International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7, Issue-6C2, April 2019

Spatial Distribution Analysis on Groundwater Quality of Sarada River Basin, , A.P.

M. Sujatha, T. Satyanarayana, SS. Asadi 

Abstract: An attempt has been made to study the spatial .The SRB lies between Latitudes 170 251 and 180 171 N and distribution of pH, E.C, Chlorides and TDS of groundwater in Longitudes 820 131 and 830 051 E.The SRB network starts the different sub-basins of Sarada River Basin, Visakhapatnam, from and contains mainly three rivers namely A.P. The pH value of groundwater varies from 6.4 to 8.8 with an Bodderu River,Tacheru and Pedderu Rivers,Vedulla gedda average of 7.6. The pH range is not within the limits prescribed by WHO or ISI either in the highest desirable level or maximum and Mamidi vaka gedda. permissible level E.C values ranges from 210 to 8000 The Sarada River basin consists of gneissic micromhos/cm with an average of 4105 micromhos/cm. The complex of khondalite group of rocks (65%), granite gneiss chloride values of the study area ranges from 14 to 2486mg/l with (20%), charnockites (10%) and quartzites (5%) of Archean an average of 1250mg/l. The TDS values of the study area ranges age. The gneissic rocks cover a major portion of the basin from 136 to 5200 mg/l with an average of 2668mg/l, exceeds the with quartzites and charnockites as small linear patches at maximum permissible limit of ISI and ICMR .A small portion of the upper Sarada River and some southern part of lower Sarada some places. Laterite duricrust occur in the northern part River Basin which is close to the sea, characterized with sudden and gravely laterites occur in the northern and eastern part change in the values of pH, Electrical Conductivity, Chlorides of the basin as small patches. The top soil group of the basin and TDS which indicate some sort of pollution. The agricultural area are loamy soils, clayey soils, red lateritic soils and and industrial townships in the study area shows the minimum marine soils near the coast .The average rainfall of the basin pH, high chloride and E.C. values. The study area also reveals area is about 1000mm. Physiographical, the sarada stream that the pollution of groundwater is due to saline water intrusion and over use of fertilizers and pesticides in lower Sarada River Basin have been separated keen on six sub-basins for the Basin present study of hydro-chemistry namely 1.Upper Sarada Index Terms: pH, E.C, chlorides, TDS and groundwater 2.Bodderu River 3.Tacheru and Pedderu 4.Vedurla gedda pollution 5.Mamidivaka gedda.. Are given in table-1.

I. INTRODUCTION A very large section of the population in urban and rural regions of India uses raw water from groundwater resources for human consumption. In groundwater resources, it is recognized to the value of groundwater is now since imperative since its amount. Through the pressing want intended used for rapid growth of fresh irrigate materials, enough notice is hardly ever known to quality issues and guard supplies, in spite of of the fact that in the long period these can be a grave restraint on sustainable growth.

II. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE Since the quality of public health depends to a large extent on the quality of drinking water, those are to be monitored systematically.

III. DESCRIPTION OF WORK Sarada River Basin is (SRB) is situated in of A.P, which spread over 2590sq.km with in the real study region is 1140 sq.km. The stream birth place at Konda and passes through Narasipoatnam plains and Visakhapatnam coast, which are parts of Eastern Ghats

Revised Manuscript Received on April 09, 2019. M. Sujatha, Department of Environment, KoneruLakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, A.P, India T. Satyanarayana, SRK Eng.College,Vijayawada,A.P. SS.Asadi, Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Deemed to be University, A.P, India

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number: F11380476C219 /19©BEIESP 747 & Sciences Publication International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (ICACE-2019) | 21-23 March 2019 | K L Deemed to be University, Vijayawada, A.P. India

Sub basin-I Sub basin -II Sub-basin-III S.No Location Water level S.No Location Water level S.No Location Water level (b.g.l)mts (b.g.l)mts (b.g.l)mts 1 Raiwada 3.00 10 Dsuravaram 2.30 16 Madugula 5.00

2 Gavaravaram 1.50 11 Appalaraju 3.00 17 Vaddadi 2.80 palem

3 Chowdavada 1.30 12 Siripuram 3.50 18 Murapaka 3.50

4 Gullapali 4.00 13 Konam 2.80 19 Ramjogipalem 4.00

5 Annavaram 2.30 14 Jampana 1.50 20 Jannnavaram 1.80

6 Alamanda 3.80 15 Dibbapalem 1.00 21 Guddipa 6.00

7 Adduru 4.00

8 Narasapuram 5.20

9 Varada 3.80

Table-1: Groundwater Levels in open and bore wells in various locations of Sarada River Basin.

Sub basin -IV Sub basin-V Sub basin-VI S.No Location Water level S.No Location Waterlevel S.No Location Waterlevel (b.g.l)mts (b.g.l)mts (b.g.l)mts 22 Seethaiahpet 2.60 30 Kannurupalem 3.10 34 Anakapalli 1.80

23 Turakalapudi 3.50 31 Mamidivaka 1.80 35 Munagapaka 1.40 24 Neelakantaouram 1.80 32 Govada 2.10 36 Peddapudi 2.30

25 Ithampudi 5.10 33 Tallapalem 2.80 37 Elamanchilli 1.50 26 Timmannapalem 3.20 38 Vemagiri 4.60 27 Jamathullapalem 4.10 39 Murakada 1.20 28 Tallaplem 2.60 40 Kotturu 3.00 29 Rajam 5.90 41 TJampanapalem 2.80

42 Narapadu 4.80 43 Vakapadu 1.60

B.G.L: Below the Ground Level

chemical constituents such as chlorides, sulphates, calcium, IV. EQUIPMENT AND METHOD sodium, potassium, magnesium, etc. Groundwater sample was passed not in within dry period periods (Between Dec 2007 and March 2008). The sample V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION were composed within plastic bottles which was pre-cleaned Chemistry of groundwater need investigation as for with hydrochloric acid and finally in distilled water. The human consumption, the available water should be within collected water samples were analyzed for different hydro specific limits. Similarly for irrigation too, the water should geochemical properties such as pH, Electrical Conductivity, posses specific chemical quality. There is a need for Total Dissolved Solids and Chlorides. The results of continuous monitoring water quality, so that one can study Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH were measured the nature and growth of pollutants .the data on the four electromagnetically in the field using digital meters. physic-chemical characteristics such as pH, E.C, Chlorides Immediately after sampling. The water samples were and TDS are given in table-2 analyzed for determining the concentrations of various

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number: F11380476C219 /19©BEIESP 748 & Sciences Publication International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7, Issue-6C2, April 2019

S.No Sub- basins Range pH E.C(microns/cm) Chlorides(mg/l) TDS(mg/l) 1 Upper Sarada Minimum 6.8 400 21 200 River Maximum 8.8 8000 400 5200 2 Bodderu river Minimum 7.2 600 39 390 Maximum 8.2 2500 611 1625 3 Tacheru and Minimum 7.3 475 37 309 Pedderu Maximum 8.3 2100 767 1365 4 Vedurla gedda Minimum 7.3 300 30 195 Maximum 8.3 2200 711 1430 5 Mamidivaka Minimum 6.8 1200 45 780 gedda Maximum 7.9 4300 1221 2795 6 Lower Sarada Minimum 6.4 210 14 136 River Maximum 8.4 7800 2486 5070

Table-2 Range of pH, E.C, chlorides and TDS in six sub-basins of Sarada River Basin.

pH for waters are 770 and 2300 micromhos/cm respectively. It The pH values of groundwater varies from 6.4 to 8.8 with is clear from the map that majority of the groundwater an average (mean value) of 7.6. The distribution of pH samples in SRB falls in the range of 800 to 2300 values in the area investigation given a map of pH (figure- micromhos/cm, except at few locations. Abnormal 2). The pH range is not within the limits prescribed by concentrations of electrical conductivity values have been WHO (1984) or ISI (1983) either in the highest desirable observed at Gavaravaram(8000 micromhos/cm) in upper (6.5-8.5) or maximum permissible level (6.5-9.2) in the area Sarada River Basin, Munagapaka (6000 micromhos/cm), of investigation. The pH range is (6.5-8.5) values can cause Murakada(7800 micromhos/cm), Rajala(6400 gastrointestinal disorders like hyper acidity, ulcers, stomach micromhos/cm), Devanapalem(6700 micromhos/cm) and pain, burning sensation etc in the users. In addition to this Vakapadu(6300 micromhos/cm). in the lower Sarada River the pH below 7.0 another reason for the low pH might be the Basin Water above 2000 micromhos/cm is usually excessive use of acid producing fertilizers like ammonium unsuitable for irrigation (Trivedy,1995).There is a sudeen sulphate and super phosphate of lime in the land close to the increase of electrical conductivity in upper Sarada River due wells in upper Sarada and lower Sarada River sub basins. to local pollution and in Lower Sarada River due to salinity In the present study, the low pH seems to be another of water. A sudden rise in conductivity in the groundwater reason that the industrial townships at Govada sugar mills, indicates addition of some pollutants to it(Trivedy and Goel Tummapala sugar mills and small scale industries fall in the 1986).The areas have highest E.C values also have lowest zone of pH of 6.4 to 7.0. The industrial effluents which let pH values. off in the ground can percolate down and reach the groundwater .The pH values 6.8, 7.0 and 7.1 were found VII. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) locally in the southern part of the basin, while the pH values Drinking water quality is affected by the presence of above 7.5 observed in the northern part of the basin. The soluble salts.TDS is one of the characteristics which decide variation in pH values with relation to salinity content is the quality or salinity of water. Therefore, the level of TDS quite clear, as the slightly acidic to acidic water with pH in the study area ranges from 136 to 5200 mg/l with an values, ranging from 6.4 to 6.9 were found in 6 groundwater average of 2688mg/l.The ISI (1983) and ICMR(1975) samples in the southern part of the basin, which shows a standards for TDS are 500mg/l (highest desirable limit) and very high salinity content ranging from 1063 mg/l to 1500 mg/l (maximum permissible limit).The thematic map 2000mg/l of chlorides. This confirms the fact that the shows the distribution of TDS values(Fig-4) clearly increase of salinity content in the southern part of the SRB, indicates that the most of the river basin area falls within the leads to a reduction in the pH values and decrease of salinity maximum permissible limits, except at a few locations in the in the northern parts, gives rapid rise in pH values. In the northen part and lower Sarada River Basin. When the TDS northern part of the study area where pH values are less than in groundwater is more than 500mg/l,the palatability 7.0 shows local variation. The sudden decrease in pH value decreases and many cause gastrointestinal irritation (Park at Gavaravanam (6.8) and Pedapasila (6.9) is believed to be and Park,1980).The area which is having highest TDS related to the high salinity content of these locations have (5200mg/l) at Gavaravaram also has the highest E.C values 2417 mg/l and 904mg/l of chlorides respectively. (8000 micromhos/cm) and low pH value(6.6). In general, the sourthern areas of the basin (Lower Sarada) have been VI. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (E.C) observed higher TDS values at Elamanchali (4600mg/l), Electrical conductivity is a measure of the salt content of Murakada (5070mg/l), Rajala (4160mg/l), water in the form of ions. The E.C values in the study area Devanapalem(4355mg/l) and Dimili (4760mg/l) than ranges from 210 micromhos/cm to 800 micromhos/cm with northern parts of the basin. It was observed that there is an average of 4105 micromhos/cm. The distribution of E.C values in the river basin is presented as a thematic map (Fig- 3).As per the International Standards, the highest desirable and maximum permissible limits of electrical conductance

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number: F11380476C219 /19©BEIESP 749 & Sciences Publication International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (ICACE-2019) | 21-23 March 2019 | K L Deemed to be University, Vijayawada, A.P. India progressive increase in TDS along palaeo channels from X. REFERENCE: Upper Sarada to Lower Sarada River as terrain gets flatter. 1. CMR, 1975.Mannual of Standards of Quality for drinking water supplies ,Indian Council of Medical Research special VIII. CHLORIDE report No.44:27 2. ISI, 1983.Indian Standards Institution –Indian Standard Chloride is one of the major inorganic anion occurs in all specifications for drinking water,ISI 10500. types of water .In potable water, the salt taste produced by 3. Matthess,G. and Pekdege ,A.1981 Concepts of a survival and the chloride concentrations which is variable and depends ttransport model of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in on the chemical composition of water .The chloride values groundwater .Proc.Intlsympo. on Quality of groundwater, in various sampling locations of the study area varies from Amsterdam. 21 to 2486 mg/l with an average of 1253mg/l.The 4. Park J.E and Park 1980 Text book of preventive and social medicine. Bharadidas bhaner ,Jabalpur. distribution of chloride values in the present study area of 5. Trivedy R.K. 1995 Sources of water pollution and water the basin is represented as a thematic map (Fig-5) .As per quality parameters.In :Encyclopedia of Environmental Indian Standard Institution (1983), the highest desirable and Pollution and Control (Ed.by Trivedy R.K)Enviromedia maximum permissible levels of chloride values for public ,Karad. water are 200mg/l and 600mg/l respectively. The high 6. Trivedi R.K and Goel P.K.C 1986. Chemical and Biological concentration of chlorides is considered to be the indicators methods for water pollution studies. Environmental publications Karad of pollution due to organic wastes ,indusrial wastes and sea 7. WHO, 1984 Guide lines for drinking water quality vol.1 water intrusion. The concentration of chloride is high in Recommendations ,Geneva. ground water, where temperature is high and rainfall is less 8. Murugesan,s.Damodhar Kumar, and D.chandrika ,2005 (Murugrasan et al ,2005). It is clear from the map most of .Comparative study of groundwater sources from central to groundwater samples in the study area fall in the range of western region of Chennai,India.Journal of Nature 200 to 600 mg/l in the northen regions than southern parts of Environmental and pollution Technologies,Techno Sciences Publications. the basin .The water samles which exceeds 600 mg/l of 9. Saffigna ,P.G,and D.R.Kenney 1997.Nitrate and Chloride in chloride have been observed at Elamanchali (1262 groundwater under irrigated agriculture in Coastal mg/l),Vemagiri(1775),Devanapale (1873mg/l),Rajala (1900 Wisconsin.Grounder ,Vol.15,No.2,PP.170-177. mg/l)Dimili(800mg/l), Murakada (2486mg/l) etc. In general, 10. Exner ,M.E ,and R.F .Spalding,1979.Evalution of the chloride was fund in higher concentration in contaminated Groundwater in Holt country ,Nebraska with groundwater underlying agricultural lands in the areas of Reservoirs Research,vol.15,No.1,PP.139-147. 11. Hill,A.R,1982.Nitrate distribution in the groundwater of the investigation.Most chloride additions to groundwater Alliston Region of Gntario, Canada. Journal of associated with agricultural activity were documented with groundwater,vol.20,No.6 PP.697-702 for sandy soils, irrigated and heavily fertilized soils 12. Hem JD. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical overlaying shallow water tables (Saffigna and Kenney1977, Characteristics of Natural Water, (3rd Edition, University press Exner and Spalding, 1979 Hill, 1982). of the Pacific, USA).

IX. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS AUTHORS PROFILE

The data of Sarada River Basin reveals that the groundwater samples in and around Gavaravaram in upper Sarada River and most of the sampling locations in the Dr.M.Sujatha is Associate Professor, lower Sarada River Basin have highest Electrical Department of Chemistry, KL University. She did Masters in Environmental Science Conductivity, TDS, Chlorides and lowest pH values. The higher E.C ,TDS and chlorides concentrations found in & Technology and Business groundwater underlying agricultural lands in areas of Upper Administration. She was awarded Ph.D from Acharya Sarada River Basin , whereas in lower Sarada River Basin, Nagarjuna University for her thesis work on Environmental the higher concentrations may be due to saline water Impact Assessment by using Remote Sensing and GIS. She intrusion from the river. During summer, the river water gets had 18 years teaching experience and published 16 Research polluted due to salt water ingression which in turn pollutes Papers in International and National journals. She is member the groundwater of nearby wells in lower Sarada River of International Society for Environmental Information Basin. A field check in same area shows that the farmers Sciences and World Environment Organization. cultivate paddy two time a year and they use fertilizers and pesticides extensively .Nearly 8 to 10 months in a year, the water table is very shallow. These conditions might have Dr.T.Satyanarayana is Professor & caused the sudden decrease in the pH values in the study Head, SRK Institute of Technology at area. It was observed from the hydro-chemical data that Vijayawada. He is specialized at Hydro- there is progressive increase in TDS, E.C and chloride Geology .He received his Ph.D in Hydro- values along the palaceo-channels from upper Sarada to Chemical Environment of Groundwater lower Sarada River as terrain gets flatter. Regime From Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Also Best Teacher Awards for three

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number: F11380476C219 /19©BEIESP 750 & Sciences Publication International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7, Issue-6C2, April 2019 academic years, “University Award to Meritorious Teachers–2010” BY JNTU Kakinada. He has 35 years teaching experience. He published 17 Research Papers in International and National journals and is the member of Environmental Committee Lanco Kondapalli Power Plant, Kondapalli, Vijayawada, A.P.

Dr.SS.Asadi working in Department of Civil Engineering,Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Deemed to be University, A.P, India. He received his Ph.D in Environmental Technology and M.Tech in Remote sensing & GIS from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU) Hyderabad. He has more than 22 years of teaching and Research experience in remote sensing & GIS and Environmental Technology. He has published more than 220 Research Papers in many International and National journals besides undertaking various National projects sponsored by different Government departments and organizations. Received 3 National Awards. Visited number of countries around the world and presented Research work in USA, Sweden and Japan. Presented and participated more than 100 International and national conferences, seminars, workshops. He guided research work of 3 students leading to award of Ph.D. Authored 4 books. He is the life member of various International& National professional bodies.

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