nanoremediation In-situ ground water remediation using zero-valent iron in combination with a DC field

Electrodes

Monitoring injection wells wells

Solar panels

Data STORAGE AND transmission Area of contaminated Batteries Control unit

Dosing unit

Disperser

Nanomaterial Water tank storage

Suitable for: polluted sites, former industrial locations, automotive manufacturing, heavy industry, chemical industry, military objects and other sites About nanoremediation

Nanoremediation relies on the use of zero-valent iron Large-scale demonstrations at real contaminated sites DC optimised nanocomposite material nanoparticles (nZVI) in reducing water contaminants. An have confirmed the performance of Nanoremediation, Materials used: (depending on specific parameters with or without surface treatment) additional electric field enhances the transport of nano- especially in low permeability . particles in an aquifer environment and improves the Nanocomposite materials containing ZVI nanoparticles are applied in a remediation performance of nZVI as well as lowering At the same time the overall costs are reduced substanti- suspension depending on contaminants, type and type of application overall costs substantially. ally thanks to the transfer for chemical reduction from the The nanocomposite is shipped either in a ready-to-use water suspension or in cathodes to contaminants through nZVI and then increa- dry powder form, which can be stored indefinitely The applied electric field both reduces the adhesion force sing its longevity. between nZVI particles and the surfaces of sedimentary rocks and enhances their reactivity and longevity in con- An additional means of reducing costs is the use of less Process: taminated groundwater environments. reactive nanocomposite material of zero-valent iron. 1 Dispersion and dosing 4 Monitoring Two forms of are produced and used for An integral part of the solution is the monitoring of the Why use nanoremediation? site remediation. Nanoiron in powder form is more sta- remediation progress, measuring main physical and ble, allowing for long term storage, with the reactive chemical parameters. In the postmonitoring phase, the Method proven at multiple sites suspension being prepared on site. A stabilised water outcome of the remediation is confirmed. The remedia- suspension form of nanoiron is ready to use. tion process is controlled and remotely optimised using No costly specialised instruments needed a specially developed information system. Dosing of nanomaterial is performed using an indepen- Safe both in terms of environmental risk as well as health risks dent dosing unit and is dependent on local site condi- Advantages over normal nanoiron thanks to use of electric field: tions and contaminant types. PC – particles are protected from oxidation, leading to higher reactivity and longer lifespan PV PANEL + Data CONTROL UNIT – reduces amount of nanoparticles necessary – allows for use of DC optimised material: less reactive dosing DISPERSION nanocomposite particles unit – DC field activates iron minerals located in ground matrix zone

DC field also supports the migration of iron particles: nonsaturated Anode – targeted use and migration of materials zone – efficient influence through complete aquifer body saturated – fewer injection wells necessary

Groundwater flow direction Direct push Cathode Economic advantages: Ecological advantages: Injection well – Injection gravity injection well – PackerS Base In-situ technology is financially more competitive than Environmentally friendly technology: the material is other methods based on pure physical treatment non-toxic and close to naturally existing materials Monitoring well (e.g. magnetite) Significantly higher effectivity in terms of use of reagents compared to oxidation methods Compared to biotech methods, the use of nanoiron combined with a DC electric field produces a minimal 2 Nanomaterial injection 3 DC field system Lifespan of reactive material prolonged thanks to amount of toxic degradation intermediates DC electric field In-situ application of DC optimised nanomaterial is The purpose of the DC field is to provide targeted Suitable for locations close to potable water sources performed in the form of a water suspension applied application with controlled nanoiron migration through Lower costs thanks to lower amounts of reactive directly into remediation injection wells or drains. The contaminated aquifers. The material is transported materials needed Small-scale injection wells, no extensive intervention targeted injection is performed by gravity applica- under the DC field by flowing water from injection well needed Lower costs thanks to use of optimised nanomaterial tion, directly to contaminated soil layers using injection to the contaminated area where it reacts with the conta- DC field can be generated using renewable energy packers or direct push technology. mination. The power for the system is generated by an sources (e.g. solar energy) autonomous photovoltaic unit. Contaminants:

GROUP CONTAMINANT GROUP CONTAMINANT Chlorinated Tetrachloroethene (PCE) Metals, Nickel ethenes metalloids Trichloroethene (TCE) 1,2-cis Dichloroethene (c-DCE) Mercury 1,2-trans Dichloroethene (t-DCE) Selenium 1,1-Dichloroethene (DCE) Vinylchloride (VC) Uranium Chlorinated Hexachloroethane (PCA) Zinc ethanes 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane Organic dyes Orange II 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (TeCA) Chrysoidine 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) Tropaeolin 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA) Other organic Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) pollutants 1,1-Dichloroethane (1,1-DCA) Dioxines Chlorinated Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Lindane (HCH) benzenes Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) Nitrobenzene Tetrachlorobenzene Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Trichlorobenzene (TCB) Trinitroglycerine (TNG) Dichlorobenzene (DCB) Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT) Chlorobenzene (MCB) n-Nitrosomethylamide (DNMA) Trihalomethanes Bromoform 1,2-Dibromomethane (EDB) Dibromochloromethane Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) Dichlorobromomethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (Freon 113) Chlorinated Tetrachloromethane (Freon 10) 1,2-Dichloropropane methanes Chloroform (TCM, Freon 20) 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) Dichloromethane (DCM, Freon 30) 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorophenole (PCP) Chloromethane (Freon 40) Molinate (S-Ethyl azepane-1-carbothioate) Metals, Other Nitrates metalloids inorganic Chromium Sulphates pollutants Cadmium Perchlorates Phosphates

Partners:

Photon Water Technology s.r.o. Hodkovická 109, 463 12 Liberec XXIII – Doubí [email protected] Czech Republic www.photonwater.com