) ECR 1-6267. - 126. C-51/97 Reunion Europeenne SA and Others v Spliethoff's Bevrachtingskantoor BV and the Master of the Vessel "Alblasgracht V002" (1998) ECR 1-6511. -157. C-76/97 Walter TOgel v Niederosterreichische Gebietskrankenkasse (1998) ECR 1-5357. -110. T-156/97 Achim Berge v Commission of the European Communities (1997) ECR 11-2097. - 164, 332. T-195/97 Kia Motors Nederland BV and Broeckman Motorships BV v Commission of the European Communities (1998) ECR 11-2907. - 212. T-241/97 Stork Amsterdam BV v Commission ofthe European Communities (2000) ECR 11-309. - 206, 212-13, 222, 375, 380. T-290/97 Mehibas Dordtselaan BV v Commission of the European Communities (2000) ECR 11-15. - 212. C-361/97 Rouhollah Nour v BurgenHindische Gebietskrankenkasse (1998) ECR 1-3101. - 165.

lix THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

C-437/97 Evangelischer Krankenhausverein Wien and Abgabenberufungskommission Wien and between Wein & Co. HandelsgesmbH, formerly Ikera Warenhandels• gesellschaft mbH, and Oberosterreichische Landesregierung (2000) ECR 1-1157. - 198. T-14/98 Heidi Hautala v. Council of the European Union (1999) ECR II-2489. -142,155. C-174/98 P and C-189/98 P, Kingdom of the Netherlands and Gerard van der Wal v Commission of the European Communities (2000) ECR 1-1. - 153. C-248/98 NV Koninklijke KNP BP v Commission of the European Communities (2000) ECR 1-9641. - 262. T-55/99 Confereraci6n Espanola de Transporte de Mercancias (CETM) v Commission of the European Communities (2000) ECR 11-3207. - 235. C-50/00 P, Union de Pequeiios Agricultores v Council of the European Union, Opinion of A-G Jacobs delivered on 21 March 2002, not yet published in ECR. - 252. C-99/00 Criminal proceedings against Kenny Roland Lyckeskog, Judgment delivered on 4 June 2002, not yet published in ECR. - 88.

TABLE OF TREATIES AND OTHER PRIMARY NORMS

Articles of the EC Treaty and a Table of Equivalencies

Articles before Articles after Pages Amsterdam Treaty Amsterdam Treaty 2 2 45, 90-3 3 3 90,95,244 3a 4 90, 135 3b 5 45,91,95-6, 98-9, 101,202, 384 4 7 30,46 4b 9 22 5 10 95-6, 110, 118, 227, 231, 234, 327 5a (introduced by the 11 55, 58, 101 Treaty of Amsterdam) 6 12 54, 76, 95, 97, 121, 176 6a 13 95,117,155,184 7a 14 38 8 17 45 8a 18 45 8b 19 45, 331 8c 20 45, 331 8d 21 45, 331 8e 22 45, 331 9 23 330-1, 333, 370 12 25 26, 330-1, 333, 348-9, 352, 370, 372 13 (repealed) 330 16 (repealed) 330 30 28 33, 76-7, 89, 303, 330-1, 358-64, 370 34 29 76-7, 330n1, 361 36 30 77, 96, 303, 358-9, 362 37 31 334 38 32 24

Ix BIBLIOGRAPHY

39 33 244 40 34 95, 234, 250, 257 42 36 244 43 37 234 48 39 24, 95-6, 330-1 52 43 76 56 46 96, 303 59 49 76, 303 66 55 96 67 (repealed) 76 73b 56 76 73i 61 53 73j 62 53 73k 63 53 731 64 53 73m 65 53,57 73n 66 53 730 67 53 73p 68 53,54 73q 69 53 85 81 77,95,111,159,163,206,208,212-14,251, 262, 330, 334 86 82 77, 90, 95, 111, 159, 163, 213-14, 251, 330, 334 90 86 96 92 87 234, 260 93 88 234-6, 259-60, 334 94 89 234 95 90 95 100a 95 38 100b(repealed) 38 102a 98 44 103 99 44 l03a 100 44 104 101 44 104a 102 44 104b 103 44 104c 104 44 105 105 44 105a 106 44 106 107 44 107 108 44 108 109 44 108a 110 44 109 111 44 109a 112 44 109b 113 44 109c 114 44

lxi THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

109d 115 44 10ge 116 44 109f 117 44 109g 118 44 109h 119 44 109i 120 44 109j 121 44,49 109k 122 44 1091 123 44 109m 124 44 109n 125 51 1090 126 51 109p 127 51 109q 128 51 109r 129 51 109s 130 51 110 131 85 111 (repealed) 85 112 132 85 113 133 57, 84-5, 106 114 (repealed) 85 115 134 85 119 141 94-5, 106, 176-7, 181, 183-4, 199, 220, 353-4,356,366-7,370 123 146 45 124 147 45 125 148 45 126 149 45 127 150 45 128 151 45 129 152 45 129a 153 45 129b 154 45 129c 155 45 129d 156 45 130 157 45,57 130a 158 45,91,96 130b 159 45 130c 160 45 130d 161 45 130e 162 45 130f 163 45 130g 164 45 130h 165 45 130i 166 45 130j 167 45 130k 168 45 1301 169 45 lxii BIBLIOGRAPHY

130m 170 45 BOn 171 45 1300 172 45 BOp 173 45 130r 174 45 130s 175 45 BOt 176 45 130u 177 45 130v 178 45 BOw 179 45 BOx 180 45 BOy 181 45 137 189 53 138c 193 45 138d 194 45 138e 195 45 151 207 26,50 158 213 46 164 220 95, 99, 101, 322, 367 165 221 322 166 222 322 167 223 322 168 224 322 168a 225 322 169 226 196, 321, 350, 354 170 227 196, 321 171 228 46, 196 173 230 38,74,86,98,117,120, 134, 147~8, 150~1, 159~62, 210, 217~18, 221, 240~2, 245~6, 258~60, 321, 334, 344, 375 174 231 335, 355 175 232 160-1, 256~7, 321 177 234 74, 87~8, 98, 111, 162, 183, 196, 214, 240, 256, 314, 320~1, 328, 335, 349~52 188a 246 46 188b 247 46 188c 248 46 189 249 7, 85, 109~1O, 112,242,244,331 189b 251 45, 52 189c 252 38, 52 190 253 153, 191,212, 332 191 254 190 191a 255 50 193 257 22 198a 263 46 198b 264 46 198c 265 46 199 268 46

lxiii THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

200 (repealed) 46 201 269 46 201a 270 46 202 271 46 203 272 28,46 204 273 28,46 205 274 46, 156 205a 275 46 206 276 46 206a (repealed) 46 207 277 46 208 278 46 209 279 46 209a 280 46,96,234 210 281 83 214 287 163 215 288 7, 102, 197,217,239,247,257,321,330 217 290 326 220 293 84 225 298 96 228 300 46,85 228a 301 46 235 308 33,45,84 238 310 84 239 311 83

Articles of the EU Treaty and a Table of Equivalencies Articles before Articles after Pages Amsterdam Treaty Amsterdam Treaty A 1 46, 91 B 2 91 D 4 31 F 6 45, 54, 104, 135, 141, 196, 156 J.1 11 91,92 J.2 12 54,91 J.3 13 91 J.4 14 54,91 J.5 15 54,91 J.6 16 91 J.7 17 55,91 J.8 18 46,55,91 J.9 19 91 J.lO 20 91 1.11 21 91 J.12 22 91 J.13 23 54, 58, 91 J.14 24 91 J.15 25 91 lxiv BIBLIOGRAPHY

J.16 26 55,91 J.17 27 91 J.18 28 55,91 K.1 29 54,91-2,160 K.2 30 54, 91, 92, 160 K.3 31 54,91,92 K.4 32 54,91,92 K.5 33 54,91,92 K.6 34 54,85,91-2, 160 K.7 35 54,91,92 K.8 36 54,91,92 K.9 37 54,91,92 K.10 38 54,91,92 K.ll 39 54,91,92 K.12 40 54-5,58,91-2 K.13 41 54,91,92 K.14 42 54,91,92 K.15 43 58, 91, 101 K.16 44 58,91 K.17 45 58,91 N 48 50 R 52 46

Articles of the ECSC Treaty

4 19 7 30 14 160 33 19, 150 35 160,258 36 150 41 19 65 163 66 163 90 159

Articles of the Euratom Treaty

3 30 146 160 148 160

Articles of the EEC Statute

43 257

Norms Amending the Treaties and Treaties of Accession

Convention on Certain Institutions Common to the European Communities, 25.3.1957. - 22.

lxv THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

Convention Establishing a Single Council and a Single Commission of the European Communities, i.e. Traite Instituant un Conseil Unique et une Commission Unique des Communautes Europeennes, JO, No. 152,13.7.1967, p. 1, (The Merger Treaty). - 26, 90. Traite Instituant la Communaute economique Europeenne, Cinquieme Partie - Les Institutions de la Communaute, Titre II - Dispositions Financieres, Article 203 BIS, JO, No. L 2, 2.1.1971, p. 1, (The First Budgetary Treaty). - 28. Treaty Amending Certain Financial Provisions of the Treaties Establishing the European Economic Communities and the Treaty Establishing a Single Council and a Single Commission of the European Communities, OJ No. L 359, 31.12.1977, p. 1, (The Second Budgetary Treaty). - 30. Documents concerning the accession of the Hellenic Republic to the European Communities, OJ No. L 291, 19.11.1979, p. 1, (Treaty of Accession of Greece). - 33. Treaty amending, with regard to Greenland, the Treaties establishing the European Communities, OJ No. L 29, 1.2.1985, p. 1. - 37. Documents concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuquese Republic to the European Communities, OJ No. L 302, 15.11.1985, p.l and SopS 102-103/94, p. 2515, (The Treaty of Accession of Spain and Portugal). - 37. Single European Act, OJ, No. L 169, 29.6.1987, p. 1. - 29. The Treaty on European Union, OJ No. C 191,29.7.1992, p. 1, (The EU Treaty, "TEU"). - 83, 155. Documents concerning the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Norway to the European Union, OJ No. C 241, 29.8.1994, p. 1 and SopS N:o 103/1994, p. 1491, (The Treaty of Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden). - 48, 325. Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, OJ No. C 340, 10.11.1997, p. 1, (The Amsterdam Treaty, "TOA"). - 51-2, 54, 83, 100, 170. Treaty of Nice amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, OJ No. C 80, 10.3.2001, p. 1, (The Nice Treaty). - 56-8, 83.

Norms Supplementing the Treaties

Interinstitutional Agreement on Budgetary Discipline and Improvement of the Budgetary Procedure, OJ No. L 185, 15.7.1988, pp. 33. - 28, 35, 39. Denmark and Treaty on European Union, OJ No. C 348, 31.12.1992, p. 1, (The Danish Opt-Outs). - 47. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, OJ No. C 364, 18.12.2000, p. 1. - 56, 320, 385.

Protocols, Declarations and Rules of Procedure

The Protocol No 2 concerning Article 119 of Treaty establishing the European Community, OJ No. C 191, 29.7.1992, p. 68. - 83, 155. The Protocol No 30 on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportional• ity, OJ No. C 340, 10.11.1997, p. 105. - 51-2, 54, 83, 100, 170. The Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice of the European Communities of 19 June 1991, OJ No. L 176,4.7.1991, p. 7, as amended in OJ No. L 44,28.2.1995, p. 6 and OJ No. L 103, 19.4.1997, p. 1, (Rules of Procedure). - 196, 322. lxvi BIBLIOGRAPHY

Declaration No. 17 on the right of access to information, OJ No. C 191,29.7.1992, p. 101. - 83,155.

TABLE OF EUROPEAN LEGISLATIVE INSTRUMENTS

EC Decisions

Decision de la Commission, du 8 mai 1969, autorisant la Republique federale d'Allemagne it limiter les achats it l'intervention pour certaines cereales, 69/138/CEE, JO No. L 112, 9.5.1969, p. 1. - 223. Decision de la Commission, du 16 juillet 1969, relative it une procedure au titre de l'article 85 du traite C.E.E., 69/240/CEE, JO No. L 192, 5.8.1969, p. 5. - 261. Decision de la Commission, du 22 juillet 1969, relative it une procedure au titre de l'article 85 du traite C.E.E., 69/242/CEE, JO No. L 195, 7.8.1969, p. 5. - 261. Council Decision of 21 April 1970 on the Replacement of Financial Contributions from Member States by the Communities' own Resources 70/243/ECSC, EEC, Euratom, OJ, English Special Edition 1970, p. 224 or JO No. L 94, 28.4.1970, p. 19. - 27, 232. Council Decision 76/787/ECSC, EEC, Euratom, Act concerning the election of the repre• sentatives of the Assembly by direct universal suffrage, OJ No. L 278, 8.10.1976, p. 1. - 30, 83. Commission Decision of21 May 1986 on aid granted by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Land of Bavaria to a producer of polyamide and polyester yarn situated in Deggendorf 86/509/EEC, OJ No. L 300, 24.10.1986, p. 34. - 162, 258. Council Decision of 24 June 1988 on the system of the Communities' own resources 88/376/EEC, Euratom, OJ No. L 185, 15.7.1988, p. 24. - 28, 35, 39. Council Decision of 8 June 1993 amending Council Decision 88/591/ECSC, EEC, Euratom establishing a Court of First Instance of the European Communities 93/350/ECSC, EEC, Euratom, OJ No. L 144, 16.6.1993, p. 21, (Council Decision 93/350). - 242. Council Decision of 20 December 1993 on public access to Council documents 93/731/EC, OJ No. L 340, 31.12.1993, p. 43, (Council Decision 931731). - 366. Commission Decision of 8 February 1994 on public access to Commission documents 94/90jECSC, EC, Euratom, OJ No. L 46,18.2.1994, p. 58, (Commission Decision 94/90). - 95, 97, 153, 164, 332, 366. Council Decision of 7 March 1994 amending Decision 88/591/ECSC, EEC, Euratom establishing a Court of First Instance of the European Communities 94/149/ECSC, EC, OJ No. L 66, 10.3.1994, p. 29, (Council Decision 94/149). - 242. Council Decision of 31 October 1994 on the system of the European Communities' own resources 94/728/EC, Euratom, OJ No. L 293, 12.11.1994, p. 9. - 28. Decision of the Council of the European Union of 1 January 1995 adjusting the instru• ments concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Union, OJ No. L 1, 1.1.1995, p. 1, (the Adaption Decision). 49, 325.

EC Regulations

Reglement No.3 concernant la securite sociale des travailleurs migrants, JO, No. 30, 16.12.1958, p. 561, (Regulation No.3). - 189. CEE Conseil: Reglement No. 17: Premier reglement d'application des articles 85 et 86 du

lxvii THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

traite, JO No. 13, 21.2.1962, p.204, or EEC Council: Regulation No. 17: First Regulation implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty, OJ, English Special Edition 1959-62, p. 87, (Regulation No. 17/62). - 164, 173. Council Regulation No. 25 on the financing of the common agricultural policy 25/62/CEE, 10 No. 30,20.4.1962, p. 991. - 27. Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 99/63 of 25 July 1963 on the hearings provided for in Article 19 (1) and (2) of Council Regulation No. 17, OJ, English Special Edition 1963-64, p.47, or Reglement N:o 99/63/CEE de la Commission, du 25 juillet 1963, relatif aux auditions prevues it l'article 19 paragraphes 1 et 2 du regrement No. 17 du Conseil, JO No. L 127, 20.8.1963, p.2268, (Regulation No. 99/63). - 149, 160, 208, 210-13, 222. Regulation No. 17/64/CEE of the Council of 5 February 1964 on the conditions for granting aid from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund, JO No. 34,27.2.1964, p. 586. - 27. Regulation (EEC) No. 120/67 ofthe Council of 13 June 1967 on the common organisation of the market in cereals, OJ, English Special Edition 1967, p. 33, or JO No. L 117, 19.6.1967, p. 2269, (Regulation No. 120/67). - 223. Reglement (CEE) No. 729/70 du Conseil, du 21 avril 1970, relatif au financement de la politique agricole commune, JO, No. L 94, 28.4.1970, p. 13, or Regulation (EEC) No. 729/70 of the Council of 21 April 1970 on the financing of the common agricultural policy, OJ, English Special Edition 1970, p. 218. - 27, 232. Regulation (EEC) No. 1408/71 of the Council of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons and their families moving within the Community, OJ, English Special Edition 1971, p. 416, or JO No. L 149, 5.7.1971, p.2, (Regulation No. 1408171). - 355. Reglement (CEE) No. 189/72 concernant de la Commission, du 26 janvier 1972, abrogeant les montants compensatoires applicables dans Ie secteur des matieres grasses it la suite de l'elargissement temporaire des marges de fluctuation des monnaies de certains Etats membres, JO No. L 24, 28.1.1972, p. 25, (Regulation No. 189/72). - 189. Regulation (ECSC, EEC, Euratom) No. 2647/72 of the Council of 12 December 1972 adjusting the remuneration and pensions of officials of the European Communities and the other servants of those Communities, OJ, English Special Edition 1972, p. 10, or JO No. L 283, 20.12.1972, p. 1, (Regulation No. 2647/72). - 254. Regulation (EEC) No. 2988/74 of the Council of 26 November 1974 concerning limitation periods in proceedings and the enforcement of sanctions under the rules of the European Economic Community relating to transport and competition, OJ No L 319, 29.11.1974, p. 1, (Regulation No. 2988174). - 262. Regulation (EEC) No. 724/75 of the Council of 18 March 1975 establishing a European Regional Development Fund, OJ No. L 73, 21.3.1975, p. 1. - 29. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1862/76 of 27 July 1976 amending Regulation (EEC) No. 2742/75 on production refunds in the cereals and rice sectors, OJ No. L 206, 31.7.1976, p. 3. - 245. Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 2158/76 of 31 August 1976 laying down rules for the application of Regulation (EEC) No. 2742/75, OJ No. L 241, 2.9.1976, p. 21. - 245. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 214/79 of 6 February 1979 amending Regulation (EEC) No. 724/75 establishing a European Regional Development Fund, OJ No. L 35, 9.2.1979, p. 1. - 29. Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 997/81 of 26 March 1981 laying down detailed rules lxviii BIBLIOGRAPHY

for the description and presentation of wines and grape musts, OJ No. L 106, 16.4.1981, p. 1. - 246. Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 1224/83 of 6 May 1983 amending for the second time Regulation (EEC) No. 997/81 laying down detailed rules for the description and pre• sentation of wines and grape musts, OJ No. L 134, 21.5.1983, p. 1. - 246. Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 1880/83 of 8 July 1983 on a principal standing invitation to tender in order to determine levies and/or refunds on exports of white sugar, OJ No. L 187, 12.7.1983, p. 5, (Regulation No. 1880/83). - 154. Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 1983/83 of 22 June 1983 on the application of Article 85( 3) of the Treaty to categories of exclusive distribution agreements, OJ No. L 173, 30.6.1983, p. 1, (Regulation No. 1983/83). - 334. Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 1984/83 of 22 June 1983 on the application of Article 85(3) of the Treaty to categories of exclusive purchasing agreements, OJ No. L 173, 30.6.1983, p. 5, (Regulation No. 1984/83). - 334. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1787/84 of 19 June 1984 on the European Regional Development Fund, OJ No. L 169, 28.6.1984, p. 1. - 29. Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 417/85 of 19 December 1984 on the application of Article 85(3) of the Treaty to categories of specialization agreements, OJ No. L 53, 22.2.1985, p. 1, (Regulation No. 417/85). - 206. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 797/85 of 12 March 1985 on improving the efficiency of agricultural structures, OJ No. L 93, 30.3.1985, p. 1. - 35. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 3309/85 of November 1985 laying down general rules for the description and presentation of sparkling wines and aerated sparkling wines, OJ No. L 320, 29.11.1985, p. 9. - 248. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2423/88 of 11 July 1988 on protection against dumped or subsidized imports from countries not members of the European Economic Community, OJ No. L 209, 2.8.1988, p. 1, (Regulation No. 2423/88). - 163. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2045/89 of 19 June 1989 amending Regulation (EEC) No. 3309/85 laying down general rules for the description and presentation of sparkling wines and aerated sparkling wines, OJ No. L 202, 14.7.1989, p. 12. - 248. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 594/91 of 4 March 1991 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, OJ No. L 67, 14.3.1991, p. 1, (Regulation No. 594/91). - 221. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1663/95 of 7 July 1995 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 729/70 regarding the procedure for the clearance of the accounts of the EAGGF Guarantee Section, OJ No. L 158, 8.7.1995, p. 6. - 232. Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No. 2988/95 of 18 December 1995 on the protection of the European Communities financial interests, OJ No. L 312, 23.12.1995, p. 1, (Regulation No. 2988/95). - 157, 234 Regulation (EC) No. 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents, OJ No. L 145, 31.5.2001, p. 43, (Regulation No. 1049/2001). - 156, 332

EC Directives

Commission Directive 64/486/EEC of 28 July 1964 on the gradual phasing-out of a measure having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions on imports of potatoes into the Federal Republic of Germany, JO No. 134, 20.8.1964, p. 2253. - 358.

lxix THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

Commission Directive 66/682/EEC of 7 November 1966 abolishing all laws, regulations or administrative provisions making imports of products which, under articles 9 and 10 of the Treaty, must be admitted for free movement, subject to the import, purchase or sale of identical or other national products, JO No. 220, 30.11.1966, p. 3745. - 358. Commission Directive 66/683/EEC of 7 November 1966 eliminating all differences between the treatment of national products and that of products which, under Articles 9 and 10 of the Treaty, must be admitted for free movement, as regards laws, regulations or administrative provisions prohibiting the use of the said products and prescribing the use of national products or making such use subject to profitability, JO No. 220, 30.11.1966, p. 3748. - 358. Council Directive 69/335/EEC of 7 July 1969 concerning indirect taxes on the raising of capital, OJ, English Special Edition 1968-69, p.412 or Directive 69/335/CEE du Conseil, du 17 juillet 1969, concernant les impots indirects frappant les rassemblements de capitaux, JO No. L 249, 3.10.1969, p. 25. - 169,262. Commission Directive 70/32/EEC of 17 December 1969 on provision of goods to the State, to local authorities and other official bodies, JO No. L 13, 19.1.1970, p. 1. - 358. Commission Directive 70/50/EEC of22 December 1969 based on the provisions of Article 33(7), on the abolition of measures which have an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions on imports and are not covered by other provisions adopted in pursuance of the EEC Treaty, OJ, English Special Edition 1970, p. 17 or JO No. L 13, 19.1.1970, p. 29. - 358, 361. Council Directive 75/117/EEC of 10 February 1975 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women, OJ No. L 45, 19.2.1975, p. 19. - 94, 97, 176-7. Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions, OJ No. L 39, 14.2.1976, p.40. - 94, 97, 176-8, 301, 328. Council Directive 77/187/EEC of 14 February 1977 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safequarding of employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses, OJ No. L 61, 5.3.1977, p. 26. - 114. Council Directive 79/7/EEC of 19 December 1978 on the progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security, OJ No. L 6, 10.1.1979, p. 24. - 94, 97, 176, 197. Council Directive 86/378/EEC of 24 July 1986 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in occupational social security schemes, OJ No. L 225, 12.8.1986, p. 40. - 94, 97, 176, 220. Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 October 1989 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities, OJ No. L 298, 17.10.1989, p. 23. - 303. Council Directive 90/531/EEC of 17 September 1990 on the procurement procedures of entities operating in the water, energy, transport and telecommunications sectors, OJ No. L 297, 29.10.1990, p. 1. - 303. Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ No. L 281, 23.11.1995, p.31, (personal data Directive). - 166-7. lxx BIBLIOGRAPHY

Council Directive 96/97/EEC of 20 December 1996 amending directive 86/378/EEC on the implemention of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in occupa• tional social security schemes, OJ No. L 46, 17.2.1997, p. 20. - 95, 97. Directive 97/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 1997 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the telecom• munications sector, OJ No. L 24, 30.1.1998, p. 1. - 166.

Notices, Conventions, Communications, Code of Conducts and Other Legislative Instruments of the EC

Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters of 27 September 1968, i.e. Protocole relatif a la convention concernant la competence judiciaire et l'execution des decisions en matiere civile et commerciale - Convention de Bruxelles de 1968, JO No. L 299, 31.12.1972, p.43, as amended OJ No. L 304, 30.10.1978, p. 36 and OJ No. C 27, 26.1.1998, p. 1, (the Brussels Convention). - 84, 157. Report on the Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, OJ No. C 59, 5.3.1979, p. 1. - 158. the Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations of 19 June 1980, OJ No. L 266, 9.10.1980, p. 1, as amended OJ, N:o C 27, 26.1.1998, p.34 (the Rome Convention). - 84. Communication from the Commission concerning the consequences of the judgment given by the Court of Justice on 20 February 1979 in Case 120/78 ("Cassis de Dijon"), OJ No. C 256, 3.10.1980, p. 2. - 33, 361. Commission Communication, OJ No. C 318, 24.11.1983, p. 3. - 235. Resolution on discrimination against transsexuals, OJ No. C 256, 9.10.1989, p. 33. - 182. Notification of an aid scheme of minor importance, OJ No. C 40, 20.2.1990, p. 2. - 235. Community guidelines on State aid for small and medium-sized enterprises, OJ No. C 213, 19.8.1992, p. 2. - 235. Notice on Cooperation between national courts and the Commission in applying Articles 85 and 86 EEC Treaty, OJ No. C 39, 13.2.1993, p. 6. - 159, 213-14. Code of Conduct concerning public access to Council and Commission documents, OJ No. L 340, 31.12.1993, p. 41. - 366. Code of Conduct concerning public access to Commission and Council documents, OJ No. L 46, 18.2.1994, p. 60. - 153, 164, 332, 366. Notice on cooperation between national courts and the Commission in the State aid field, OJ No. C 312, 23.11.1995, p. 8. - 213. Convention, Drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the protection of the European Communities' financial interests, OJ No. C 316, 27.11.1995, p. 49, (the PFI-Convention). - 157. Commission notice on the de minimis rule for the State aid, OJ No. C 68, 6.3.1996, p. 9. - 235. Commission Notice on the internal rules of procedure for processing requests for access to the file in cases pursuant to Articles 85 and 86 of the EC Treaty, Articles 65 and 66 of the ECSC Treaty and Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4064/89, OJ No. C 23, 23.1.1997, p. 3, (The Lugano Convention). - 163.

lxxi THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

Commission Documents, Reports and Official Publications

The White Paper from the Commission to the European Council, (Milan, 28 and 29 June 1985) Completing the Internal Market COM (85) 310 final, Brussels, 14.6.1985. - 37,362. COM, Research of the "Cost of non-Europe": Basic Findings, 16 vols., Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1988, (The Cecchini Report). - 40. Resolution on the Intergovernmental Conference in the context of Parliament's strategy for European Union, OJ No. C 96, 17.4.1990, pp. 114-118, (the Martin Report on Political Union). - 42. Resolution on the functioning of the Treaty on European Union with a view to the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference - Implementation and development of the Union, OJ No. C 151, 19.6.1995, p. 56. - 50. The sixteenth Annual Report on monitoring the application of Community law, 1998, OJ No. C 354, 7.12.1999, p. 1. - 114. European Commission, XXVIIIth Report on Competition Policy 1998, Published in conjuction with the General Report on the Activities of the European Union 1998, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999. - 214. The Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of Council on unbundled access to local loop, Brussels, 12 July 2000, COM(2000) 394, p. 5. - 100.

Answers to the Written Questions of the Members of the European Parliament

Written Question N:o 2338/82 by Mr. Jens-Peter Bonde (COl-OK) to the Commission of the European Communities, 10. March 1983, OJ No. C 177,4.7.1983, p. 13. -109, 214.

International Treaties

The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950, (European Convention on Human Rights). - 16. the Convention No. 111 of the International Labour Organization of 25 June 1958. - 175. the European Social Charter of 18 November 1961. - 175. Convention d'association entre la Communaute economique europeenne et les Etats africains et malgache associes it cette Communaute, JO No. 93,11.6.1964, p. 1431, (The Yaounde Convention). - 84. the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 19 December 1966, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 999, p. 171. - 173. Agreement of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, 15.4.1994, Annex 1 C or SopS 4-5/1995, Annex 1 C. - 85, 166. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969, ILM, Vol. 8, July 1969, p. 679, (The Vienna Convention) - 167. Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA), OJ No. L 1, 3.1.1994, p. 3. - 48, 85. ACP-EEC Convention of Lome, OJ No. L 25, 30.1.1976, p. 2. - 84. Fourth ACP-EEC Convention signed at Lome on 15 December 1989, OJ No. L 229, 17.8.1991, p. 3. - 84. lxxii BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agreement between the European Economic Community and the State of Israel, OJ No. L 136, 28.5.1975, p. 3. - 85. Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, OJ No. L 263, 27.9.1978, p. 2. - 85. Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Kingdom of Morocco, OJ No. L 264, 27.9.1978, p. 2. - 85. Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Tunisia, OJ No. L 265, 27.9.1978, p. 2. - 85.

European Commission of Human Rights

The Decision of 3 May 1983, X and Y v. United Kingdom (1983) EHRR, Vol. 5, Application No. 9369/81, pp. 601-602. - 177. The Decision of 14 October 1987, Chappell v. United Kingdom (1989) EHRR, Vol. 11, Application No. 10461/83, pp. 543-559. - 166. The Decision of 6 October 1988, Jean-Gustave Funke v. France, D.&R., Vol. 57, Application No. 10828/84, pp. 5-29. - 173.

European Court of Human Rights

The Judgment of 16 July 1971, Ringreisen v. Austria, (1979-80) EHRR, Vol. 1, Series A, No. 13, pp. 455-503. - 174. The Judgment of 21 February 1975, Golder v. United Kingdom, (1979-80) EHRR, Vol. 1, Series A, No. 18, pp. 524-577. - 160. The Judgment of 28 June 1978, Konig v Federal Republic of Germany, (1979-80) EHRR, Vol. 2, Series A, No. 27, pp. 170-213. - 174. The Judgment of 6 November 1980, Van Oosterwijck v. Belgium (1981) EHRR, Vol. 3, Series A, No. 40, Application No. 7654/76, pp. 557-591. - 182. The Judgment of 21 February 1984, Oztiirk v. Germany, (Interpreter's fees), (1984) EHRR, Vol. 6, Series A, No. 73, Application No. 8544/79, pp. 409-439. - 173. The Judgment of 17 October 1986, Rees v. United Kingdom (Transsexuality), (1987) EHRR, Vol. 9, Series A, No. 106, Application No. 9532/81, pp. 56-70. - 177, 182. The Judgment of 30 March 1989, Chappell v. United Kingdom (Anton Pillar Order), (1990) EHRR, Vol. 12, Series A, No. 152, Application No. 10461/83, pp.1-23. - 165. The Judgment of 24 April 1990, Huvig v. France (Telephone Tapping), (!990) EHRR, Vol. 12, Series A, No. 176-B, Application No. 11105/84, pp. 528-546. - 166. The Judgment of 24 April 1990, Kruslin v. France (Telephone Tapping), (!990) EHRR, Vol. 12, Series A, No. 176-B, Application No. 11801/85, pp. 547-566. - 166. The Judgment of 27 September 1990, Cossey v. United Kingdom (Legal position of transsexuals), (1991) EHRR, Vol. 13, Series A, No. 184, Application No. 10843/84, pp. 622-665. - 177, 182. The Judgment of 30 July 1999, Sheffield and Horsham v. United Kingdom, (Refusal to give legal recognition of new gender of post-operative transsexuals), (1999) EHRR, Vol. 27, Application Nos 22885/93 and 23390/94, pp. 163-211. - 185.

Case Law of the ICJ

Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1997, p. 7. - 167.

lxxiii THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND CASES

Finland

Statutes verotuslaki, lagen om beskattningsfOrfarande, 477/1998. - 215.

Cases KKO 1995: 215 - 126. KKO 1996: 17 - 126. KKO 1996: 119 - 126. KKO 1997: 105, D: S-96/241O; E:l1.6.1997; T: 2287; A: 27.6.1997 and originally the Case L 95/1106 of the District Court at Pieksiimiiki (Pieksiimiien kiiriijiioikeus), judgment No. 1975 on 19 December 1995, (the Engel-case). - 76, 114. KKO 1997: 203 - 126. KKO 1998: 98 - 126. KHO 6.11.1997/2826. - 215. KHO 28.12.1998/2953. - 126.

France

Michel Geniteau, Cour de Cassation, ch.crim., 17 June 1992, Bull.Cass.Crim. 1992, No. 244, p. 670; (1993) 1 CMLR 243. - 77.

Germany

Statutes Landesgleichstellungsgesetz (LGG), Bremisches Gesetzblatt, p. 433. - 328.

Cases Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v. Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle fUr Getreide und Futtermittel, 29 May 1974, (1974) 2 CMLR 540, (the So lange case). - 107, 171, 350. FA. Steinige and Weinlig v. Bundesamt fUr Erniihrung und Forstwirtschaft, 25 July 1979, (1980) 2 CMLR 531. - 107, 171,350. Re the application of Wiinsche Handelsgesellschaft, 22 October 1986, (1987) 3 CMLR 225. - 107, 171. Cases 2 BvR 2134/92 and 2159/92 Manfred Brunner and Others v. The European Union Treaty, 12 October 1993, (1994) 1 CMLR 57. - 48.

Italy

Flaminio Costa v ENEL, Corte di Constitutionale, decision of 12 July 1965, II Foro Italiano 1965, I Col. 1372, (the Second Costa v ENEL case) Frontini, Corte di Constitutionale, decision of 23 December 1973, (1974) 2 CMLR 372, (the Frontini case). - 350. lxxiv BIBLIOGRAPHY

United Kingdom

Statutes The European Commuties Act 1972, S.1. 1972, No. 1590. - 27, 106-7. Sex Discrimination Act 1975, The Public General Acts and General Synod Measures (Public General Statutes), 1975, Part II, Chapter 65, p. 1899. - 178. Local Government Act 1986, The Public General Acts and General Synod Measures (Public General Statutes), 1986, Part I, Chapter 10, p.179. - 68. Local Government Act 1988, Current Law Statutes Annotated, 1988, Vol. 2, Chapter 9, p. 60. - 68. Human Rights Act 1998, The Public General Acts and General Synod Measures (Public General Statutes), 1998, Part III, Chapter 42, p. 2677. - 138, 181.

Cases Susannah Sharp v Wakefield and Others (1891) AC 173. - 203. Short v Poole Corporation (1926) Ch. 66. - 203. Ellen Street Estates Ltd v Minister of Health (1934) 1 KB 590. - 254. Associated Provincial Picture Houses, Limited v Wednesbury Corporation (1948) 1 KB 223. - 20l. Robertson v Minister of Pensions (1949) 1 K.B. 227. - 203, 254. Attorney-General for Ceylon v A.D. Silva (1953) AC 461. - 203. Ridge v Baldwin and Others (1964) AC 40. - 202. Hedley Byrne & Co. Ltd. v Heller & Partners Ltd. (1964) AC 465. - 203. Wells and Others v Minister of Housing and Local Government and Another (1967) WLR 1000. - 203. Schmidt and Another v Secretary of State for Home Affairs (1969) 2 Ch. 149. Ford Motor Company v. Amalgamated Union of Engineering and Foundry Workers (1969) 2 Q.B. 303. - 144. Lever Finance Ltd v Westminster (City) London Borough Council (1971) 1 Q.B. 222. - 202-3. Corbett v. Corbett (otherwise Ashley) (1970) 2 All ER 33. - 178, 180. Re L(AC) an infant, (1971) 3 All ER 743. - 203. Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd. v. Martin & Co., (1973) I Q.B. 27. - 276,355. Monge v. Beebe Rubber Company (1974) 316 A. 2d 549. - 144. Macarthys Ltd v. Smith (1979) 3 All ER 325. - 107. Wallerstein v. Moir (No.2), (1975) 1 Q.B. 373. - 144. O'Reilly v Mackman and Others (1982) 3 All ER 1124. - 202. Garland v. British Rail Engineering Ltd (1983) 2 AC 751; (1982) 2 WLR 918. - 107. Attorney General of Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shiu (1983) 2 WLR 735. - 202. Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service( 1984) 3 All ER 935. - 254. R. v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Asif Mahmood Khan (1984) 1 WLR 1337. - 202. R. v. Ponting (1985) Crim. L.R., pp. 318-321. - 140. R v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame, (1990) 2 AC 85. - 107. R v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame (No.2), (1991) AC 603. - 107. Webb v Emo Air Cargo (UK) Ltd. (No.2) (1995) 1 WLR 1454. - 138. R. v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hamble (Offshore) Fisheries Ltd (1995) 2 All ER 714. - 201.

lxxv THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY IN EC LAW

USA

Marbury v Madison, 1 Cranch 137, (1803). - 284. Riggs v Palmer, 115 N.Y. 506, 22 N.E. 188, (1889). - 292, 313. Roe v. Wade (1973) 410 U.S. 113. - 144. Karen Frances Ulane v Eastern Airlines Inc 581 F. Supp 821 (1984); Fair Empl Prac Cas (BNA) 1332. - 178.

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