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Nanoremediation ISSN: 0974-5335 IJLST (2019), 12(1):1-6 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3365626 Nanoremediation Dr. (Mrs) Jot Sharma Vice Principal/Associate professor, Dept. of Biotechnology, Vijayaraje Institute of Science and Management, NH-75,Turari, Jhansi Road, Gwalior (M.P) 475001 INDIA [email protected] ABSTRACT: Pollution of soils is becoming a major problem in the world and especially, for most of the developed countries of the world. The crops cultivated in polluted soils may be containing a high level of heavy metals and/or toxic materials that can effect on human health. So, it is necessary to use the different technologies to clean up the polluted soil and creates additional lands for agricultural uses. Nanotechnology offers a wide number of smarter and cheaper techniques can be used as alternative methods to immobilize contaminants such as; nanoremediation technology. The nanoremediation methods entail the nanomaterials application on polluted soil. Additionally, this method has the potential to reduce the high costs of soil remediation for large-scale and the time of cleanup. Also, may be reducing toxic materials concentration or heavy metals to near zero in situ. This review aims to of nanotechnology application on contaminated soil remediation. Key Words: Heavy Metals, Environmental Pollution, Nanoparticles, Nanoremediation INTRODUCTION: [1]. Also, they many different materials in Nanotechnology is an advanced modern nanoscale can be using for soil remediation technique and alternative for traditional such as metal oxides, titanium dioxide, carbon remediation methods (ex-situ and in-situ nanotubes, and zeolites in nanoscale. technologies). It provides new kinds of Nanomaterials can be produced by different materials (nanomaterials) have properties ways of technologies, and they were classified that enable both chemical reduction and into two mainly groups: (1) the group of catalysis to transformation and detoxification technology is from outside to inside (top of pollutants. Nanoremediation methods down), in generally turning the bigger bulk entail the nanomaterials application on material into smaller. (2) The group of polluted soil. technology is a bottom to top (bottom-up), in this group, small materials will build bigger NANOMATERIALS: bulk material[2]. In recent years, the uses of Nanomaterials (NMs) are materials have nanotechnology application for polluted soil nanoscaled dimensions of 100 nm or less in remediation have been significant increased. at least one dimension, these materials have The NMs can be classified according to their highly desired and required properties for soil properties (physical/chemical) into groups: contamination remediation and nanoparticles The first group is organic nanomaterials, are those that have at least two dimensions where mostly content carbon atoms. The between 1 and 100 nm. Due to the specific second is inorganic nanomaterials and can be properties of nanomaterials such as larger classified into subgroups such as (i) metal specific surface area, structure and smaller (Au-Ag) (ii) metal oxide (ZnO2-Fe2O3) (iii) particle size, they allow significantly changed quantum dots (Cd-Se). Figure (1) shows the the physical, chemical, biological properties classification of the NMs according to their and adsorption /or reactions effects on the physicochemical properties [3]. nanoscale with the surrounding contamination media (soil). The characteristic NANOPARTICLES PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL of nanomaterials makes its more reactive PROPERTIES: than those materials used in traditional The NPs have specific properties such as remediation technologies for soil remediation specific surface area, particle size distribution, International Journal of Life Sciences and Technology (2019), Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s):1-6 1 ISSN: 0974-5335 IJLST (2019), 12(1):1-6 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3365626 and morphological sub-structure of the injected into a soil to remediation of substance, surface charge, and contamination by moving of nanoscale crystallographic characterization. These material in the soil pores[4]. Because of their properties enhanced nanoparticle to be the properties such as high available surface key of remediation. Additionally, the natural area, high reaction, and high efficiency can be NPs in soil include clays, organic matter, iron used in in- situ remediation technology [6] . oxides, and other minerals are an important fraction in biogeochemical processes. MECHANISM OF NZVI METHODS IN DECONTAMINATION: NONMATERIAL’S FOR SOIL REMEDIATION : Nanoremediation technologies based on Pollution in the soil can be cleaned up using NPs for remediation can be divided into (remediation) using a range of techniques. two groups depending on their chemical Nanotechnology is an advanced modern reaction: the first group is used NPs as an technique used in remediation of polluted soil. electron donor to clean up the contamination Recently, nanoremediation is considered a in a low level of toxic with slow moving in the new technology and is still in progress. media (soil), and the second group the NPs using as an agent of sorbent and it is more Nanoremediation methods are involves stable for toxic fixation, also, can be using the removing contamination from the soil by NPs as precipitant or coprecipitant of the using nanomaterials as new techniques. contaminated materials. In particular, NPs Nanomaterials have specific properties and have a high absorption ratio for metal, can be applied in different ways in soil arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), remediation. The using of nanoremediation mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), methods have advantages compared with uranium (U) (anionic contaminants), natural traditional remediation technologies, that is organic matter, organic acids, and heavy may be due to smaller particle size and metals[5]. The reaction between toxic specific surface area of nanomaterial and materials and the NPs by using the zNIP easy to moving into the soil porous. Also, for technique depending on higher surface area these reasons can be used for in situ of these materials and by simply of that this application. In addition, this method is more material can be sequestration of practice and economic for remediation contaminated or toxic material by two ways because it does not travel very far from the firstly by encapsulation of toxic materials in target point[4] Many different nonmaterials interface of NP aggregates, and secondly by have been suggested for soil remediation such fixation on complexation surface[5]. In as nano scale zeolites, metal oxides, carbon general, the chemical reaction processing in nanotubes and fibers, titanium dioxide, zero- zero-valent iron (Fe0) nanoparticles for valent iron, iron oxides nanoparticles. removes the halogenated organic Also, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is contaminants and heavy metals form soil can recently more used for polluted soil be expelling by following equations: remediation. Tables (1) show some examples Fe0 → Fe2+ + 2e- -------------------------------- of nanoparticles materials application in the (Eqn.1) cleanup of contaminated soil [5]. Fe0 → Fe3+ + 3e- -------------------------------- (Eqn 2) NANOSCALE ZERO-VALENT IRON PARTICLES RCl + H+ + 2e- → RH + Cl−------------------- (NZVI): (Eqn 3) Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Particles (nZVI) RCl + Fe0 + H+ → RH + Fe2+ + Cl−---------- are one of the most common types of (Eqn 4) nanoremediation techniques and they range from 10 to 100 nm in diameter. Generally, the As showing in the above reaction the metallic nZVI can be distribution and mobility once iron (Fe0) using as an electron donor (first International Journal of Life Sciences and Technology (2019), Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s):1-6 2 ISSN: 0974-5335 IJLST (2019), 12(1):1-6 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3365626 way of clean up), and very fast transformed high quality and low cost for soil remediation into Fe2+ (Eq.1), also, may be gradually by compared with old methods. more time to Fe3+ (Eq.2). While in (Eq.3) using Nanoremediation technologies entail the the reduction reaction between chlorinated application of nanomaterials for absorption, hydrocarbons and the electrons for detoxification, and release of pollutants from dechlorination of soil. On the other hand by the soil in situ remediation technique. Also, thermodynamic processes may be acceptable the nZVI methods can be using for the the coupling of the reactions (Eq.1) and (Eq.3) destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons in as showed in (Eq4). The chemical soil. mechanisms of nano-zerovalent iron (Fe0) is as shown in (Figure 2) DRAWBACKS & RISKS OF NANOPARTICLES: The use of nanoparticles is a rapidly In generally, the standard reduction potential emerging technique with large number of (E◦) of metallic iron (Fe0) to transfer to the benefits. Studies show it to be a very quick (Fe2+/Fe) during the reaction by dissolved in and efficient method for remediation of water is (- 0.44 mV), indicating that the high ground water and surface water[11 ]as well as capacity of metallic iron (Fe0) to reducing the contaminated soil[12].There still exists contamination of many organic compounds certain drawbacks and risks associated with such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and metals the use of nanoparticles such as (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr). The degradation of organic contaminants by zero-valent iron (Fe0) 1.Nano zero valent iron (nZVI), which may be methods has two common processes[7] : (i) attributed to the lack of proper or complete the first process is hydrogenolysis,
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