E1562 Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Home , Balijipeta, Bhamini, Bhogapuram, Bojjannakonda, Butchayyapeta, Cheepurupalli

FOR THE PROJECT – IMPROVING RURAL Public Disclosure Authorized LIVELIHOODS THROUGH CARBON SEQUESTRATION BY ADOPTING ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY BASED AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

CONTENTS

Contents...... 2

Abbreviations Used...... 5

List of tables...... 6

1. INTRODUCTION...... 8

1.1 Project objectives ...... 8

1.2 Project activities ...... 8

1.2.1 Details of the plantation species...... 9

1.3 Institutional arrangements...... 10

1.4 Requirement of EMF ...... 10

2. METHODOLOGY ...... 11

2.1 Scope of the EMF...... 11

2.2 Methodology...... 11

3. Profile of project area...... 12

3.1 Project Area ...... 12

3.1.1 Vizianagaram...... 12

3.1.2 Srikakulam ...... 13

3.1.3 Visakhapatnam...... 13

3.1.4 Kalahandi ...... 13

3.1.5 Rayagada ...... 13

3.1.6 Koraput...... 13

3.2 Socio-economic profile ...... 14

3.2.1 Details of area under plantation...... 16

3.3 Physical environmental profile...... 18

3.3.1 Agro-climatic zones ...... 18

3.3.2 Soils...... 21

3.3.3 Land utilization...... 36 2

3.3.4 Agricultural cash crops ...... 41

3.4 Ecological profile ...... 43

3.4.1 Forests...... 43

3.4.2 Water resources...... 53

4. Potential impact of the project ...... 69

4.1 Pesticide use...... 69

4.2 Change in land use...... 72

4.3 Industry raw materials ...... 74

4.4 Impacts and mitigation measures ...... 77

5. Legal and Regulatory Framework...... 85

6. Review of literature relevant to the project...... 98

6.1 Water resources...... 98

6.2 Pest management ...... 100

6.3 Nutrient management ...... 106

7. EMF for the project...... 108

7.1 Water resources...... 108

7.2 Pesticide use...... 110

7.3 Nutrient depletion...... 112

7.4 Management of the EMF ...... 114

7.4.1 Roles and responsibilities of relevant stakeholders ...... 114

7.4.2 Capacity building strategy ...... 117

7.4.3 Monitoring strategy...... 119

7.5 Implementation of the EMF...... 121

7.5.1 Organizational chart ...... 121

7.5.2 Time frame...... 123

7.5.3 Budget...... 129

Annexe 1: Sacred Groves in Andhra Pradesh ...... 130

Annexe 2: Areas under ITDA in AP and Orissa...... 134

Annexe 3: Environmental Screening Checklist ...... 135

Annexe 4: Environmental Management Checklist...... 140

Annexe 5: List of websites referred to...... 143

Annexe 6: Field notes and photographs...... 144

Annexe 7: Budget ...... 154

Annexe 8: Minitues of the EMF disclosure meeting ...... 158

ABBREVIATIONS USED

APWLTA Andhra Pradesh Water Land and Trees Authority

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CER Certified Emission Reduction

DBH Diameter at Breast Height

DWMA District Water Management Agency

EMF Environmental Management Framework

ITDA Integrated Tribal Development Agency

PDD Project Deisgn Document

VEDA MACS Vanitha (Women) Empowerment, Development and Advancement Mutually

Aided Cooperative Society Limited

VCCSL VEDA Climate Change Solutions Limited

LIST OF TABLES

S. No. Table Title 1 Basic data on the districts 2 Details of land proposed for plantations under the project 3 Details of land holdings proposed for plantations under the project 4 Agro-climatic zones pertaining to Rayagada, Kalhandi and Koraput districts 5 District wise land utilization particulars (Area in ha) 6 Area under tree crops (1979-80 to 2004-05) (Area in ha) 7 Area under tree crops (1995-96 to 2004-05) in Orissa (Area in ha) 8 Area under food and non-food crops in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh state (1979-80 to 2004-05) (Area in ha) 9 Area under sugar cane, cotton and tobacco in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh state (1979-80 to 2004-05) (Area in ha) 10 Area under the land use category of forest in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh state (1979-80 to 2004-05) (Area in ha) 11 District-wise distribution of forest in project districts of Andhra Pradesh (2002-2003) 12 Legal status of forest blocks in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts (Number of blocks) 13 Extent of forest area in Orissa state 14 Actual extent of forest area in Orissa state (2003) 15 Legal status of forest areas in Kalahandi, Koraput and Rayagada districts (Area in ‘000 ha) 16 Actual forest cover in Kalahandi, Koraput and Rayagada districts (2003) (Area in ‘000 ha) 17 Rainfall details for Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput districts of Orissa state 18 Mandal-wise Ground Water Resource in Vizianagaram district 2004 19 Mandal-wise Ground Water Resource in Srikakulam district 2004 20 Mandal-wise Ground Water Resource in Visakhapatnam district 2004 21 Details of mandals classified as semi-critical and overexploited with respect to the ground water resource in Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts (2004) 22 Villages classified as overexploited with respect to ground water status, Vizianagaram district 2004 23 Block-wise ground water resource status in Kalahandi district 24 Block-wise ground water resource status in Koraput district 25 Block-wise ground water resource status in Rayagada district 26 Irrigated area and source of irrigation in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh state (2004-05) (Area in ha) 27 Irrigation potential created in Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput districts of Orissa state (Area in ‘000 ha) 28 Some details on the toxicity and persistence of the pesticides reported to be used in the project area plantations 29 Productivity of major crops in the project areas of Andhra Pradesh state (kg./ha) (2000-2001) 30 Productivity of major crops in the Koraput district of Orissa state (kg/ha) 31 Demand and supply of wood in India (in million cu. m) 32 Growth in area under plantations supported by JK Paper Ltd. (area in ha.) 33 Potential impacts of project activities and mitigation measures 34 Legal and regulatory framework 35 Review of relevant literature on water management for Eucalyptus 36 Review of relevant literature on termite management in Eucalyptus 6

37 Review of relevant literature on nutrient management for Eucalyptus 38 Water management strategy proposed as part of the EMF of the project 39 Pest management strategy proposed as part of EMF of this project 40 Nutrient management strategy proposed as part of EMF of this project 41 Roles and responsibilities of VEDA MACS and JK Papers Ltd. with respect to the implementation of the EMF 42 Competency matrix of key individuals who will be involved in the EMF implementation 43 Training and informational needs of farmers before and after embarking on the plantation activity 44 Key parameters for monitoring 45 Time frame for implementation of EMF activities 46 Budget for implementation of EMF

1. INTRODUCTION

The proposed CDM project titled ‘Improving Rural Livelihoods Through Carbon Sequestration by Adopting Environment Friendly Technology Based Agroforestry (Reforestation) Practices’ is located in Koraput, Kalahandi and Rayagada districts of Orissa and Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts of Andhra Pradesh in India.

1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES The project design document (PDD) of the project states its objectives as follows:

To remove CO2 through plantation forestry in degraded areas and test and pilot how reforestation activities generate high-quality greenhouse gases emission removals that can be measured, monitored and verified;

To develop plantation and agro forestry models, which can provide multiple benefits to the farmers in respect of timber, firewood, Non Wood Forest Products, along with carbon removal and also from intercropping.

To provide additional income and promote livelihoods to the resource poor farmers through carbon revenues.

To reforest degraded lands to control soil and water erosion and reclaim lands.

To reduce the dependence of the paper industry on natural forests thereby conserving biodiversity.

To build capacity of the various stakeholders to benefit from global mechanisms.

1.2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES To achieve the objectives, the following project activities are proposed:

Reforestation of 3,500 ha of degraded lands in the provincial States of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa in India, over a period of five years;

Development of institutional mechanisms to aid the sale of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), test carbon purchase transactions and accumulate experience in practical and technical measures for CDM project activities;

Development and testing of local financing and institutional arrangements for restoration of degraded lands;

Identification of resource-poor farmers and land for the project activity by the JK Paper Mills in association with the Vanitha (Women) Empowerment, Development and Advancement (VEDA) Mutually Aided Cooperative (MAC) Society Ltd through a participatory approach;

Development, testing and dissemination of best practices in plantation and agro forestry to minimize risks (fire, pest insect and disease) and maximize environmental and social benefits.

Choice of species to be determined by interviewing local farmers, and taking into consideration carbon removal rates, biodiversity enhancement, soil erosion control and the value of associated forest products.

Provision of seedlings produced from clonal technology to farmers to raise plantations;

Promotion of farmer-industry partnerships with buy-back arrangements to purchase wood;

Encouragement of farmers to go for agro-forestry practices such as intercropping during the first year to meet their subsistence needs;

Provision of long term credit from financial institutions to resource-poor farmers where required by them to meet the cost of plantation and maintenance;

Generation of additional income from carbon credits to the farmers;

Development and strengthening of the capacity of various stakeholders including resource-poor farmers, governmental and non-governmental organizations through training and technical assistance to enhance their negotiation skills to take advantage of the international mechanisms;

Conservation of biodiversity through reduced dependence on natural forests by producing raw material for housing, construction and industry on private lands through plantation forestry;

Build partnerships with international and national research organisations and the results of such research would be fed into this project for adoption of agroforestry models by the farmers to increase their returns.

1.2.1 DETAILS OF THE PLANTATION SPECIES The PDD states that the tree species to be planted have been determined by interviewing local farmers and communities, the companies involved, and taking into consideration carbon removal rates, biodiversity enhancement, soil erosion control and the value of associated forest products. These species include:

Fast growing tree species: Eucalyptus spp, Casuarina equisetifolia, Emblica officinalis

Timber trees spices: Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea

Fruit/seed yielding species: Pongamia pinnata, Mangifera indica, Tamarindus spp, Azadirachta indica

Intercropping species: Sorghum and other millets

The respective percentages of other species would be decided depending upon the soil suitability, preferences of the farmers etc.

1.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS The institutional arrangements for the project as described in the PDD are as follows:

The organization sponsoring the project is Vanita Empowerment, Development and Advancement (VEDA) Mutually Aided Cooperative Society (MACS) Ltd., Hyderabad, India. JK Papers Ltd. is a partner in the project. The paper company is encouraging plantation of such species on the marginal lands owned by farmers to meet its raw material requirements for paper manufacturing. An institutional mechanism VEDA Climate Change Solutions Limited (VCCSL) has been established by the VEDA MACS Ltd to specifically deal with issues related to carbon revenue. This new entity will be responsible for entering into agreements with farmers and the BioCabon Fund for delivery of CERs from the BioCarbon Fund to the farmers. An agreement involving the farmer, JK Paper Mill, the VCCSL and also financial institution where necessary would be entered into. The income from carbon trading will also be passed on to the farmers after meeting the management and transaction costs.

1.4 REQUIREMENT OF EMF The project activities focus on farm and agroforestry development – and the major focus is on pulpwood plantations. Considering the growing demand for paper and thus for pulpwood, it is foreseen that the farm and agroforestry activity will extend well beyond the initially proposed 3500 ha. It is necessary that these plantations are maintained in a way that ensures the sustainability of the local natural resource base. An EMF is being developed to ensure that the issues affecting sustainability are identified and appropriate mitigation measures are put in place right from the initial stages of the project.

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 SCOPE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The current assignment is to develop an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the project. The purpose of the EMF is to ensure that the sustainability of the plantation activity taken up under the project is enhanced.

Specifically, the EMF will contribute to the sustainability by:

Preventing and/or mitigating any negative environmental impact that may emerge as a result of the plantation activity

Ensuring that the long-term sustainability of benefits from the plantation activity is enhanced by securing the natural resource base

Facilitating pro-active initiatives by participating farmers that can lead to increased efficiency in use of natural resources resulting in improvements to both productivity of the plantation and to the local environmental quality

2.2 METHODOLOGY The EMF was developed by Centre for Environment Education (CEE) in consultation with VEDA MACS, JK Papers Ltd and specialists at the World Bank. Discussions were held with farmers (who are as well as who would be part of the project) both individually as well as in small focus groups. Other farmers in the area who were already growing plantations were also met with to understand the issues and management practices concerning the plantation tree crops. Relevant line department personnel – from the departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, Forests, Watershed development, Rural development, etc. were met with. Experts from institutions such as Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Acharya NG Ranga Agriculture University, Andhra Pradesh Forest Development Corporation, Andhra University were also consulted for their views on enhancing sustainability of the proposed plantations.

In addition to field visits to the existing and proposed plantation sites, and interactions with the above mentioned stakeholders, secondary research was also undertaken.

The exercise was undertaken during July and August 2006. A workshop to share the EMF and invite inputs for its’ strengthening was organized on 10 September 2006. The minutes of this workshop are provided in Annexe 8.

3. PROFILE OF PROJECT AREA

3.1 PROJECT AREA

THE PROJECT IS TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN ANDHRA PRADESH AND ORISSA states in India. The districts where the project activities will be implemented are Vizianagaram, Sirkakulam and Visakhapatnam in the state of Andhra Pradesh; and Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput in the state of Orissa. These districts form a single contiguous patch in the south-eastern region of the country.1

The districts of Vizianagaram in Andhra Pradesh and Kalahandi in Orissa account for maximum land area (based on the information available for the first year of the project – 2005) under the project activities (seen in Graph 1).

Graph 1: Distribution of Project Plantations Across the Districts

8% 11% Vizianagaram Srikakulam Visakhapatnam 11% Kalahandi Rayagada 3% 63% 4% Koraput

3.1.1 VIZIANAGARAM

This district is located between 17°15′ and 19°15′ of the Northern Latitude and 83°00′ and 83°45′ of the Eastern Longitude, and is bound on the East by Srikakulam district, on the West and South by Visakhapatnam district, on the South-East by the Bay of Bengal and on the North-West by Orissa state.

Vizianagaram has 34 administrative divisions called mandals. Of these the project areas fall in 13 mandals. The total project area in Vizianagaram accounts for 256.14 ha spread across 28 villages. Of these, the mandals having the largest concentration of plantation plots are Salur (11 villages), Parvathipuram (11 villages), Bobbili and Makkuva (4 villages each). However, this distribution is for the first year of the project alone. The pattern may change in the following years.

1 Map of India is from the website www.mapsofindia.com

3.1.2 SRIKAKULAM Srikakulam district is on the North-Eastern tip of Andhra Pradesh situated within the geographical coordinates of 18◦20′ and 19◦10′ of northern latitude and 83°5′ and 84°50′ of eastern longitude. It is flanked by Vizianagaram district in the south and the west and bound by Orissa state on the north and Bay of Bengal on the east.

Srikakulam has 37 administrative divisions called mandals. Of these the project areas fall in 6 mandals. The total project area in Srikakulam accounts for 15.85 ha spread across 7 villages. Of these the mandal having the largest concentration of plantations is Gara (2 villages). However, this distribution is for the first year of the project alone. The pattern may change in the following years.

3.1.3 VISAKHAPATNAM Vishakhapatnam district is located in North-Eastern part of Andhra Pradesh. It is situated between the latitude of 17°42′ North and the longitude of 83°15′ East. This district is bordered by Vizianagaram and Srikakulam in the north, East Godavari in the South, Orissa in the West and the Bay of Bengal on the eastern side.

Vishakhapatnam has 43 administrative divisions called mandals. Of these the project areas fall in 8 mandals. The total project area in Vishakhapatnam accounts for 10.20 ha spread across 6 villages. However, this distribution is for the first year of the project alone. The pattern may change in the following years.

3.1.4 KALAHANDI

Kalahandi district occupies the south-western portion of Orissa and is situated between 19°3′ and 21°5′ of northern latitude and 82°30′ and 83°74′ eastern longitude. It is bounded in the North by the districts of Balangir and Nawapara, on the South by the districts of Rayagada and Boudh.

Kalahandi has 13 blocks organized into five tehsils. Of these the project areas fall in 6 blocks. The total project area in Kalahandi accounts for 46.15 ha spread across 30 villages. Of theses the mandals having the largest concentration of plantations are Lanjigarh (10 villages – 17 farmers), followed by Bhavanipatna (12 villages – 15 farmers). However, this distribution is for the first year of the project alone. The pattern may change in the following years.

3.1.5 RAYAGADA

Rayagada district was situated in southern Orissa. It is situated between the latitude 18°54′ North and the longitutude 84°12′ East. This district is flanked by Phulbani in the North, Koraput in the South, Kalhandi in the West and Gajapathi in the East.

Rayagada has 11 blocks organized into four tehsils. Of these the project areas fall in 5 blocks. The total project area in Rayagada accounts for 43.476 ha spread across 10 villages. Of these the mandals having largest concentration of plantations are Muniguda (2 villages – 6 farmers) followed by Bisumcuttac (2 villages – 3 farmers). However, this distribution is for the first year of the project alone. The pattern may change in the following years.

3.1.6 KORAPUT

This district is located in south east Orissa. It is situated between the latitude 18°10′ North and the longitude 82°10′ East. This district is bordered by Nawarangapur, Kalhandi and Rayagada in the North, Madhya Pradesh in the North-west and Andhra Pradesh in the South and East.

Koraput has 14 blocks organized into seven tehsils. Of these the project areas fall in 3 blocks. The total project area in Koraput accounts for 33.28 ha spread across 10 villages. However, this distribution is for the first year of the project alone. The pattern may change in the following years.

Implications for EMF

As seen in the section above, the project activities (plantations to be taken up by individual farmers) are scattered over six districts. This means that the impact of the activities will also be dispersed over the area. This in itself will help to mitigate any negative impacts to some extent. On the other hand, however, it means that the situation presents a challenge in terms of continued monitoring of the project impacts at the local level.

3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

Table 1: Basic data on the districts Item measure Unit of Vizianagaram Srikakulam Visakhapatnam Kalahandi Rayagada Koraput Source

Area Sq. Km. 6539 5837 11161 7920 7073 8807 Census 2001

Population In 2245.10 2528.49 3789.82 1336 831 1181 Census thousands 2001

Urban In 412.09 278.20 1511.84 100 115 199 Census thousands 2001

Rural In 1833.01 2250.28 2277.98 1235 716 982 Census thousands 2001

Population % +6.35 +8.93 +15.36 +18.09 +16.40 +14.67 Census growth 2001 (decadal)

Population Ratio 343 433 340 169 118 134 Census density 2001 (persons/sq. km.)

Literacy % 51.82 55.94 59.45 45.94 36.15 35.72 Census 2001

Workers as % % 50.33 48.64 43.1 - - - Census of total 1991 population

Workers as % of main workers

Agriculture % 74.73 78.16 62.24 - - - Census and allied 1991 activities

Mining and % 0.30 0.23 0.47 - - - Census quarrying 1991

Manufacturing % 3.79 3.78 6.48 - - - Census (non- 1991 household) industries

Household % 3.36 2.32 2.65 - - - Census industries 1991

Construction % 0.75 0.58 2.49 - - - Census 1991

Services % 17.07 14.93 25.68 - - - Census 1991

Forest area as % 17.78 12.16 42.15 - - - 1997- % of reporting 98 area

Gross % 35.15 46.02 35.77 - - - 1997- irrigated area 98 as % of gross cropped area

Per capita Kg. 116.00 143.03 44 - - - 1997- food grain 98 production

Road length Km. 56.60 83.26 53.08 - - - 1996- per 100 sq. 97 km.

Railway route Km. 3.99 3.31 1.47 - - - 1996- length per 100 97 sq. km.

Implications for EMF

As seen in the table, more than 80% of the population in all the districts lives in rural areas and agriculture provides livelihood to about 71.71 percent of the population. This illustrates the importance of sustainability of agriculture to the overall sustainable development of the area.

3.2.1 DETAILS OF AREA UNDER PLANTATION Details of the land proposed for plantations under the project (information available for only the first year) is presented in Table 2. The details of the land holdings under the project are presented in Table 3.

Table 2: Details of land proposed for plantations under the project District Villages Blocks or Land Farmers Average Minimum Maximum Maximum Average Maximum covered by Mandals under covered by land under land land number of land under land holding project covered by project (in project project per holding holding project CDM per per village project ha) farmer (in under under farmers per village (in ha) project (in project (in village ha) ha) ha) Vizianagaram 28 13 256.14 42 6.098 0.4 23.2 5 9.147 77.6 Srikakulam 7 7 15.85 10 1.585 0.20 5.68 3 2.264 5.68 Rayagada 10 5 43.476 15 2.898 0.12 1.75 4 4.347 16.38 Koraput 10 3 33.28 18 1.848 0.40 9.2 5 3.328 10 Kalahandi 30 8 46.15 43 1.073 0.40 4 7 1.538 8.06 Visakhapatnam NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Overall 84 36 394.896 128 3.08 0.12 23.2 7 3.43 77.6

Table 3: Details of land holdings2 proposed for plantations under the project S. No District Range (ha) 0.10 – 2.00 2.00 – 4.00 4.00 – 6.00 6.00 – 8.00 8.00-10.00 10.00 – 15.00 15.00 – 20.00 Above 20.00 V3 F V F V F V F V F V F V F V F 1. Vizianagaram 11 16 7 8 5 5 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 2. Srikakulam 7 9 - - 1 1 ------3. Rayagada 6 8 3 3 - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 4. Koraput 11 14 - - 3 3 - - 1 1 ------5. Kalahandi 28 39 3 3 ------7. Total 63 86 13 14 9 9 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 2 8. Percentage 75 67.18 15.14 10.93 10.71 7.03 3.57 2.34 3.57 2.34 4.76 3.12 1.19 0.78 2.38 1.56

2 Land holdings are per family and not per individual farmer. Each extended family may have several farmers.

3 V – Villages, F – Farmers

The Table 2 shows that the maximum land holding under the project activity is 23.5 ha (in Vizianagaram). The Table 3 shows that 67% of farmers have land holdings of less than 2 ha to be put under plantations in the project and that 75% villages have total area under the project at less than 2 ha. Only two farmers4 (both in Vizianagaram) have more than 20 ha of land under the project plantations. The maximum number of farmers in a single village is 7 and the maximum extent of land under plantations in a single village is 77.6 ha (in Vizianagaram). However, it must be noted that this information is for the first year of the project alone, and will change in the subsequent years.

Implications for EMF

The Tables 2 and 3 indicate that while the overall project area is 3500 ha, it is dispersed in small plots spread across several villages. However, the data also cautions that there is a possibility of a substantial amount of land getting converted to plantations in a few villages. Vizianagaram and Rayagada show this trend the most.

It is also important to recognize that plantations are present in plots other than the project plots as well (these ‘additional’ plots may be adjoining the project plots or may be at more distant locations). So the actual area under activities similar to the project activities will be much higher than 3500 ha. It is important for the project to collect this information both for the initial base line and for the periodic monitoring that will be done later.

3.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE This section provides a profile of the project area, outlining details of the aspects relevant to the project – soils, agriculture, forests, and water resources. It is important to mention here that the level of detail presented is not uniform across both the states. The reason for this being non-availability of information. Uniformity in presentation is also limitied to broad sub-sections. Attempting to present information in a strictly uniform format would have resulted in some available and highly relevant information (for example, maps detailing the nutrient status in the three districts of Andhra Pradesh) being left out of the report.

3.3.1 AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES

3.3.1.1 Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh is divided into seven agro-climatic zones based on physiography, soil types, crops and cropping patterns. Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam are part of the following two agro-climatic zones:

Agro-climatic zone 2 – North Coastal Zone

Agro-climatic zone 7 – High altitude and tribal areas

3.3.1.1.1 North Coastal Zone The North Coastal Zone is one of the seven agro-climatic zones identified, is in the north-eastern part of the state comprising major parts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam districts and

4 Farmer here need not imply an individual farmer. The land holdings are reported for families consisting of more than one individual farmer.

parts of East Godavari district (upland area). The zone spreads over an area of 19,000 sq. km. covering 6.9% of the area of Andhra Pradesh.

This zone is characterized by humid to sub-humid climatic conditions. The normal annual rainfall of the zone is about 1060 mm. Out of the total rainfall 61% is received during south-west monsoon, 26% during north-east monsoon and the remaining 13% during the winter and summer months. The first rain which accounts for over 6% of the rainfall and is received in May. This marks the beginning of the main agricultural season.

The zone has five types of soils viz, alluvial, red sandy loams with clay base, red sandy loams, lateritic soils and coastal sands. The dominant crops of the zone are rice, groundnut, pulses, bajra, mesta, sesamum and sugarcane.

3.3.1.1.2 High altitude and tribal areas This zone covers an area of 1800 sq. km. along the Eastern Ghats. The zone comprises of 40 mandals inhabited mostly by tribals in Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Khammam districts of Andhra Pradesh. The zone is surrounded by Madhya Pradesh and Orissa states in its northern side, coastal plains of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and East Godavari districts on its eastern side, plains of West Godavari and Khammam districts on its southern side and plains of Karimnagar and Warangal districts on its western side.

The agro climatic conditions are characterized by heavy rainfall and moderate atmospheric temperature. The terrain is hilly with intermittent valleys covered with thick forest vegetation and shrubs. The soils are medium to heavy textured, poor to medium in fertility status and prone to moderate to heavy erosion. The soils at the higher range of the hill tops are moderately deep to shallow and at some locations gravelly, intermixed with pebbles. They retain moisture but due to excess rainfall have been subjected to higher leaching and runoff losses of both nutrients and topsoil. The zone has the highest rainfall in the state and mean normal annual rainfall is around 1200 mm and characterized by humid to sub-humid climatic conditions.

The first summer showers are received in May, which marks the beginning of agricultural operation in this zone. Majority of the area in the zone is under rain fed farming.

The area is characterized by ‘podu’ or shifting cultivation which involves slash and burn in forests in order to prepare the land for cultivation of food crops.

Traditional methods of cultivation of food and horticultural crops using primitive implements, non- hybrid races of crops, non-use of chemical fertilizers still survive in this zone. The area is rich in natural flora, which includes several medicinal and aromatic crops and a rich germplasm of fruits, vegetables, flowers and other important plant species.

The principal crops grown in the zone are paddy (cultivated under both low land and up land conditions), finger millet, sorghum, little millet, niger, pearl millet, ground nut, horse gram, maize, red gram and tobacco. Among horticultural crops cultivated cashew occupies the major area followed by chillies, coffee, vegetables, mango, turmeric and ginger. The level of literacy among tribal farmers is very low. Nutritional deficiencies and diseases are common.

3.3.1.2 Orissa

The physiographic classifications of Orissa are (1) The Northern Plateau, (2) Central Table land, (3) Eastern Ghats, and (4) Coastal plain. Integrating the effect of land-form, topography, climate, soil

and crop adaptability, the state has been divided into ten agroclimatic zones. Table 4 gives details of the agro-climatic zones pertaining to the districts of Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput.

Table 4: Agro-climatic zones pertaining to Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput Districts5 No. Agro- Agricultural Crops grown Climate Normal Broad climatic Districts Mean Mean Mean Soil Zone annual maximum minimum groups rainfall summer winter (mm) temp (°C) temp (°C) 1 North Rayagada Rice, Maize, Hot & 1597 37.0 10.4 Brown Eastern & small Jowar, Ragi, moist, forest, Ghat patches of Sugarcane, sub- Lateritic Koraput Horsegram, humid Alluvial, Greengram, Red, Cotton, Mixed Blackgram, Red & Mustard, Black Niger, Groundnut, Turmeric, Mesta, Sweet potato, Chilli, Ginger, Vegetables, Mango, Jack fruit, Citrus, Pineapple, Sapota, Coconut.

2 Eastern Major parts Rice, Maize, Warm 1522 34.1 7.5 Red, Ghat High of Koraput Ragi, Jowar, & Mixed Land Small millets, humid Red & Horsegram, Black, Castor, Mixed Arhar, Red & Gram, Yellow Groundnut, Mustard, Cotton, Mesta, Turmeric, Ginger, Sweet potato, Vegetables, Mango, Jack

5 www.cesorissa.org, ENVIS centre, Centre for Environmental Studies

fruit, Guava, Ber, Cashew.

3 Western Kalahandi Rice, Maize, Hot & 1352 37.8 11.9 Red, Undulating Wheat, moist Mixed Zone Jowar, sub- Red & Arhar, humid Black Greengram, and Blackgram, Black Horsegram, Gram, Groundnut, Mustard, Cotton, Sugarcane, Vegetables, Lathyrus, Onion, Mango, Papaya, Guava, Banana.

Implications for EMF

The agro climatic conditions in the project area support a variety of field and horticultural crops. It may be possible to consider some of these for the development of a sustainable farm / agro forestry system involving the pulpwood plantations envisaged in the project.

The agro climatic conditions in the project area are characterized by rainfall exceeding 1000 mm. The soils have been subjected to leaching and runoff losses of both nutrients and topsoil. This makes it important for the project to focus attention on soil conservation measures.

3.3.2 SOILS Soil is one of the chief natural resources for development. It is the natural medium for plant growth and influences productivity. This section describes the soils in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.

3.3.2.1 Andhra Pradesh6

3.3.2.1.1 Landforms The state of Andhra Pradesh is divided into three physiographic regions: South Deccan Plateau, Eastern Ghats and Coastal Plains (Andhra). These are further divided into 18 landforms based on geomorphology and geological formations.

The soils of Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam are characterized by the following landforms:

Soils of Eastern Ghats

Soils of Dharwars landform

Soils of Coastal (Andhra) Plains

Soils of Marine landform

Soils of Inland Plains landform

A brief overview of these landforms along with the current land use, constraints, potential and strategies identified by the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (1996) is presented below.

3.3.2.1.1.1 Soils of Eastern Ghats 3.3.2.1.1.1.1. SOILS OF DHARWARS LANDFORMS This landform is characterized by hill ranges, interhill valleys, rolling undulating and gently sloping lands, very gently sloping plains and valleys. Annual rainfall ranges from 980 mm to 1055 mm. Potential evapotranspiration exceeds rainfall for 7 months in a year.

Hill ranges are steeply to very steeply sloping, rocky and bouldery. Soils are shallow to moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained, gravelly clay to loam associated with rock outcrops, and are severely to very severely eroded. Interhill valleys have deep, well drained to moderately well drained, loam to clay soils, slightly to moderately eroded. Rolling, undulating and gently sloping lands have deep to very deep, well drained, loam to clay and gravelly loam soils, moderately eroded. Very gently sloping plains have very deep, moderately well drained, moderately eroded, clay and cracking clay soils. Valleys have deep, moderately well drained, clay and cracking clay soils.

The soils are slightly acidic to neutral in reaction. They are loam at the surface and clay to loam in the subsoil. The estimated Available Water Capacity (AWC) is medium to high. The organic matter content is high at the surface and medium in the subsoil as most of the area is under dense forest. Available phosphorus is low to medium and available potassium is high to medium.

Land use: Hill ranges and most of the rolling lands are generally under reserve forest and degraded scrub forest. The other areas are cultivated with rainfed crops like sorghum, bajra, ragi, sugarcane, dry paddy, groundnut, chillies, maize, tobacco, mesta, pulses and minor millets. The valleys are cultivated with paddy sugarcane, chillies, brinjal and other vegetables.

6 National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, 1996, Soils of Andhra Pradesh for optimizing land Use, Soils of India Series, NBSS Publ. 69.

Soil constraints: Coarse-textured surface soils, steep to moderate slopes, erosion hazard, indiscriminate felling of trees and shifting cultivation are the major constraints of the soil.

Potential: The area has assured rainfall of more than 900 mm and as such has high potential for growing economically important forest species in high hill ranges and rolling lands. The plains have deep to very deep soils with high Available Water Capacity (AWC) and fertility, and a variety of commercial crops can be grown.

Strategies: Afforestation and restriction of shifting cultivation in the high hill ranges will help in preventing further soil degradation. Drainage in the lowland valleys is required as the soils are prone to salinity.

3.3.2.1.1.2 Coastal (Andhra) Plains 3.3.2.1.1.2.1 SOILS OF MARINE LANDFORM This landform is characterized by sand dunes, sandy plains, flat lands, slat pans, swamps and marshes and beaches. Annual rainfall ranges between 722 mm to 1055 mm. Potential evapotranspiration exceeds rainfall for 8 to 10 months in a year.

Sand dunes have very deep, excessively drained, sandy soils with slight to moderate erosion. Sandy plains have very deep, excessively drained to imperfectly drained, sand to loam soils with slight erosion. Flat lands have deep to very deep, moderately well drained to imperfectly drained, clay to loam and sand soils. Salt pans have deep, imperfectly drained, clay to silt soils with salt encrustation at the surface. Swamps and marshes have deep, imperfectly to poorly drained, waterlogged, silt to cracking clay soils. Beaches have deep, excessively drained, sand soils.

The soils are neutral to slightly alkaline due to the ingress of sea water. They are sandy with layers of clay and silt at lower depths. The organic matter content is low. Available phosphorus is low and available potassium is medium to low.

Land use: Most of the area is under casuarinas, cashew or is barren. At places nurseries of paddy and tobacco are being raised. Swamps and marshes have mangroves and other littoral forest.

Soil constraints: Coarse-textured and highly saline/sodic soils in the swamps and marshy areas.

Potential: The sandy plains have high potential for casuarinas plantation which has a high demand for a variety of purposes.

Strategies: The major strategy for the area should be to restrict sea erosion and flooding during cyclonic depressions and high tides.

3.3.2.1.1.3 Soils of inland plains This landform is characterized by undulating lands, gently sloping lands, very gently sloping plains, lowlands, salt pans, and swamps and marshes. Annual rainfall ranges from 722 mm to 1055 mm. Potential evapotranspiration exceeds rainfall for 8 to 10 months in a year.

Undulating and gently sloping lands have deep to moderately deep, moderately eroded, well drained, clay to loam and gravelly clay and gravelly loam soils. Very gently sloping plains have deep, well drained, clay to loam soils that are moderately to slightly eroded. Lowlands have deep, moderately well drained, clay to loam, stratified soils. Salt pans have deep, moderately well drained, clay soils with salt encrustation at the surface. Swamps and marshes have deep, imperfectly drained, clay soils that are water logged.

The soils are neutral to strongly alkaline. They are sand to loam at the surface and loamy to clay in the subsoil with 20 to 50 percent clay. Estimated water available capacity is medium to high. Organic matter is low. Available phosphorus is low to medium and available potassium is high to medium.

Land use: Most of the area is under rainfed and irrigated crops. Major crops grown are paddy, maize, sorghum, gingelly, groundnut, ginger, oil palm, mango and vegetables.

Potential: High potential for cultivation of oil palm and paddy if irrigation water is assured.

Implications for EMF

Afforestation and restriction of shifting cultivation in the high hill ranges has been recommended as a strategy for preventing further soil degradation in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. If the project activities contribute to afforestation and promote a shift from shifting cultivation, the project will be in congruence with the recommendation on arresting soil degradation.

The sandy plains in Andhra Pradesh have been identified as having high potential for casuarina plantation. The major strategy recommended for the area is control of sea erosion and flooding during cyclonic depressions and high tides. Casuarina plantations in coastal areas if taken up under the ambit of the project will be in tune with this recommendation.

3.3.2.1.2 Soil degradation Soil degradation refers to the decline in the productive capacity of the soils due to natural processes like floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or human-induced processes such as large-scale irrigation leading to salinization and alkalization, deforestation, overgrazing, enhanced industrial growth and excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, etc.

Soil degradation needs to be arrested before the soils loose their resilience. For this, it is important to know the kind, degree and extent of degradation in an area. The kind of degradation refers to the process that caused the degradation (water erosion, chemical or physical deterioration, etc.), the degree of degradation refers to the present state of degradation (slight, moderate, strong and extreme), extent refers to the percent are affected (common, frequent, dominant). The severity of soil degradation, according to the combination of the degree and the relative extent of the type of degradation process, is expressed as low, medium, high and very high.

The following soil degradation types are seen in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam:

Slight water runoff

Moderate water erosion

Strong water erosion

Extreme water erosion

Moderate water erosion and physical deterioration (crusting)

Slight physical deterioration (water logging)

Water erosion is the main problem causing loss of topsoil and terrain deformation. This type of degradation is due to high-intensity and erratic rainfall. This is further aggravated by the topographic and soil conditions that help in the rapid detachment of soil particles, unscientific soil management and overexploitation.

Physical deterioration due to crusting and compaction of the surface soil occurs to a significant extent in the districts. Water logging and flooding is the other cause of physical deterioration and occurs in smaller areas.7

Implications of soil degradation status on EMF

Control of soil erosion, especially of that caused by rainfall, needs to be emphasized in the project activities. Agricultural operations that prevent crusting and compaction of surface soil also need to be an integral part of the plantation activities taken up under the project.

7 Soil Degradation map adapted from National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, 1996, Soils of Andhra Pradesh for optimizing land Use, Soils of India Series, NBSS Publ. 69.

3.3.2.1.3 Soil erosion Soil erosion refers to the wearing away of the earth’s surface by the forces of wind, water and ice. It is aggravated by human interference through removal of vegetation (felling of trees, overgrazing), cultivation on steep slopes, mining, etc. It involves losing water and plant nutrients at rates far higher than those occurring through leaching.

The soil erosion classes are:

Nil or slight erosion

Moderate erosion

Severe erosion

Very severe erosion

Areas with very severe, severe and moderate soil erosion require immediate soil and water conservation measures.

The soils of the project area in Andhra Pradesh are classified under the following soil erosion classes:

Nil or slight erosion

Moderate erosion

Severe erosion

Very severe erosion

Most of the area of the three districts in Andhra Pradesh falls under moderate erosion class, while some patches with severe and very severe erosion exist.8

8 Soil Erosion map adapted from National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, 1996, Soils of Andhra Pradesh for optimizing land Use, Soils of India Series, NBSS Publ. 69.

3.3.2.1.4 Soil fertility Soil fertility plays an important role in determining the crop yield. Information on the fertility status of the soils helps in sound nutrient management. This section focuses on the three primary plant nutrients – Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.

3.3.2.1.4.1 Available Nitrogen9 About 57% of the soils in Andhra Pradesh fall under the low category of available nitrogen, 27 per cent under medium and 14 per cent under high category. This indicates that most of the soils in the state need replenishment of nitrogen through organic or inorganic forms. Only the areas under dense forest in the Eastern Ghats and northern part of the state are high in nitrogen.

Based on the available nitrogen status, soils are given the following classes:

Class Organic carbon content

Low Organic carbon < 0.5%

Medium Organic carbon 0.5-0.7%

High Organic carbon >0.7%

Most of the land area in the project districts in Andhra Pradesh has low available nitrogen. The northern parts of the districts have patches with high available nitrogen. The rest of the area has medium available nitrogen.

3.3.2.1.4.2 Available Phosphorus10 About 80 per cent of the soils in the state are low in phosphorus, 16.5 per cent medium and a very small area (2.1 per cent) high. This means that most of the soils need to be fertilized for phosphorus for sustained production.

Soils with low phosphorus, followed by those with medium available phosphorus cover most of the project area in Andhra Pradesh. Some small patches have high available phosphorus.

9 Nitrogen encourages the vegetative development of plants by imparting a healthy green colour to the leaves. It also controls, to some extent, the efficient utilization of phosphorus and potassium. Its deficiency retards growth and root development, turns the foliage yellowish or pale green, hastens maturity, causes shriveling of grains and lowers crop yield. An excess of nitrogen produces leathery (and sometimes crinkled) dark green leaves and succulent growth. It also delays maturation in plants, impairs the quality of crops like tobacco, sugarcane, and fruits, increases susceptibility to diseases and causes and undue lengthening of the stem internodes in cereal crops.

10 Phosphorus influences the vigour of plants and improves the quality of crops. It encourages the formation of new cells, promoted root growth (particularly the development of fibrous roots), and hastens leaf development, the development of ears, the formation of grains, and the maturation of crops. It also increases resistance to diseases and strengthens the stems of cereal plants, thus reducing their tendency to lodge. It offsets the harmful effects of excess nitrogen in the plant. When applied to leguminous crops, it hastens and encourages the development of nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria. If phosphorus is deficient in the soil, plants fail to make a quick start, do not develop a satisfactory root system, remain stunted and sometimes develop a tendency to show a reddish or purplish discolouration of the stem and foliage owing to an abnormal increase in the sugar content and formation of anthocyanin.

3.3.2.1.4.3 Available Potassium11 Unlike nitrogen and phosphorus, available potassium is medium to high in most soils in Andhra Pradesh, except in a small area (3 per cent) where it is low.

The following soil classes are given based on the available potassium status:

Class Potassium (kg/ha)

Low <118

Medium 118-280

High >280

Soils with medium available potassium, followed by those with high available potassium cover most of the project area in Andhra Pradesh. Some small patches have low available potassium.12

Implications for EMF

The soils in the project area are by and large deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. As the project activity involves plantation of short-rotation pulpwood species, the risk of nutrient depletion and subsequent land degradation in the project areas is real. This emphasizes the need for a sound nutrient management strategy as part of the project.

11 Potassium enhances the ability of plants to resist diseases, insect attacks, and cold and other adverse conditions. It plays an essential part in the formation of starch and in the production and transportation of sugars, and is thus of special value to carbohydrate-rich crops like sugarcane, potato and sugar-beet. The increased production of starch and sugar in legumes fertilized with potash benefits the symbiotic bacteria and thus enhances the fixation of nitrogen. It also improves the quality of tobacco, citrus, etc. With an adequate supply of potash, cereals produce plump grains and strong straw. But an excess of the element tends to delay maturity.

12 Soil Fertility maps adapted from National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, 1996, Soils of Andhra Pradesh for optimizing land Use, Soils of India Series, NBSS Publ. 69.

3.3.2.1.5 Land capability Land capability shows the capability of soils to produce field crops or to be put to other uses on a sustainable basis. It is based on inherent soil characteristics, external land features and environmental factors that limit the use of the land. Soils suitable for agriculture are grouped under classes I to IV according to their limitations for sustained agricultural production. Soils not suitable for agriculture are grouped under classes V to VIII for use for forestry, for recreation and as habitat for wildlife.

The land capability classes13 have sub-classes to indicate the dominant limitations for agricultural use. For sub-classes based on limitations are recognized and are denoted as follows:

‘e’ – problems caused by wind and water erosion

‘w’ – problems of drainage, wetness or overflow

‘s’ – soil limitations affecting plant growth

‘c’ – climate limitations

The soils of Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam are classified under the following land capability classes:

IIIes: Moderately good cultivable lands with problems of water erosion and soil limitations affecting plant growth.

IIIe: Moderately good cultivable lands with problems of water erosion.

13 Soil capability classes:

Class I: The soils in this class have only a few limitations that restrict their use. The soils are nearly level, deep, well drained, with good water holding capacity. They are productive and suitable for intensive cropping.

Class II: The soils in class II have some limitations that reduce the choice of crops and require moderate conservation practices to prevent deterioration, when cultivated. The soils may be used for raising many of the cultivated crops.

Class III: The soils in Class III have severe limitations that reduce the choice of crops, and require special conservation practices when used for raising cultivated crops. The limitations of soils in class III are more than those in class II and, therefore, need careful management.

Class IV: The soils in class IV have very severe limitations that restrict the choice of crops to only a few and require very careful management. The cultivation of crops may be restricted to once in 3 to 4 years. Conservation measures are more difficult to apply and maintain in these soils.

Class V: The soils in class V have little or no erosion hazard, but have other severe limitations, such as wetness or overflow, as in case of bottomlands that prevent the normal tillage for common cultivated crops. These restrictions limit their use to pasture or adaptable tree species.

Class VI: The soils in class VI have severe limitations to depth, slope, erosion hazard, etc., that make them totally unsuitable for cultivation of crops and restrict their use only to grazing.

Class VII: The soils of class VII have more limitations than those of class VI and make them totally unsuitable for the cultivation of crops and restrict their use only to grazing.

Class VIII: The soils of class VIII have very severe limitations that preclude them from being used for agriculture or silviculture. Their use is restricted to recreation and wildlife.

IIs: Good cultivable lands with soil limitations affecting plant growth.

This means that most of the lands are good for cultivation of crops.14

Implications of land capability classes on EMF

Control of soil erosion, especially water erosion and sound crop management keeping in view the soil limitations need to be emphasized in the project activities.

14 Land Capability map adapted from National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, 1996, Soils of Andhra Pradesh for optimizing land Use, Soils of India Series, NBSS Publ. 69.

3.3.2.2 Orissa

The soils of Orissa have been divided in to 8 broad soil groups. Taxonomically these 8 broad groups of soil come under 4 orders, 10 suborders and 18 great groups. Each soil group is associated with specific characters and problems posing constraints for higher agriculture production. These characters have been identified and special attentions are made to increase the productivity. The characters of each soil in the project area along with their management practices are discussed below.

3.3.2.2.1 Soil types 3.3.2.2.1.1 Red Soil (Haplustalfs, Rhodustalfs, Ustorthents) Red soil covers about 7.14 m. ha of lands and being the highest coverage of all soil groups of the state, extend to the districts of Koraput, Rayagada, Nawrangpur, Malkanagiri, Keonjhar, Ganjam, Kalahandi, Nuapada, Bolangir, Dhenkanal and Mayurbhanj. Presence of excess amounts of oxides of iron imparts red colours to the soil. The soils of the former four districts are heavier in texture and the rest of the districts have light textured soil. The soils have angular or sub angular blocky structure. The clay fraction of these soils is dominated by kaolinites and illites. The soils are strongly to moderately acidic with low to medium organic matter status and poor water retentive capacity. These soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Micronutrients like boron and molybdenum are highly deficient in these soils. These soils have low cation exchange capacity with high phosphate and sulphur absorption property and deficient in calcium and magnesium. Water soluble phosphates get fixed and become non available to crop plants.

The management practices recommended for these soils are as follows: Applications of in-soluble phosphates two weeks before sowing seeds or mixed application of insoluble rock phosphates and single super phosphate at equal proportion (1:1) makes the best utilization of phosphate. Soil acidity is corrected by application of lime. Application of 1 to 2 t/ha of paper mill sludge corrects soil acidity. Crops like rice, finger millet, minor millets, niger, potato, brinjal and fruit trees such as mango, jack fruit, guava, papaya and sapota are grown successfully in these soils.

3.3.2.2.1.2 Black Soil (Chromusterts, Ustorthents) There is no regular occurrence of black soils in the state. These soils occur sporadically in the districts of Puri, Ganjam, Malkangiri, Kalahandi, Nuapada, Bolangir, Sonepur, Boudh, Sambalpur, Bargarh and Angul covering an area of 0.96 m. ha. of lands. The black colour of the soil is due to presence of titaniferous magnetite, humins, bitumins etc. These soils are formed due to weathering of basic rocks in the low lying areas. These soils are heavier in texture having clay content more than 30 percent. Clay minerals are dominated with smectites for which deep cracks are observed during summer. The effective soil depth extends to more than 90 cm. The soils swell on wetting holding maximum amount of moisture. Permeability of these soils is slow which result in severe surface soil erosion. The soil pH is neutral to alkaline having free calcium carbonate nodules in the profile. The soil is rich in calcium but deficient in phosphorus, potassium, zinc and boron. Soil moisture stress conditions set early under drought. Either at low or high moisture conditions the soil cannot be ploughed.

Management of these soils is difficult. Tillage operations should be completed at right moisture consistency. Green manuring and application of bulky organic manures help in increasing water infiltration rates. Recycling of rice straw improves the aggregability of these soils. The soil is suitable for growing rice, jowar, bajra, maize, bengal gram, safflower, mustard and cotton.

3.3.2.2.1.3 Brown Forest Soil (Haplustalfs, Ustochrepts, Rhodustalfs) These soils are associated with forest areas and are distributed in the districts of Phulbani, Kandhamal, Rayagada and parts of Ganjam and Nayagarh and cover about 0.17 m.ha. These are brown to gray brown in colour, light texture and acidic in reaction. Organic matter and nitrogen content of the soils are medium to high. Phosphorus and potash content are medium. The contents of most of the micronutrient are high, barring molybdenum. Where the terrain is slopy, soil erosion occurs, making lands barren. Shifting cultivation is regular practice causing land degradation.

Land shaping and checking 'podu cultivation' would improve the soil and land management. With proper moisture conservation, soil is most suitable for growing ginger, turmeric and tapioca. Maize, wheat and mustard grow well in this soil. In the marginal lands niger comes up successfully with use of nitrogen fertilizer. Horticultural crops like jackfruit, mango, guava and citrus are the established fruit crops in these soils. Social forestry plantations are taken up successfully in the degraded soils.

3.3.2.2.2 District-wise soil profile of Orissa The soil profile of the project area in Orissa is presented district-wise in this section.

3.3.2.2.2.1 Kalahandi This district has two distinct physiographic regions, the plain lands and the hilly tracts. The plain region runs Southward up to Bhawanipatna and then Westward through Junagarh and Dharmgarh and then further up to the boundary of the district. The plains cover about 59 percent of the total area of the district. The hilly tracts are mostly located in the Southwestern part of Bhawanipatna subdivision. Some of the hilly regions are covered with dense forests.

The district has five types of soils. Red laterite soil, which is deficient in phosphorus and nitrogen, is seen all over the district. Heavy soil is common at the foothills in Bhawanipatna and Dharmgarh tahasils. This is rich in potassium and nitrogen but poor in phosphorus. Sandy loam is seen in Lanjigarh and Bhawanipatna tahsils. Alluvial sandy and sandy loam soils are seen along the river banks of Udanti, Utei and Sagada. Fertile soils are found in Dharmgarh and Jaipatna tahsils.

3.3.2.2.2.2 Rayagada15 The soils in the Rayagada area are developed from hard metamorphosed and sedimentary rocks. Because of denudation of forest growth, the brown soil, rich in organic matter is not being seen – as it has been lost to soil erosion. Broadly, three types of soil are seen: (i) Light yellowish to red soil mixed with weakly laterized mass in the hills and hill slopes, (ii) Red sandy to loamy soils in foot hills and uplands, (iii) Deposited alluvial soils in valleys and river banks in a limited scale.

The soils are generally low in organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus; medium to high in potash content. The soils are usually acidic in nature. There is no structural development in the soil and they are non-porous. The water holding capacity is usually low.

3.3.2.2.2.3 Koraput The soils of the district are mostly red, mixed red and yellow, alluvial and red and black. The texture is sandy loam to sandy clay loam. The soils are acidic and poor in fertility status. They are highly eroded, rich in iron and aluminium and are usually defecient in Boron and Zinc. Soil acidity and iron toxicity are problems of most of the blocks.

15 First Working Plan for the Reserved Forests of Rayagada Forest Division, 1990-91 to 1999-2000

Implications for EMF

The soils in the project area are by and large deficient in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and micronutrients (except in the case of forest soils). As the project activity involves plantation of short- rotation pulpwood species, there is the risk of nutrient depletion and subsequent land degradation in the project areas. This emphasizes the need for a sound nutrient management strategy as part of the project.

While some soils are poor in water retention capacity, others have poor water percolation making them vulnerable to soil erosion. So soil and water conservation measures must form part of the EMF.

3.3.3 LAND UTILIZATION

The land utilization16 details of the six districts of the project area are presented in Table 5.

16 The standard definitions of various categories of land use adopted in land-utilization statistics:

(i) Forests: Forests include all land classified as forest under any legal enactment delaing with forests or administered as forests, whether state-owned or private, and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. The area of crops raised in the forests and grazing lands or the are open for grazing within the forests should remain included under the forest area. (ii) Land under non-agricultural use: This category includes all lands occupied by buildings, roads and railways or under water, e.g., rivers and canals, and other lands put to uses other than agricultural. (iii) Barren and uncultivable land: This category covers all barren and uncultivable lands, including mountains, deserts, etc. which cannot be brought under cultivation, except at a high cost, is classed as uncultivable, whether such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. (iv) Permanent pastures and other grazing lands: This category covers all grazing lands whether they are permanent pastures or meadows or not. Village commons and grazing lands are included under this category. (v) Miscellaneous tree crops and groves, not included in the net area sown: Under this class is included all cultivable land which is not included under the net area sown, but is put to some agricultural use. Lands under casuarinas trees, thatching grass, bamboo bushes and other groves for fuel, etc., which are not included under ‘orchards’ are classed under this category. (vi) Cultivable wasteland: This category includes all lands available for cultivation, whether taken up for cultivation or not taken up for cultivation once, but not cultivated during the current years and the last five years or more in succession. Such lands may be either fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles, which are not put to any use. They may be assessed or unassessed and may lie in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. Land once cultivated, but not cultivated for five years in succession, shall also be included in this category after five years. (vii) Current fallows: This class comprises cropped areas, which are kept fallow during the current years only. For example, if any seedling area is not cropped again in the same year, it may be treated as current fallow.

(viii) Other fallow land: This category includes all lands which were taken up for cultivation but are temporarily out of cultivation for a period of not less than one year and not more than five years. The reason for keeping such lands fallow may be one of the following: (a) Poverty of the cultivators, (b) inadequate supply of water, (c) malarious climate, (d) silting of canals and rivers, and (e) un-remunerative nature of farming.

(footnote continued) 36

Table 5: District wise land utilization particulars (Area in ha)

Andhra Pradesh (2004-2005)17 Orissa (2004-2005)18

Vizianagaram Srikakulam Visakhapatnam Kalahandi Rayagada Koraput

Geographical area 630038 584290 1134284 836000 728000 790000

Forest area 111969 70840 477791 314000 281000 188000

Barren land 77753 50410 130938 42000 143000 122000

Land put to non- 77013 90095 101048 35000 38000 43000 agricultural uses

Permanent pastures 4899 930 2968 23000 26000 28000

Miscellaneous tree crops 7668 2619 34779 8000 21000 60000 and groves

Cultivable wasteland 3680 470 8898 23000 22000 29000

Other fallows 10224 4271 11722 20000 33000 18000

Current fallows 14706 56845 54977 11000 13000 15000

Net area sown 322057 307357 311163 360000 151000 287000

17 Compendium of Area and Land Use Statistics of Andhra Pradesh, 1955-1956 to 2004-2005, Directorate of Economics and Statstics, Government of Andhra Pradesh

18 Districts at a Glance 2006 Orissa, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Orissa

Implications for EMF

The project seeks to take up plantation on lands which are under subsistence agriculture or are fallow besides degraded lands. If only ‘cultivable wastelands’ (lands that have been kept fallow for more than five years) and ‘other fallow land’ (lands that have been kept fallow for more than one year and up to five years) are considered as lands that can be utilized for growing plantations under the project, the total available area in Andhra Pradesh amounts to 39,265 ha and in Orissa amounts to 1,45,000 ha. This is nearly 50 times more than the proposed project area of 3500 ha. In view of this, it is advisable to focus the project efforts on utilization of these fallow lands for plantations (rather than agricultural land that is currently sown or fallow).

The land under miscellaneous tree crops is most relevant for the project. The trend in this land use over the years for the project districts of Andhra Pradesh is presented in Table 6 and in Graph 2.

Table 6: Area under tree crops (1979-80 to 2004-05) (Area in ha)19

Vizianagaram Srikakulam Visakhapatnam

1979-1980 11308 4369 11479

1984-1985 9519 3923 11479

1989-1990 7459 3753 20770

1994-1995 6657 2836 25642

1999-2000 7909 2524 24376

2004-2005 7668 2619 34779

Graph 2: Area under tree crops (1979-80 to 2004-05)

40000 35000 30000 25000 Vizianagaram 20000 Srikakulam 15000 10000 Visakhapatnam 5000 Area in hectares Area in 0 1979- 1984- 1989- 1994- 1999- 2004- 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

19 Compendium of Area and Land Use Statistics of Andhra Pradesh, 1955-1956 to 2004-2005, Directorate of Economics and Statstics, Government of Andhra Pradesh

The area under miscellaneous tree crops has increased over the years in Visakhapatnam, while it has decreased in Vizianagaram and Srikakulam (both these districts however show an upward trend in the later years). Understanding the reason behind these trends could yield important lessons for enhancing the sustainability of the project activities. Consultation with the Agriculture Officers and/or Agriculture Extension Centres in the three districts revealed the following information:

Reduction in the area under tree crops in Srikakulam is because of the establishment of the Madduvalasa and Narayanavalasa lift irrigation projects which enabled farmers to shift to irrigated field crops.

Reduction in the area under tree crops in Vizianagaram was attributed to the attack on Cashew plantations by the pest – Eriophid mite. Also, the yield from the Cashew plantations had reduced owing to the ageing of trees (resulting in uprooting of old trees and shifting to cultivation of other crops).

Increase in the area under tree crops in Visakhapatnam was attributed to increase in Casuarina plantations owing to an assured market by the paper industry. Area under bajra, groundnut and sugarcane in the district was increasingly converted to Casuarina plantations.

The information on the land use under the category miscellaneous tree crops is available for the period 1995-1996 to 1999 - 2000 and for the year 2004-2005 for Orissa as a whole. This is presented in Table 7.

Table 7: Area under tree crops (1995-96 to 2004-05) in Orissa state (Area in ha)20

Year Area in thousand hectares

1995-96 715

1996-97 774

1997-98 774

1998-99 774

1999-2000 774

2004-05 482

The area under tree crops has shown a remarkable decline in the period between 1999-2000 and 2004-05. During the same period, the area under culturable waste has decreased (from 445000 ha to 392000 ha), that under barren and uncultivable land has increased (from 618000 ha to 843000 ha), that under current fallows has increased (from 345000 ha to 426000 ha), and that under other fallows has also increase (from 336000 ha to 434000 ha).

20 Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Orissa

Implications for EMF

The choice of a farmer between field crops and tree crops is determined by availability of irrigation, assured yield and assured market among other factors (investment of time, labour, etc.). Selection of tree crops may be a sustained choice only when other field crops are not feasible, manageable, and remunerative. It follows that every effort must be made to ensure that once the farmer chooses to grow a tree crop, support for its sustainable management (pest and nutrient management, irrigation, etc.) will be provided along with an assurance of a remunerative return.

3.3.4 AGRICULTURAL CASH CROPS In the context of the project it is important to understand the trend in the project area with respect to the extent of area under food and cash crops. For this purpose, the change in the extent of area under food grains (cereals, millets and pulses) and the area under non-food crops (including cotton, ground nut, sesamum, sunflower, tobacco and other non-food crops like mesta) over the past 25 years for the three districts in Andhra Pradesh is presented in Table 8.

Table 8: Area under food and non-food crops in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh (1979-80 to 2004-05) (Area in ha)21

Area under food grains (in Area under non-food crops Ratio of area under food hectares) (in hectares) grains : area under non- food crops

1979-1980 733462 272970 2.68

1984-1985 705181 266179 2.64

1989-1990 767520 335297 2.28

1994-1995 791788 341426 2.31

1999-2000 723848 326943 2.21

2004-2005 684280 278680 2.45

The data shows that overall there has been a decrease in the area under food grain crops as a ratio of the area under non-food crops. For Andhra Pradesh as a whole, this ratio was 3.25 in the year 1979- 80 and 1.35 in the year 2004-05. That means the three districts show relatively lesser coverage of cash crops as compared to the state a whole.

21 Compendium of Area and Land Use Statistics of Andhra Pradesh, 1955-1956 to 2004-2005, Directorate of Economics and Statstics, Government of Andhra Pradesh

An analysis of the trend in area under the principal cash crops – sugar cane and cotton as well as tobacco (which though covering a relatively small area at present has the potential for further increase owing to likely industry buy back support) is presented in Table 9 and in Graph 3.

Table 9: Area under sugar cane, cotton and tobacco in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh state (1979-80 to 2004-05) (Area in ha)22

Area under sugar cane (in Area under cotton (in Area under tobacco (in hectares) hectares) hectares)

1979-1980 28997 66 3294

1984-1985 34850 38 3216

1989-1990 43754 107 3606

1994-1995 94786 1893 5418

1999-2000 95705 13391 4451

2004-2005 108877 28519 3174

Graph 3: Area under sugar cane, cotton and tobacco in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh

120000

100000 Area under 80000 sugar cane

60000 Area under cotton 40000 Area under tobacoo 20000

0 1979- 1984- 1989- 1994- 1999- 2004- 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

The data shows that the increase in area under cotton and sugar cane has been substantial. The area under cotton has increased by over 400 times. The high returns in cotton attract more and more farmers to this cash crop. However, in recent years, there has been some setback. The area under cotton for Andhra Pradesh as a whole has declined from 11,07,852 ha in 2001-2002 to 8,03,274 ha in the year 2002-03 and again picked up to 11,78,419 ha in 2004-05. This is because of the escalating

22 Compendium of Area and Land Use Statistics of Andhra Pradesh, 1955-1956 to 2004-2005, Directorate of Economics and Statstics, Government of Andhra Pradesh

pest problems, high cost of pesticides and the slump in cotton prices in the recent years. The area under sugar cane has shown a five fold increase over the past 25 years. This is most likely due of the establishment of sugar mills in the area which has assured a ready market to the farmers and the spread of tube well irrigation (though all sugar cane in the area is not necessarily grown under tube well irrigation). The area under tobacco has more or less been the same. However, if the kind of economic incentives associated with cotton and sugarcane lend themselves to tobacco as well, a boom in tobacco cultivation is likely to take place.

3.4 ECOLOGICAL PROFILE

3.4.1 FORESTS

3.4.1.1 Andhra Pradesh

3.4.1.1.1 Distribution of forests in Andhra Pradesh Forests in Andhra Pradesh are distributed mainly in the form of a wide strip in the north (starting form Nizamabad district in the west to Srikakulam in the east). Besides this, another belt runs from central to the southern part of the state in the Nallamalai hills.23

The extent of forest area in the three districts of Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam is presented in Table 10. The land use particulars of the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh provide details of the extent of forest area. Here, forests are taken as including all lands classified as forests under any legal enactment dealing with forests or administered as forests, whether state owned or private and whether weeded or maintained as potential forest land. The area of crop raised in the forest and grazing lands or area open for grazing within the forests is included under the forest area. It is important to note that this data does not reflect the state of the forest – whether degraded or pristine – it only concerns itself with the land legally considered to be a forest.

23 Source of map Department of Environment, Forests, Science and Technology, Government of Andhra Pradesh

Table 10: Area under the land use category of forest in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh state (1979-80 to 2004-05) (Area in ha)24

Vizianagaram Srikakulam Visakhapatnam

1979-1980 117245 70391 469838

1984-1985 111661 70391 470835

1989-1990 111661 70391 470835

1994-1995 111969 70840 477791

1999-2000 111969 70840 477791

2004-2005 111969 70840 477791

As seen in Table 10, there has not been any change in the extent of land area under forest over the past ten years. It is important to note that this data does not reflect the actual state of the forest – whether degraded or pristine – it only concerns itself with the land legally considered to be a forest.

According to the State of Forest Report, 1997 (Forest Survey of India) the actual forest cover in the state is 43,290 sq. km. This comprises of: Dense forest: 23,048 sq. km., Open forest: 19,859 sq. km., and Mangrove: 383 sq. k.m.

Table 11: District-wise distribution of forest in project districts of Andhra Pradesh state (2002-2003)25

No. District Geographical Forest Forest area Population Percentage Percentage Per area in sq. blocks in sq. km. in lakh of forest area of district capita km. (2001 to forest forest census) geographical areas to area areas total state (ha) forest area

1 Srikakulam 5,837 79 686.41 25.28 11.9 1.08 0.03

2 Vizianagaram 6,539 103 1,193.03 22.45 18.83 1.87 0.06

3 Visakhapatnam 10,807 188 4,411.66 37.90 39.3 6.92 6.13

Andhra Pradesh 2,75,068 3,266 63,813.73 757.27 23.20 100.00 0.10

24 Compendium of Area and Land Use Statistics of Andhra Pradesh, 1955-1956 to 2004-2005, Directorate of Economics and Statstics, Government of Andhra Pradesh

25 Department of Environment, Forests, Science and Technology, Government of Andhra Pradesh

As seen in Table 11, Visakhapatnam has the highest percentage of area under forest followed by Vizianagaram and Srikakulam.

Table 12: Legal status of forest blocks in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts (Number of blocks)26

No. District Division Reserved Protected Forest Unclassed Total Forest Unnotified 1.Under U/S.4. U/S. U/S.29. Total Section 19 A P F 24. A P F of Act To Act Hyderabad 27 Forest Act A P 2.Under F Section 15 Act of AP Forest Act

1 Srikakulam Srikakulam Total 45 9 13 - 22 12 79

2 Vizianagaram Vizianagaram 75 16 - - 16 12 103 Total

3 Visakhapatnam 1.Paderu 51 13 - - 13 2 66

4 2.Narsipatnam 48 13 2 - 15 1 64

5 3.Visakhapatnam 22 24 1 - 25 11 58

6 Visakhapatnam 121 50 3 - 53 14 188 Total

Andhra Pradesh 2,475 544 151 17 712 79 3,266

As seen in Table 12, while there are no designated wildlife sanctuaries or national parks in the three project districts, there are protected forest blocks. However, the Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary exists within the Visakhapatnam city.

3.4.1.1.2 Forest types in Andhra Pradesh27 The State of the Forest Report 1999 lists five forest types occurring in the state: Tropical Dry Deciduous, Tropical Thorn, Tropical Moist Deciduous, Tropical Dry Evergreen and Littoral and Swamp forests.

As per the classification of Champion and Seth (1968) the forest types in Andhra Pradesh are:

26 Department of Environment, Forests, Science and Technology, Government of Andhra Pradesh

27 Pullaiah, T. and Chennaiah, E. 1997, Flora of Andhra Pradesh (India), Vol I, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur

Tropical semi-evergreen forests

Tropical moist deciduous forests

Southern dry deciduous forests

Northern mixed dry deciduous forests

Dry savannah forests

Tropical dry evergreen forests

Tropical dry evergreen scrub

The forest types in the project area comprising the districts of Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam are:

3.4.1.1.2.1 Tropical semi-evergreen forests: This type of forest occurs in a localized manner in small pockets in valleys near banks of perennial streams and hills at about 800 m where the climatic conditions are favourable with plenty of humus and moisture in the soil. Trees of height ranging from 21 to 30 m, girth of 1 to 2 m and above are very common. These represent the highest floristic evolution. A number of top storey species are deciduous. The second storey is evergreen. Bamboos are generally absent and where present, they constitute the middle storey to the exclusion of the other species. The main trees which form the top storey are Michelia champaca (Champakamu), Mangifera indica (Mamidi), Artocarpus lakoocha (Kammaregu), Dillenia pentagyna (Ravudana), Firmiana colorata, Bridelia tomentosa, Xylia xylocarpa (Kondatangedu), etc. Many small evergreen perennials such as Psychtria fulva, Leea crispa, Boehmeria platyphylla, Adisia solanacea, Curcuma aromatia (Kasturi pasupu), Zingiber roseum, Hedychium sps., form the lower storey. The common climbers are Amepelocissus latifolia (Bedasativva), Cissus repanda, Bauhinia vahlii (Adda), Smilax zeylanica and Entada pursaetha. Gnetum ula is also found in certain forests of this type. They are found in Tekkali and Pathapatnam mandals of Srikakulam district, Borra blocks of Vizianagaram district and Sonkaram blocks of Madugula range and Gudem, Sileru, Sapparla, Chintapalli, Dharakonda, Galikonda, Minumulooru, Padovalasa, Thanjavanam and some other areas near Anantagiri in Visakhapatnam district.

3.4.1.1.2.2 Tropical moist deciduous forests: Northern tropical deciduous forests: This type of forest is found in Srikakulam district. In the Sal forests Shorea robusta predominates and is associated with Syzygium cumini (Neeredu), Xylia xylocarpa, Haldinia cordifolia, Terminalia procera (Tellachinduga), Madhuca longifolia, etc. forming the top storey, whereas the middle storey is formed by trees like Cleisanthes collinus (Kadishe), Buchanania lanzan (Sara), Dillenia pentagyna, Diospyros melanoxylon (Mancigata), Mallotus philippensis (Kunkuma), Careya arborea (Araya), Syzygium operculatum, etc. The shrubby layer consists of Ardisia solonacea, Alstonia buccifera, Clerodendrum viscosum, Woodfordia fruiticosa (Jagri), Helecteres isora (Nuliti), Holarrhena antidysenterica (Pala) and Zyziphus oenoplia (Banka). Grasses like Arundinella setosa, Thysanolaena maxima, Themeda triandra form the ground cover. Sal is not found south of Srikakulam district.

3.4.1.1.2.3 Dry deciduous forests: In this type of forests, the trees begin to shed their leaves by about December. Between February and May the forest looks very open, but no area is completely leafless at any one time of the year. Flowering and fruiting are generally far advanced before the fist flush of new leaves appears with the convectional showers in April-May. These forests are widely spread where soil conditions are poor. The forest composition does not show zonations.

Anogeissus latifolia (Chiru-manu, Elama) is the commonest tree in these forests. Tectona grandis, Boswellia serrata (Anduga), Cochlospermum religiosum, Gardenia latifolia, Givotia rotteriformis, Gyrocarpus americanus, Shorea roxburghii, Sterculia urens, Strychnos potatorum, Ziziphus xylopyrus, Terminalia spp., Chloroxylon swietenia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Albizia odoratissima, Haldinia cordifolia, Cassia fistula, Diospyros melanoxylon, etc., are some of the typical trees. Balanites aegyptiaca, Gmelina asiatica and Naringi crenulata are trees present at the edges of the forest. Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wrightia tinctoria, Alangium salvifolium, Bauhinia racemosa, Tarenna asiatica (Komi), Flacourtia indica (Kanregu), Helicteres isora, Nyctanthes abor-tristis (Parijatam), Woodfordia fruiticosa, Grewia hirsute (Kandurapandlu), etc., are some of the common shrubs found in this type of forests. A number of climbers and twiners are found in this type of forests. Some of them are Aspidopterys cordata, Butea superba, Cansjera rheedii, Celastrus paniculatus, Combretum ovalifolium, Paracalyx scariosus, Dioscorea spp., Pueraria tuberosa, Ventilago denticulata, Mucuna spp., etc. The ground flora is mostly seasonal. Achyranthes aspera (Uttareni), Aerva sanguinolenta, Leea edgeworthii, Sida glutinosa, Solanum indicum, Scilla hyacinthina, Habenaria roxburghii, etc., are some common examples.

3.4.1.1.2.4 Dry savannah forests: These forests, formed as a result of intense biotic interference, are scattered throughout the Eastern Ghats. The stunted trees belong to the species Emblica officinalis (Usari), Phoenix humilis, Pterocarpus marsupium, Terminalia chebula (Karakkai). They are associated with grasses like Aristida setacea, Arundinella bengalensis, Bothriochola pertusa (Janu gaddi), Brachiaria ramose (Anda Korra), Themeda triandra (Peddayerra-kallakasurn), Cymbopogon flexuosus, Chrysopogon aciculatus (Puttligaddi), Panicum spp., Setaria spp., etc.

3.4.1.1.2.5 Dry evergreen forests: This type of forest occurs in coastal and plain areas with rainfall of 635 mm and below at an altitude of less than 244 m; on impoverished soils with practically no organic matter; and where top soil is practically non-existent. The common species are Manilkara hexandra (Manjipala), Albizia amara, Acacia leucophloea, Syzygium cumini, Sapindus emarginatus, Erythroxylum monogynum (Adavigoranti), Drypetes sepiaria (Bira), Gardenia spicata, Wrightia tinctoria (Tedlapaala), Atlantia monophylla, Cordia dichotoma (Chinna Nakkeru), Mimosops hexandra, Flacourtia indica, Ochna obtusata, Catunaregam spinosa, etc. They are found in Poolbagh, Velagada of Vizianagaram district, Madugula range of Visakhapatnam distrct and Tekkali and Pathapatnam mandals of Srikakulam district.

3.4.1.2 Orissa28

3.4.1.2.1 Distribution of forests in Orissa The State has a recorded forest area of about 58,136.23 sq. km. which is classified as in Table 13.29

Table 13: Extent of forest area in Orissa state

Class Area in sq. km.

Reserve Forests 26,329.12

Demarcated 11,686.44 Protected Forest

Undemarcated 3,838.78 Protected Forest

Unclassed forest 20.55

Village Forests, 16,261.34 Khesra Forest and Others.

Total 58,136.23

According to the State of Forests Report, 2003 published by the Forest Survey of India, Dehradun the actual Forest cover is 48,336 sq. km. including 207 sq. km. of mangrove forests.

Table 14: Actual extent of forest area in Orissa state (2003)30

Class Area in sq. km.

Dense Forest (with crown density above 40%) 28,170

Open Forest (with crown density of 10%to 40%) 20,196

Mangrove forests 207

Actual Forest Area 48,336

Scrub Area 4,574

28 www.orissaforest.org, Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Orissa

29 www.orissafdc.com, Orissa Forest Development Corporation, Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Orissa

30 www.orissaforest.org, Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Orissa

Total with scrub area added 52,940

Tree cover outside forest area assessed separately 6,381

Total with tree cover outside forest area added 59,321

Thus, while the recorded forest area constitutes about 37.34% of the total geographical area of the State, actual forest cover exists over only 31% of the geographical area, and out of this 13 % is open degraded forest.

Table 15: Legal status of forest areas in Kalahandi, Koraput and Rayagada districts (Area in ‘000 ha)

No. District Geographical Reserved Unclassed Demarcated Undemarcated Other Total area Forests Forersts Protected Protected Forests Forests Govt. (RF) (OFD Forests (U.D.P.F.) under the Forests building (D.P.F.) Control of nurseries, Rev Dept forest road, etc.)

1 Kalahandi 7920 1449.03 0.54 488.51 313.37 286.56 2538.01

2 Koraput 8807 478.86 0.68 984.58 0 415.41 1879.53

3 Rayagada 7073 771.62 0.96 1147.19 0 892.56 2812.33

State 155707 26329.12 20.55 11686.44 3838.78 16261.34 58136.23 Total

The recorded forests in the three districts as seen in Table 15 account for 32% of the geographical area in Kalahandi, 21% in Koraput and 40% in Rayagada. The actual forest cover in the three districts is presented in Table 16.

Table 16: Actual forest cover in Kalahandi, Koraput and Rayagada districts (2003) (Area in ‘000 ha)31

No. District Geographical Forest Cover area Very Moderately Open Total Percentage Dense Dense Forest Forest

1 Kalahandi 7920 0 1145 1115 2260 28.54

31 www.orissaforest.org, Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Orissa

2 Koraput 8807 0 729 828 1557 17.68

3 Rayagada 7073 13 1085 1963 3061 43.28

State Total 155707 288 27882 20196 48366 31.06

The forests of Koraput were very rich in Sal, Peasal, Teak, Sisoo, Baja, Mohul, Bamboo, etc. However, during the last few decades, there has been rapid increase in deforestation rate leading to large scale degradation of forests. Large scale commercial exploitation of forest in the district has a long history. For instance, the Sal forests of Kotpad, Nowrangapur, Ramgiri, Malkangiri and Umarkot ranges were leased out to Ms. H .Deas & Co. in 1917 for 20 years to collect timber for railway sleepers. In early thirties, many forest based industries (paper mills, plywood mils, etc.) came up in and around the district. The forests of Malkangiri, Mottu and Ranjis were leased out to Ms. Mottu Industries in 1937 for 22 years. Similarly, the forest of Bisar-Cuttack and Gudari were also leased to Ms. B.T.T. for exploitation of Sal trees. After independence, various development projects, industries, and mining operations have also come up in the district. All these have led to submergence of large forest and cultivable land, encroachment of forest land for mining and other purposes, large scale displacement of tribes, etc. Besides, there is large scale practice of shifting cultivation by tribes which also contributes to degradation of forest.32

The First Working Plan for the reserved forests of Rayagada Forest Division (1990-91 to 1999-2000) notes that – “Once upon a time, the forests of Rayagada Division used to be a typical moist type which over a considerable long period had become almost a dry type owing to a host of biotic interferences.” The Working Plan attributes the change in the forest type mainly to the practice of Podu or shifting cultivation. It notes that there are still a few pockets having composition of moist type of forests, while the bulk of the forest is of dry type.

3.4.1.2.2 Forest types in Orissa33 The State of the Forest Report 1999 lists the forest types in Orissa as follows:

Tropical Semi Evergreen

Tropical Moist Deciduous

Tropical Dry Deciduous

Littoral and Swamp Forests

The details of the forests of Orissa are presented under the relevant Forest Divisions:

3.4.1.2.2.1 Kalahandi (north and south) Forest Divisions Kalahandi Forest division is co-terminus with Kalahandi District. Bhawanipatna is the district head quarter as well as divisional headquarter of Kalahandi Forest Division.

32 The World Bank/WBI’s CBNRM Initiative 1998, K. C. Malhotra, Hemam, N. S., Shashi Stanley and Anil K. Gupta, Community Initiated Forest Protection and Management in Koraput District of Orissa, India

33 www.orissaforest.org, Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Orissa

The forest types in this division are:

5B Moist tropical forest

5A Dry tropical forest

3C/C2e Moist peninsular sal

3C/C2 (I) Moist peninsular high level sal

3B/C2 Moist mixed deciduous forest

3B Southern secondary moist mixed deciduous forest

5A/C3 Southern dry mixed deciduous forest

5B/E9 Dry bamboo brake

The flora in the division comprises of the following species:

Amba (Mangifera indica), Amla (Emblica officinalis), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Ashoka (Sarca asoca), Bahada (Terminalia belerica), Bandhan (Ougenia oojeinensis), Bija (Pterocarpus marsupium), Bheru (Chloroxylon swietiana), Champa (Michelia champaca), Char (Buchanaia lanzan), Dhaman (Grewia tiliofolia), Dhaura (Anogeissus latifolia), Dhoben (Dalbergia paniculata), Genduli (Sterculia urens), Harida (Terminalia chebula), Jamu (Syzygium cumini), Kanchan (Bauhinia spp.), Karanj (Pongamia glabra), Kendu (Diospyros melanoxylon), Khair (Acacia catechu), Kochila (Strychnos nuxvomica), Kongra (Xylia xylocarpa), Kurum (Adina cordifolia), Kusum (Schleichera olesa), Mahalimba (Ailanthus excelsa), Mahula (Madhuca indica),Tentra (Albizia procera), Muktamanji(Ritha) (Sapindus emarginatus), Mundi (Mitragyna parvifolia), Phasi (Anogeissus acuminata), Pitamai (Garuga pinnata), Rai (Dillenia pentagyna), Rajmohi (Lannea coromandelica), Rimili (Bursera serrata), Sachua (Chhatian) (Alstonia scholaris), Saguan (Tectona grandis), Sal (Shorea robusta), Salai (Boswellia serrata), Semal (Bombax ceiba), Sidha (Lagerstromia parviflora), Silveroak (Grevillea robusta), Siris (Albizzia lebbeck), Sisso (Bali) (Dalbergia sissoo), Sissoo (Pahari)(Dalbergia latifolia), Sunari (Cassia fistula), Tentuli (Tamarindus indica), Toon (Toona ciliata), etc.

The Karlapat Wild Life Sanctuary (Notification No.24498-8F (W)-41/92-F&Edt.15.10.1992.) is found in this division. It has an area of 175.5 sq. km and is located between longitude 82°30' of 19°50' (North). The fauna reported in the sanctuary include: Tiger (Panthera tigris), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Gaur (Bibos gaurus), Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra), Sambar (Cervus unicolar), Chital (Axis axis), Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Indian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Elephant (Elephas maximus), Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta), Common Langur (Presbytis entellus), Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus), Common Otter (Lutra lutra), Indian Porcupine (Hytrix indica), Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata).

3.4.1.2.2.2 Koraput Forest Division This division has been carved out from Rayagada Forest Division and comprises the Narayanpatna Range, Koraput Range and Lamtaput Range of Rayagda Forest.

The floral species in this Division include:

Jamu (Syzygium cumini), Kanchan (Bauhinia spp.), Karanj (Pongamia glabra), Kendu (Diospyros melanoxylon), Khair (Acacia catechu), Kochila (Strychnos nuxvomica), Kongra (Xylia xylocarpa), Kurum (Adina cordifolia), Kusum (Schleichera olesa), Mahalimba (Ailanthus excelsa), Mahula (Madhuca indica), Tentra (Albizia procera), Muktamanji (Ritha) (Sapindus emarginatus), Mundi (Mitragyna parvifolia), Phasi (Anogeissus acuminata), Pitamai (Garuga pinnata), Rai (Dillenia pentagyna), Rajmohi (Lannea coromandelica), Rimili (Bursera serrata), Sachua (Chhatian)(Alstonia scholaris), Saguan (Tectona grandis), Sal (Shorea robusta), Salai (Boswellia serrata), Semal (Bombax ceiba), Sidha (Lagerstromia parviflora), Silveroak (Grevillea robusta), Siris (Albizzia lebbeck), Sisso (Bali)(Dalbergia sissoo), Sissoo (Pahari)(Dalbergia latifolia), Sunari (Cassia fistula), Tentuli (Tamarindus indica) etc.

The faunal species are reported to include the following: Tiger (Panthera tigris), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Gaur (Bibos gaurus), Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra), Sambar (Cervus unicolar), Chital (Axis axis), Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Indian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa).

3.4.1.2.2.3 Rayagada Forest Division The forest types of this division are:

3C/C2e (i) Moist peninsular high level sal

3C/C2e (ii) Moist peninsular low level sal

5A/C2 Southern dry mixed deciduous forest

5B/C1 (i) Dry peninsular hill sal

DS Dry deciduous scrub

E9 Dry bamboo brake

The floral species of this division include the following:

Amba (Mangifera indica), Amla (Emblica officinalis), Asan (Terminalia tomentosa), Ashoka (Sarca asoca), Bahada (Terminalia belerica), Bandhan (Ougenia oojeinensis), Bija (Pterocarpus marsupium), Bheru (Chloroxylon swietiana), Champa (Michelia champaca), Chandan (Santalum album), Char (Buchanaia lanzan), Dhaman (Grewia tiliofolia), Dhaura (Anogeissus latifolia), Genduli (Sterculia urens), Harida (Terminalia chebula), Jamu (Syzygium cumini), Kanchan (Bauhinia spp.), Karanj (Pongamia glabra), Kendu (Diospyros melanoxylon), Khair (Acacia catechu), Kochila (Strychnos nuxvomica), Kusum (Schleichera olesa), Moi (Lanea coromondelica), Mahalimba (Ailanthus excelsa), Mahula (Madhuca indica), Muktamanji (Ritha) (Sapindus emarginatus), Mundi (Mitragyna parvifolia), Muchkund (Pterospermum heyneanum), Phasi (Anogeissus acuminata), Rai (Dillenia pentagyna), Rithaphali (Sapindus mucorosis), Sachua (Chhatian)(Alstonia scholaris), Saguan (Tectona grandis), Sal (Shorea robusta), Salai (Boswellia serrata), Semal (Bombax ceiba), Senha (Sidha) (Lagerstromia parviflora), Silveroak (Grevillea robusta), Siris (Albizzia lebbeck), Sissoo (Dalbergia latifolia), Sunari (Cassia fistula), Safed Siris (Albizia procera), Tentuli (Tamarindus indica).

A protected area (Narayan Patna Wildlife Sanctuary) is proposed to be set up in this division. The faunal species reported in this area include: Tiger (Panthera tigris), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Gaur (Bos gaurus), Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra), Sambar (Cervus unicolar), Chital (Axis axis), Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Indian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata), Jackal (Canis aureus), Jungle cat (Felis chaus).

Implications for EMF

The forests in the project area show diversity that reflects variation in local conditions such as soil, climate, availability of water, etc. Biotic pressures have played an important role in shaping the forests over time. These include shifting cultivation, open grazing, illegal felling of trees, etc.

Meeting timber, fuel wood, pulp wood, grazing needs from areas outside forests will help in easing this pressure. The project has the potential to contribute to easing this pressure. Diversification of the species to be planted (to meet the diversified needs of the local community, industry, etc.) under the project will further contribute to its ability to offset forest degradation in the region.

The project is to be taken up only on private lands with a clear legal title. This will ensure that any land that is reserved forest, or protected forest or wildlife sanctuary or any other forest land is not part of the project activities.

3.4.2 WATER RESOURCES

3.4.2.1 Rainfall

3.4.2.1.1 Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram The annual normal rainfall of 1131 mm. The district gets the benefit of both the South West and North East monsoon. Number of rainy days in a year are 55 on an average.

Srikakulam The district of Srikakulam receives an average annual rainfall of 1085 mm through the North East (26.47%) and South West (62.61%) monsoons.

Visakhapatnam The district receives an average annual rain fall of 1085 mm. The south west monsoon accounts for about 54.4 %, while the North East monsoon contributes 15.9% of the normal rain fall.

3.4.2.1.2 Orissa The project area in Orissa is located in a high rainfall zone that receives more than 1300 mm of rainfall a year. The details of rain fall in the project districts of Orissa state are shown in Table 17.

Table 17: Rainfall details for Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput districts of Orissa state34

Normal rainfall (mm) Actual rainfall in 2004 Deviation from normal (mm) (percentage)

Kalahandi 1378.2 1748.4 26.5

Rayagada 1521.8 1304.4 (-) 14.3

Koraput 1521.8 1401.6 (-) 7.9

Kalahandi The climate of the district is of extreme type. It is dry except during the monsoon. The average annual rainfall of the district is 1378.20 mm. The variation in the rainfall from year to year is not large. The monsoon starts late in June and generally lasts up to September. 90% of the rainfall is received from June to September. August has the maximum number of rainy days. About 28% of rainfall is received during this month. Drought is a normal feature in this district.

Rayagada The mean annual rainfall is 1516 mm. the bulk of the rain is in the month of August to October, while March to May are the driest months. The First Working Plan for the Reserved Forests of Rayagada Forest Division (1990-91 to 1999-2000) notes that the rainfall in the area is highly conducive for any type of plantation activity as there is no abrupt end of monsoon.

Koraput The normal rainfall of the district is 1521.8 mm in about 82 rainy days in an year against the state average of 1502.6 mm and 73 rainy days in a year. June to September are the usual monsoon months where 79% of the rainfall is record in about 61 days. The rainfall during the month of June to October is found to be more than the evaporation from open pan.

3.4.2.2 Coastline

The three project districts in Andhra Pradesh adjoin the sea. The coastline of Vizianagaram is 28 km., that of Srikakulam is 150 km., and that of Visakhapatnam is 170 km. The plantation of Casuarina along the coast is a practice along the coastal mandals, especially so in Visakhapatnam. The value of the Casuarina plantations as shelter belts is recognized by the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department.

3.4.2.3 Surface water

3.4.2.3.1 Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram The two main rivers flowing through the district are the Vamsadhara and the Nagavali. The Vamsadhara rises in the Eastern Ghats of Orissa state, enters the state near Pathapatnam taluk of the

34 Districts at a Glance 2006 Orissa, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Orissa

Srikakulam district. As its banks are fringed with Vamsa (bamboos), it is called Vamsadhara. Its total length is about 185 km of which 90 km lie in Srikakulam district. The catchment area of the river is 4400 sq. km. It flows between Narsampet and Srikakulam taluks and finally falls into the Bay of Bengal near Kalingapatnam. The Nagavali (also called the Levyangulya) originates in the Eastern Ghats on Orissa state and enters Andhra Pradesh state near Parvathipuram in Srikakulam district. The total length of the river is 220 km, of which 115 km lies in Andhra Pradesh. After flowing through Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts, it joins the sea near Mofaz Bandar in Srikakulam district.

Srikakulam The principal rivers flowing in the district are Nagavali, Vegavathi, Gomukhi, Suvarnamukhi, Vattigedda, Champavati, Gosthami and Vengalaraya Sagar. All these rivers originate in the local hills, traverse in the South West direction and finally join the Bay of Bengal. The tributaries of Nagavali, Suvarnamukhi and Vegavathi traverse the district from West to East.

Visakhapatnam The rivers that flow through Visakhapatnam are Sarada, Varahu, Gosthani and Raiwada.

3.4.2.3.2 Orissa Kalahandi The principal rivers of Kalahandi are Tel and Indravati which are the tributaries of Mahanadi and Godavari are the principal rivers of Kalahandi. The tributaries of river Tel and Moter, viz., Hati Sagada, Ret, Uttei, raul, Sundary, Undanti are the other important rivers. Most of the rivers are rain fed and are dry in the summer months.

Rayagada The rivers Vamsadhra and Nagavali flow through the district.

Koraput The district is drained by five major rivers namely Vansadhara, Nagavali, Indravati, Kolab and Mackanad and several tributaries and small perennial streams.

3.4.2.4 Ground water

3.4.2.4.1 Andhra Pradesh35 Ground water sources (tubewell and other wells) contribute to nearly 50% of the net irrigation in Andhra Pradesh. The contribution of ground water to irrigation in the 3 project districts is very limited compared to this. In Vizianagaram, the contribution of ground water sources is about 12%, while in Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam it is 6% and 14% respectively. Of all the 23 districts in the state, the three project districts are the only ones which do not have any basins classified as overexploited or critical. All except two basins (both in Visakhapatnam and classified as semi-critical) are classified as safe.

The Ground Water Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh periodically takes up an assessment of the ground water resources in the state. Ground water basins are classified as follows depending on the (i) stage of development (ii) depth to water levels and (iii) their trends. The criteria for categorization are as follows:

35 Ground Water Resource 2004, Ground Water Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh

Category I: Stage of development >100%. Water levels >20 m with declining trend. (OVERDEVELOPED)

Category II: Stage of development 90 to 100%. Water levels 15-20 m with declining trend. (CRITICAL)

Category III: Stage of development 70 to 90%. Water levels 10-15 m with declining trend. (SEMI CRITICAL)

Category IV: Stage of development 50 to 70%. Water levels 5-10 m. (SAFE)

Category V: Stage of development <50%. Water levels <5 m. (SAFE)

The state has 1107 mandals covering 22 districts (excluding Hyderabad district). 211 of these mandals are over-exploited with respect to groundwater utilisation, while 71 and 167 mandals fall in critical and semi-critical categories respectively. Rest of the 658 mandals are categorised as safe.

The mandal-wise ground water resource status in the 3 districts of the project area is given in tables 18, 19 and 20.

Table 18: Mandal-wise Ground Water Resource in Vizianagaram 2004

No. Mandal Groundwater availability Groundwater utilisation Groundwater Balance Stage of Category ha.m ha.m ha.m Development %

C NC T C NC T C NC T C NC T C NC Total 1 2 3 4 5 = (3-4) 6 = [(4/3)*100] 7 1 Badangi 676 1122 1798 165 135 300 510 988 1498 24 12 17 Safe Safe Safe 2 Balijipeta 2059 1214 3273 168 347 516 1890 867 2757 8 29 16 Safe Safe Safe 3 Bhogapuram 1449 713 2161 418 370 788 1031 342 1374 29 52 36 Safe Safe Safe 4 Bobbili 3321 1215 4536 718 345 1063 2603 871 3474 22 28 23 Safe Safe Safe 5 Bondapalli 1515 1156 2671 119 241 361 1396 915 2311 8 21 14 Safe Safe Safe 6 Cheepurupalli 0 1449 1449 0 1044 1044 0 405 405 NA 72 72 NASC SC 7 Dattirajeru 69 2154 2222 15 792 807 54 1362 1416 22 37 36 SafeSafe Safe 8 Denkada 1451 745 2196 221 482 703 1230 264 1494 15 65 32 Safe Safe Safe 9 Gajapathinagaram 1411 673 2085 282 240 522 1130 433 1563 20 36 25 Safe Safe Safe 10 Gantyada 2463 1135 3598 239 278 517 2223 857 3080 10 24 14 Safe Safe Safe 11 Garividi 0 1775 1775 0 1214 1214 0 561 561 NA 68 68 NASafe Safe 12 Garugubilli 799 1390 2189 128 520 648 671 870 1541 16 37 30 Safe Safe Safe 13 Gummalaxmipuram 0 3721 3721 0 81 81 0 3639 3639 NA2 2 NA Safe Safe 14 Gurla 894 1646 2541 174 753 927 720 894 1614 19 46 36 Safe Safe Safe 15 Jami 2553 648 3201 603 246 849 1949 403 2352 24 38 27 Safe Safe Safe 16 Jiyyammavalasa 4229 634 4863 391 149 540 3838 485 4323 9 24 11 Safe Safe Safe

17 Komarada 0 3022 3022 0 338 338 0 2684 2684 NA11 11 NASafe Safe 18 Kothavalasa 0 1897 1897 0 620 620 0 1277 1277 NA33 33 NASafe Safe 19 Kurupam 43 1665 1708 1 206 206 42 1459 1501 2 12 12 Safe Safe Safe 20 Lakkavarapukota 0 1394 1394 0 379 379 0 1015 1015 NA27 27 NASafe Safe 21 Makkuva 3310 103 3413 279 0 280 3031 103 3134 8 0 8 Safe Safe Safe 22 Mentada 1951 1424 3375 233 193 426 1718 1231 2949 12 14 13 Safe Safe Safe 23 Merakamudidam 121 2152 2272 22 762 784 99 1390 1489 18 35 34 Safe Safe Safe 24 Nellimarla 358 1565 1922 108 723 831 249 842 1091 30 46 43 Safe Safe Safe 25 Pachipenta 1717 2800 4517 201 163 364 1516 2637 4153 12 6 8 Safe Safe Safe 26 Parvathipuram 0 2615 2615 0 424 424 0 2191 2191 NA16 16 NASafe Safe 27 Pusapatirega 2663 84 2747 1652 65 1717 1011 19 1030 62 77 63 Safe SC Safe 28 Ramabhadrapuram 0 1789 1789 0 579 579 0 1210 1210 NA 32 32 NA Safe Safe 29 Saluru 778 2573 3352 281 514 795 497 2059 2556 36 20 24 Safe Safe Safe 30 Seethanagaram 1560 1037 2598 328 395 723 1232 642 1874 21 38 28 Safe Safe Safe 31 Srungavarapukota 1106 1158 2264 70 665 735 1036 492 1529 6 57 32 Safe Safe Safe 32 Therlam 0 2331 2331 0 715 715 0 1616 1616 NA31 31 NASafe Safe 33 Vepada 0 1566 1566 0 375 375 0 1191 1191 NA24 24 NASafe Safe 34 Vizianagaram 0 1292 1292 0 401 401 0 891 891 NA 31 31 NASafe Safe Grand Total 36495 51859 88354 6818 14753 21572 29677 37106 66783 19 28 24 Safe Safe Safe Note: OE = Over exploited; SC = Semi critical;C=Critical; C = Command; NC = Non command; NA = Not applicable

Table 19: Mandal-wise Ground Water Resource in Srikakulam 2004

Ground water availability Ground water utilisation Groundwater Balance Stage of development Category No. Mandal ha.m ha.m ha.m %

C NC Total C NC Total C NC Total C NC Total C NC Total 1 2 3 4 5 = (3-4) 6 = [(4/5)*100] 7 1 Amadalavalasa 467 1003 1469 11 38 49 456 965 1420 2 4 3 Safe Safe Safe 2 Bhamini 0 1703 1703 0 128 128 0 1575 1575 NA 8 8 NA Safe Safe 3 Boorja 396 1303 1699 6 88 94 390 1215 1605 2 7 6 Safe Safe Safe 4 Etcherla 533 1492 2026 47 157 205 486 1335 1821 9 11 10 Safe Safe Safe 5 G.Sigadam 0 2078 2078 0 466 466 0 1613 1613 NA 22 22 NA Safe Safe 6 Gara 1654 501 2154 293 30 324 1360 470 1831 18 6 15 Safe Safe Safe 7 Hiramandalam 747 1543 2291 32 240 273 715 1303 2018 4 16 12 Safe Safe Safe 8 Ichapuram 0 2687 2687 0 132 132 0 2555 2555 NA 5 5 NA Safe Safe 9 Jalumuru 1527 493 2020 157 67 225 1370 426 1796 10 14 11 Safe Safe Safe 10 Kanchili 0 3095 3095 0 130 130 0 2965 2965 NA 4 4 NA Safe Safe 11 Kavity 0 3052 3052 0 37 37 0 3016 3016 NA 1 1 NA Safe Safe 12 Kotabommali 918 1648 2566 534 182 716 384 1466 1850 58 11 28 Safe Safe Safe 13 Kotturu 0 2250 2250 5 139 144 -5 2111 2105 NA 6 6 NA Safe Safe 14 L.N.Peta 1619 371 1990 34 25 59 1585 346 1931 2 7 3 Safe Safe Safe 15 Laveru 0 1707 1707 0 625 625 0 1082 1082 NA 37 37 NA Safe Safe 16 Mandasa 0 6216 6216 0 246 246 0 5970 5970 NA 4 4 NA Safe Safe 17 Meliaputty 0 3246 3246 0 192 192 0 3054 3054 NA 6 6 NA Safe Safe 18 Nandigam 1318 2015 3333 160 150 309 1159 1865 3024 12 7 9 Safe Safe Safe

19 Narasannapeta 1727 65 1792 226 18 244 1501 47 1548 13 27 14 Safe Safe Safe 20 Palakonda 0 1078 1078 0 107 107 0 971 971 NA 10 10 NA Safe Safe 21 Palasa 1196 3299 4495 51 161 212 1145 3138 4283 4 5 5 Safe Safe Safe 22 Patapatnam 0 2367 2367 18 164 181 -18 2203 2186 NA 7 8 NA Safe Safe 23 Polaki 2412 0 2412 265 0 265 2147 0 2147 11 0 11 Safe Safe Safe 24 Ponduru 0 1614 1614 0 430 430 0 1185 1185 NA 27 27 NA Safe Safe 25 R.Amadavalasa 0 1479 1479 0 185 185 0 1294 1294 NA 13 13 NA Safe Safe 26 Rajam 0 1498 1498 0 375 375 0 1123 1123 NA 25 25 NA Safe Safe 27 Ranastalam 0 3270 3271 0 583 583 0 2688 2688 NA 18 18 NA Safe Safe 28 Santabommali 3269 1058 4326 147 20 167 3122 1037 4159 5 2 4 Safe Safe Safe 29 Santakavity 0 1336 1336 0 179 179 0 1157 1157 NA 13 13 NA Safe Safe 30 Saravakota 451 3122 3573 47 439 486 403 2683 3086 10 14 14 Safe Safe Safe 31 Sarubujili 1199 467 1666 96 44 140 1103 423 1526 8 9 8 Safe Safe Safe 32 Seetampeta 21 1944 1965 0 92 92 21 1852 1873 1 5 5 Safe Safe Safe 33 Sompeta 0 4245 4245 0 282 282 0 3963 3963 NA 7 7 NA Safe Safe 34 Srikakulam 2208 1143 3351 52 231 283 2168 912 3081 2 20 8 Safe Safe Safe 35 Tekkaly 742 860 1602 89 46 135 653 814 1467 12 5 8 Safe Safe Safe 36 V.Kotturu 958 1750 2708 14 21 35 944 1729 2673 2 1 1 Safe Safe Safe 37 Vangara 942 0 942 104 5 109 838 -5 833 11 NA 12 Safe NA Safe 38 Veeraghattam 282 1008 1290 12 106 118 270 902 1172 4 11 9 Safe Safe Safe Grand Total 24585 68006 92591 2401 6558 8960 22197 61447 83645 10 10 10 Safe Safe Safe Note: OE = Over exploited; SC = Semi critical;C=Critical; C = Command; NC = Non command; NA = Not applicable

Table 20: Mandal-wise Ground Water Resource in Visakhapatnam 2004

Ground water availability Ground water utilisation Groundwater Balance Stage of development Category No. Mandal ha.m ha.m ha.m %

C NC T C NC T C NC T C NC T C NC Total 1 2 3 4 5 = (3-4) 6 = [(4/3)*100] 7 1 Anakapalli 1106 1443 2549 293 293 586 813 1151 1963 27 20 23 Safe Safe Safe 2 Anandapuram 0 2088 2088 0 763 763 0 1324 1324 NA 37 37 NA Safe Safe 3 Anantagiri 0 614 614 0 23 23 0 592 592 NA 4 4 NA Safe Safe 4 Araku Valley 0 121 121 0 31 31 0 90 90 NA 26 26 NA Safe Safe 5 Atchutapuram 356 1635 1991 550 663 1213 -194 972 778 154 41 61 OE Safe Safe 6 Bheemili 0 1276 1276 0 813 813 0 463 463 NA 64 64 NA Safe Safe 7 Butchayyapeta 0 1673 1673 0 508 508 0 1165 1165 NA 30 30 NA Safe Safe 8 Cheedikada 0 1317 1317 0 332 332 0 985 985 NA 25 25 NA Safe Safe 9 Chintapalli 0 2840 2840 0 130 130 0 2710 2710 NA 5 5 NA Safe Safe 10 Chodavaram 789 1320 2109 582 593 1175 207 727 934 74 45 56 SC Safe Safe 11 Devarapalli 0 1553 1553 0 666 666 0 887 887 NA 43 43 NA Safe Safe 12 Dumbriguda 0 169 169 0 53 53 0 115 115 NA 32 32 NA Safe Safe 13 Elamanchili 499 960 1459 515 269 784 -16 692 675 103 28 54 OE Safe Safe 14 G.K.Veedhi 0 439 439 0 34 34 0 405 405 NA 8 8 NA Safe Safe 15 G.Madugula 0 310 310 0 23 23 0 287 287 NA 7 7 NA Safe Safe 16 Gajuwaka 0 777 777 0 42 42 0 734 734 NA 5 5 NA Safe Safe 17 Golugonda 0 1551 1551 0 207 207 0 1344 1344 NA 13 13 NA Safe Safe 18 Hukumpeta 0 361 361 0 37 37 0 324 324 NA 10 10 NA Safe Safe 19 K.Kotapadu 0 1905 1905 0 724 724 0 1180 1180 NA 38 38 NA Safe Safe

20 Kasimkota 81 2021 2102 161 454 615 -80 1567 1487 199 22 29 OE Safe Safe 21 Kotauratla 0 1844 1844 8 533 541 -8 1311 1303 NA 29 29 NA Safe Safe 22 Koyyuru 0 942 942 0 134 134 0 808 808 NA 14 14 NA Safe Safe 23 Makavarapalem 276 1511 1787 205 587 792 71 924 995 74 39 44 SC Safe Safe 24 Munagapaka 362 979 1340 580 534 1114 -219 445 226 160 55 83 OE Safe SC 25 Munchingput 0 316 316 0 11 11 0 305 305 NA 3 3 NA Safe Safe 26 Nakkapalli 0 3305 3305 0 747 747 0 2558 2558 NA 23 23 NA Safe Safe 27 Narsipatnam 586 744 1330 95 130 226 490 614 1104 16 17 17 Safe Safe Safe 28 Nathavaram 0 2119 2119 0 292 292 0 1827 1827 NA 14 14 NA Safe Safe 29 Paderu 0 444 444 0 45 45 0 399 399 NA 10 10 NA Safe Safe 30 Padmanabham 0 1534 1534 0 1027 1027 0 507 507 NA 67 67 NA Safe Safe 31 Parawada 0 1401 1401 0 423 423 0 978 978 NA 30 30 NA Safe Safe 32 Payakaraopeta 1557 334 1891 1185 380 1565 372 -46 326 76 114 83 SC OE SC 33 Pedabayalu 0 284 284 0 36 36 0 249 249 NA 13 13 NA Safe Safe 34 Pedagantyada 0 872 872 0 17 17 0 855 855 NA 2 2 NA Safe Safe 35 Pendurty 0 1023 1023 0 332 332 0 692 692 NA 32 32 NA Safe Safe 36 Rambilli 229 1521 1750 55 345 400 174 1176 1350 24 23 23 Safe Safe Safe 37 Ravikamatam 175 1302 1477 4 361 365 171 941 1112 2 28 25 Safe Safe Safe 38 Rolugunta 0 1353 1353 12 294 306 -12 1059 1047 NA 22 23 NA Safe Safe 39 S.Rayavaram 1250 961 2211 799 502 1301 451 458 909 64 52 59 Safe Safe Safe 40 Sabbavaram 0 1642 1642 0 839 839 0 802 802 NA 51 51 NA Safe Safe 41 V.Madugula 791 995 1786 699 467 1166 91 528 620 88 47 65 SC Safe Safe 42 Vsp Rural 0 1184 1184 0 80 80 0 1104 1104 NA 7 7 NA Safe Safe 43 Vsp Urban 0 1748 1748 0 417 417 0 1331 1331 NA 24 24 NA Safe Safe Total 8055 52731 60786 5743 15191 20934 2312 37540 39852 71 29 34 SC Safe Safe Note: OE = Over exploited; SC = Semi critical;C=Critical; C = Command; NC = Non command; NA = Not applicable

As seen in the Tables 18, 19 and 20 some mandals in Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam are in the semi-critical and over exploited status with respect to the ground water resource (Srikakulam on the other hand has all mandals classified under safe category). Details of these mandals are presented in Table 21.

Table 21: Details of mandals classified as semi-critical and overexploited with respect to the ground water resource in Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts (2004)

District Mandal Command (C) or Status Stage of Non Command development (%) (NC)

Vizianagaram Cheepurupalli NC Semi-critical 72

Visakhapatnam Atchutapuram C Over exploited 154

Chodavaram C Semi-critical 74

Elamanchili C Over exploited 103

Kasimkota C Over exploited 199

Makavarapalem C Semi-critical 74

Munagapaka C Over exploited 160

Payakaraopeta C Semi-critical 76

V. Madugula C Semi-critical 88

In addition to this, certain mandals of Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam show high levels of ground water exploitation. Garividi and Pusapatirega mandals of Vizianagaram district have stage of development at 68% and 63%. In Visakhapatnam Bheemili (64%), Padmanabha (67%) and Rolugunta (59%) show high levels of ground water development.

The list of villages where the ground water resource is classified as over exploited is available for Vizianagaram district and is presented in Table 22.

Table 22: Villages classified as overexploited with respect to ground water status, Vizianagaram district 2004

No. Mandal Village

1 Bhogapuram Rajapulova

2 Bhogapuram Ravada

3 Denkada Akkivaram

4 Jami Kumaram

3.4.2.4.2 Orissa36 This section is based on the report Ground Water Resources of Orissa (Central Ground Water Board, 1997). The overall level of ground water development in the state has been 8.42%. The highest level of development is in Balasore district (33.26%), followed by Kendrapara district (24.94%). The level of ground water development in other districts, including the project districts, is very low. However, it must be noted that this information is nearly ten years old. The current situation could be that the ground water extraction is more than the figures given indicate.

Based on the level of ground water development at year 5, categorization of areas has been recommended as follows:

Category Stage of ground water development (% at year 5)

White <65%

Grey >65 but <85%

Dark >85 but <100%

Over exploited >100%

All the districts in Orissa fall under the White category as per the classification above.

The groundwater development potential in the state varies across the different districts depending on the varied hydrogeological situations. Rainfall is the principal source of recharge to the ground water reservoir. Recharge due to canal seepage and return flow from irrigation is also significant in the irrigation command areas of many districts. The ultimate irrigation potentials in terms of area have been worked out for different districts based on the prevalent cropping pattern, agro-climatic zones and land availability. This information for the 3 project districts in Orissa is presented here.

Kalahandi: As mentioned earlier in this report, this is a chronically drought prone district. The soil is underlain by hard rocks of Eastern Ghats and Purana group. Recent alluvium occurs as very thin and discontinuous patches in the flood plains of the rivers Tel and Udanti. Ground water development in the district is mainly through dug wells. Present stage of ground water development is 8.95%.

Koraput: The major parts of the district are occupied by hard crystalline rocks, where development of groundwater is feasible through dugwells. In the hilly and rugged terrain, development of ground water is feasible in the intermontane valleys through dugwells or shallow tubewells. In the flood plains of the river Indravati in Kotpad block alluvial deposits occur as discontinuous patches where shallow tubewells are feasible. The stage of groundwater development is 1.86%.

Rayagada: The district is generally underlain by hard crystalline rocks. Recent alluvium occurs as thin strips in the Vamsadhara and Nagavali basins. Dugwells are feasible in the hard rocks, where as filterpoints and shallow tubewells are feasible in the alluvial tract in parts of Gumuda, Padampur and Gunupur blocks. The state of ground water development in the district is 5.03%.

36 Ground Water Resources of Orissa, 1997, Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, Bhubaneswar

The block-wise ground water resource status in the 3 districts of the project area is given in tables 23, 24 and 25.

Table 23: Ground water resource status in Kalahandi (block-wise)

No. Block Level of Ground Water Development

(%)

1. Bhawanipatna 14.32

2 Dharamgarh 7.80

3 Golamunda 9.59

4 Jaipatna 4.30

5 Junagarh 11.85

6 Kalampur 11.41

7 Karlamunda 7.07

8 Kesinga 11.51

9 Koksara 7.54

10 Lanjigarh 4.10

11 M.Rampur 9.66

12 Narla 12.64

13 Th. Rampur 1.98

District of Kalahandi 8.95

Table 24: Ground water resource status in Koraput (block-wise)

No. Block Level of Ground Water Development

(%)

1. Bahandugaon 4.06

2 Baipariguda 1.57

3 Boriguma 4.65

4 Dasmanthapur 1.16

5 Jeypore 3.22

6 Koraput 1.95

7 Kotpad 2.41

8 Kundra 3.14

9 Lamptaput 1.27

10 Laxmipur 1.57

11 Nandapur 0.96

12 Narayanpatna 0.76

13 Pattangi 0.19

14 Similiguda 0.8

District of Koraput 1.86

Table 25: Ground water resource status in Rayagada (block-wise)

No. Block Level of Groundwater Development

(%)

1. Bissumcuttack 1.37

2. Chandrapur 1.36

3. Gudari 18.17

4. Gunupur 11.92

5. Kalyansingpur 0.31

6. Kashipur 0.19

7. Kolanara 1.70

8. Muniguda 1.48

9. Padmapur 10.75

10. Ramanguda 15.65

11. Rayagada 3.86

District of Rayagada 5.03

Implications for the EMF

The status of ground water in the project areas of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa shows that while the ground water resource is relatively copious, there are indications of unsustainable extraction in certain pockets that may be included in the project area (especially in Andhra Pradesh). The major thrust of the plantation activities under the project is on Eucalyptus cultivation. While the impact of Eucalyptus plantations on the ground water is a subject of heated debate, it is best for the project to restrict its activities to areas designated as ‘safe’ and not take up plantations in areas that are classified as ‘semi-critical’, ‘critical’ and ‘overexploited’ with respect to the ground water resource. Also, as the ground water resource is assessed periodically, the project must update the EMF to respond to any changes in the ground water resource of the project area, as reported in the assessment.

3.4.2.5 Irrigation

3.4.2.5.1 Andhra Pradesh The Table 26 shows the details of irrigated area and sources of irrigation in Andhra Pradesh.

Table 26: Irrigated area and source of irrigation in Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh (2004-05) (Area in ha)37

Tanks Project Tube- Other Other Net Area Gross Gross canals wells wells sources irrigated irrigated irrigated cropped area more area area than once

Vizianagaram 84436 38763 7594 9880 1438 142111 21611 163722 436109

Srikakulam 65374 102197 5394 6675 2917 182557 15055 197612 413693

Visakhapatnam 25522 34716 8427 5877 25414 99956 33848 133804 387550

Andhra 477100 1345979 1254501 649135 153875 3880590 1106128 4986718 12518548 Pradesh

The Table 26 shows that while about 40% of the gross cropped area in Andhra Pradesh is irrigated, 37.5% of the gross cropped area in Vizianagaram, 47.7% in Srikakulam and 34.5% in Visakhapatnam is irrigated. However, the area irrigated more than once is 22% of the gross irrigated area for the state as a whole, while it is 13% for Vizianagaram, 7% for Srikakulam and 25% for Visakhapatnam. Lift irrigation schemes on the Sarada river and the Aawa lake in Visakhapatnam account for the large extent of irrigated area under ‘other sources’ (the largest in the state for this source). This shows that except for Visakhapatnam the possibility of irrigation for a second crop is weak in the project area.

37 Compendium of Area and Land Use Statistics of Andhra Pradesh, 1955-1956 to 2004-2005, Directorate of Economics and Statstics, Government of Andhra Pradesh

3.4.2.5.2 Orissa The Table 27 shows the details of irrigation potential created in the project area in Orissa.

Table 27: Irrigation potential created in Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput districts of Orissa state (Area in ‘000 ha)

A B C D E

Gross Total Area under major Area under minor (flow) Area under minor (lift) cropped irrigated and medium irrigation schemes 2004- irrigation schemes area area irrigation schemes 05 2003-04 2004-05 (C+D+E) Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

Kalahandi 536 188.85 86.20 53.01 23.75 4.50 13.37 8.02

Rayagada 237 61.65 9.80 3.00 21.96 5.34 13.47 8.08

Koraput 382 97.61 44.50 29.01 6.41 1.52 10.11 6.06

Orissa 8701 2953.14 1238.16 563.23 497.50 71.35 364.31 218.59

The Table 27 shows that the irrigation potential created in the project area in Orissa is lesser than that created for the state as a whole. While about 34% of the gross cropped area in Orissa is irrigated, 35% of Kalahandi, 26% of Rayagada and 25.5% of Koraput are irrigated. Also most of the irrigated area in Rayagada depends on minor irrigation, which has little irrigation potential in Rabi owing to the seasonal nature of the water sources.

Implications of irrigation status on the EMF

The status of irrigation in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa shows that much less than half the cropped area is irrigated in both the states. The potential for irrigation for the second crop is also limited in the current scenario. In this context, unless there is a significant improvement in the irrigation reach and intensity in the next few years, it is to be expected that crops which are less water demanding, especially perennial tree crops, will attract the farmers provided other necessary conditions such as assured yield and return are met.

4. POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE PROJECT

As the project activities focus on Eucalyptus clonal plantations, the focus is on the potential impact of this species. The information is based on secondary research as well as interactions with key individuals (farmers who are part of the project, staff of relevant line departments and academic institutions).

The potential impacts of the project are in the areas: Water resources, Pesticide use, Nutrient depletion, Change in land use and Industry raw materials. The impacts are summarized in the Table 33.

Details of the some of these potential impacts are first presented.

4.1 PESTICIDE USE The major use of pesticides in the project activity seems to be in the control of termite attacks on Eucalyptus saplings.

Treatment against termites is a pre-requisite in raising forest plantations especially for the exotics like eucalypts. Termites attack the root portion and the susceptible period is the initial six months. In seedlings the termite attack was always noticed on the taproot as ring barking. In the clonal material the termite attack is often limited to the lower stem portion that gets buried in the soil38.

Recommendations on use of pesticides for control of termites in plantations follow the same evolutionary path as that for agricultural crops in general. The early recommendations were use of organochlorines such as Aldrin and Heptachlor39. These pesticides which are Persistent Organic Pollutants40 (POPs) are now banned41 in the country owing to their hazardous nature and persistence. The later recommendations still focus on use of chemical pesticides – though only those that are considered to have a lesser degree of hazard and persistence as compared to the former. Chlorpyrifos is generally recommended42.

The recommendations of JK Paper Ltd. to farmers concerning use of pesticides for termite management are43:

During planting operations: Treatment of soil of the planting pit with 5 to 10 gm Phorate.

38 Varma, R.V, and Swaran P.R..; 2004. Termiticidal treatment for root trainer-raised eucalyptus planting stock, Evergreen No. 51 & 52, September 2003 and March 2004, KFRI

39 Nair, K.S.S; Varma, R.V.; 1981. Termite control in eucalypt plantations KFRI Research Report 006

40 UNEP/FAO/Global IPM Facility Expert Group on Termite Biology and Management 2000, Finding Alternatives to Persistant Organic Pollutants (POPs) for Termite Management, UNEP

41 Insecticides Act, 1968

42 Varma, R.V, and Swaran P.R..; 2004. Termiticidal treatment for root trainer-raised eucalyptus planting stock, Evergreen No. 51 & 52, September 2003 and March 2004, KFRI

43 Anon, 2006. Growing Clonal Eucalyptus Plantations, JK Paper Ltd.

After plantation: On finding symptoms of termite attack, application of 0.05%- 0.10% of Chloropyrifos (5-10 ml in one litre of water) depending on the severity of the infestation.

The field visits undertaken as part of the exercise of developing this EMF involved interactions with about 40 farmers growing Eucalyptus plantations in the districts of Vizianagaram and Rayagada. All of them reported the use of Phorate and Chlorpyrifos. While some farmers used these pesticides while planting the saplings alone, others also used them sporadically during the first year of the plantation. A few farmers also reported the use of BHC (Gammaxine). This is a pesticide banned for use in India.

The impacts of the use of Phorate, Chlorpyrifos and BHC are summarized in the Table 28.

Table 28: Some details on the toxicity and persistence of the pesticides reported to be used in the project area plantations44

Phorate

Toxicity:

Class I a, LD 50 value: 1.1 – 3.7 mg/kg

Persistency:

Phorate is of moderate persistence in the soil environment, with reported field half-lives of 2 to 173 days. A representative value may be approximately 60 days. Actual residence times may be influenced by soil clay and organic matter content, rainfall, and soil pH.

Soil treatments often leave more residues in plants than foliar treatments, because the compound persists in the soil and is readily taken up by plant roots.

Phorate binds moderately well to most soils and is slightly soluble in water. It should therefore not be highly mobile in most soils, and should mainly be transported with runoff via sediment and water.

Phorate has minimal potential to leach through the soil and contaminate groundwater. This is most likely where soils are sandy and aquifers are shallow.

Field studies indicate that leaching is very low in soils high in clay and organic matter content, and lower in sandy soils.

Phorate itself is not persistent in plants, but plants metabolize phorate to very potent anticholinesterase agents such as the sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives of the compound. This activity will usually peak several days following application before decreasing.

Phorate and its soil metabolites are absorbed from the soil by plant roots and are translocated to above-ground portions of the plant.

Following treatment with a 10% granular formulation at 0.45 kg a.i./acre, phorate residues persisted at very low levels for 28 days in the kernels, cobs, or husks. After 83 days, there were no detectable residues of phorate or breakdown products.

44 http://extoxnet.orst.edu, Extension Toxicology Network, Pesticide Infomration Profiles, Oregon State University

Chlorpyriphos

Toxicity:

Class: II, LD 50: 95 – 270 mg/kg

Persistency:

Volatilization from soil surfaces is expected to contribute to its loss from soil.

Chlorpyrifos is tightly absorbed by soil and not expected to leach significantly.

Although a general soil persistence of 60-120 days has been reported, the persistence can vary greatly depending on soil type, climate, and conditions and has been experimentally measured to range from as little as 2 weeks to over 1 year.

If released to water, chlorpyrifos partitions significantly from the water column to sediments

Major general population exposure to chlorpyrifos will occur through consumption of contaminated food and inhalation of contaminated air.

Occupational exposure by dermal and inhalation routes may be significant.

The increase in the concentration of insecticide is not as rapid for granules and controlled release formulations in the water, but the resulting concentration persists longer.

BHC

Toxicity:

Class: Banned for use in India, LD 50: 3.5 gm/kg

Persistency:

BHC is a highly persistent compound, with reported field half-lives in the soil environment ranging from 2.7 to 7.5 years.

Evaporation is rapid while it is on soil surfaces, but considerably less so when it is mixed into the soil. BHC is moderately to strongly bound by most soils. Data from testing on hydrosoils indicate that it may be degraded both aerobically and anaerobically.

It has low water solubility, and thus is likely to show low mobility in the soil environment. Due to its lengthy persistence, however, even low mobility may result in appreciable travel; therefore, BHC may pose some risk of groundwater contamination.

BHC is of low water solubility, so it would most likely reach surface waters via surface run-off by attachment to soil particles. Once in the aquatic environment, it is likely to be short-lived.

4.2 CHANGE IN LAND USE The plantations in the project area imply a change in land use from seasonal agriculture to long- duration tree crops.

The productivity of the agricultural land in the project area districts in Andhra Pradesh is shown in Table 29.

Table 29: Productivity of major crops in the project areas of Andhra Pradesh state (kg/ha) (2000-2001)45

Crop Vizianagaram Srikakulam Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh

Rice 1668 1924 1608 2741

Mesta 1670 1341 1589 1589

Ground nut 1104 944 1104 1061

Sugarcane 73643 79883 60767 81341

Ragi 1013 860 939 1111

As seen above, the productivity of all major crops of the region are comparable to that of the state as a whole, except for rice and sugar cane which are lower.

The productivity of the agricultural land for the Koraput district in Orissa is presented in Table 30. The details for the other two districts are not available.

Table 30: Productivity of major crops in the Koraput district (kg/ha)46

Crop Koraput (1997-98) Orissa (1997-98)

Rice 1192 1350

Maize 883 1281

Pulses 254 456

Ground nut 659 1209

Mustard 312 406

Cotton 651 283

45 Compendium of Area and Land Use Statistics of Andhra Pradesh, 1955-1956 to 2004-2005, Directorate of Economics and Statstics, Government of Andhra Pradesh

46 www.manage.gov.in/NATP/koraput.pdf, National Institute of Agriculture Extension Management, Hyderabad

As seen above, the productivity of all major crops of the region are much less than that of the state as a whole, except for cotton which is higher.

While the productivity in a farmer’s field cannot be derived based on district averages, the data still gives useful indication that all the land being used for plantation in the project area may not all be unfit for cultivation in view of low productivity. Some of these lands may still be conducive for the growth of certain crops. Hence, caution is to be exercised to ensure that there is some control over the extent to which such conversion takes place.

Paddy to Eucalyptus and Back…

Budathanapalli village in Gantyada mandal, Vizianagaram district provides an interesting case illustrating the change in land use from field crops to tree crops. This village has take up eucalyptus plantations as part of watershed development activities – JK Papers Ltd. has not worked in this village.

This village has an active Watershed Committee chaired by Mr. B. Rambabu. It falls in the Ginjeru Watershed. The village has 1170 households and a population of 4000. There are about 600 farmers in the village, 100 of whom have taken up cultivation of eucalyptus. The total land in the village is 2300 acres, of which 850 acres is dryland, 850 acres is wetland, 300 acres are on a hill. Of the wetland, some 80 acres comes under the ayacut of a tank. Paddy was being cultivated on this land till recently. All of this except for some 10 acres is today under eucalyptus. Uncondusive weather, leading to water scarcity and low productivity determined the change in land use. A total of 300 acres in the village is under eucaplyptus plantations – all planted over the past 5 years as part of the watershed development activity supported by the District Water Management Agency (DWMA). The Watershed Committee itself raised a nursery with support from the DWMA. Availability of saplings in the village itself made it easy for farmers. Apart from eucaplyptus, teak is also being grown on field boundaries. Casuarina is not preferred as it can be damaged by livestock. The land use of the drylands in the village is also changing – from ground nut and Mesta earlier to cashew and mango at present.

Rambabu attributed the growing populatiry of eucalyptus in the village to two factors. Firstly, most farmers who chose it are employed – farming is not the only source of their income. What they need is easy management of farm land and assured returns. Also, when one farmer converts is land to eucalyptus plantations, his neighbours also follow – and the reasons for this are many. Livestock is free to graze in the plantation plot and is bound to enter the field crop plot too; there is a possibility of shade from the trees affecting field crop growth; the irrigation channels bringing water from the tank have to be managed by the field crop farmer alone as the plantation farmer does not need th facility anymore.

There is a loss of employment for field labour due to conversion of paddy fields to eucalyptus. This loss is being currently mitigated to some extent by the ongoing development works. About 200-300 people are being provided employment in watershed, forestry, employ works. If such works are not continued in future, loss of employment will be an issue.

Grazing is allowed in the plantation plots. However, grass growth is reduced as the plantation becomes older due to shade. Conversion of paddy lands to eucalyptus has affected availability of dry paddy straw for licvestock to some extent. Population of bullocks in the village has reduced over the years due to a lack of year-round work.

The case of R. Pydinaidu, a teacher and farmer in the same village is interesting. After harvesting paddy twice, he converted about 60 cents of his land to eucalyptus plantation. This was because he was unable to protect the paddy field from grazing animals. After harvesting eucalyptus twice, he switched over again to paddy cultivation in the same land. This was because he had retired and had more time on his hands for mining the field. He has so far harvested paddy twice. No reduction in yield was observed. The cost of uprooting eucalyptus stumps was Rs. 5000 (for the patch measuring 60 cents). The roots were about 3-4 feet deep (waist deep).

4.3 INDUSTRY RAW MATERIALS The Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (World Bank, 1999) notes that plantations offer the best alternative to logging natural forests as a means of satisfying demand for timber and other wood products.

Most of the pulp and paper mills in India were initially established to use only Bamboo. However, the scenario changed over time in favour of hardwood as raw material due to insufficient supplies, higher costs, bureaucratic hassles, law and order problems, etc. For example, in the case of JK Paper Ltd., about 80% of its raw material comprised of Bamboo from the forest till 1990, since then the share of Bamboo has come down to about 15%. This was achieved by changing the paper manufacturing process. The hardwood now used as the primary raw material comes from private plantations (rather than from government owned forests).

The report of the National Forestry Commission (Government of India, 2006) notes that government owned forests cannot meet the current or future requirement wood of the country even at the optimum level of conservation and productivity. Table 31 presents details of the demand and supply of wood over the past 20 years.

Table 31: Demand and supply of wood in India (in million cu. m)47

Particulars 1985 1996 2001 2005

Wood demand for domestic furniture, agriculture, industries 50 64 73 82

Output from forests 24 12 12 12

Output from plantations, 41 47 53 production, social, farm forestry

Deficit 26 11 14 17

While wood demand has increased by over 60% in the last two decades, the output from forests has halved in the same period. The deficit, however, has reduced because of the dramatic rise of outputs from plantation and farm forestry. More than 50% of industrial timber is being contributed by agroforestry in the private sector. Also about Rs.2000 crore worth of timber is being imported annually.

In 1997, the Supreme Court of India placed restrictions on the felling of any tree in natural forest areas and harvesting in natural forests might only be carried out in accordance with the Working Plans of State Governments. The National Forest Policy, 1988 altered the strategy of the government in respect of supply of raw materials from government forests to wood-based industries. Similarly, the Land Ceiling Act provides that a company, institution, trust or industry cannot hold agricultural land including forestland beyond the limit of 54 acres. As a consequence: (i) presently there is a ban on felling of trees in all forests at an altitude of 1000 meters; (ii) high priority has been given for raising fuelwood and leaf fodder producing trees in the government forests; (iii) industrial wood production has been restricted only on farm lands or on waste lands; (iv) a ban on all felling operations in national parks and sanctuaries have been imposed; and (v) there is a stoppage of green felling in forests in some States. This policy and regulatory background forced the paper manufacturing companies to look elsewhere for raw materials.

Efforts by individual companies to secure raw material by promoting plantations started in the mid-1980s, but most initiatives began in the 1990s. The driving force behind these initiatives were the declining supply of cheap raw material from government forests on account of policy changes, and increased competition due to economic liberalisation. Several companies (JK Papers Ltd., ITC, etc.) encouraged tree planting by farmers by simply supplying free or subsidized seedlings. Many companies have attempted direct partnerships with farmers. In the year 2004-05 alone, the land area converted to plantations promoted by the various paper companies was 49,474 ha48.

Several companies are currently focusing on tree improvement activities to make farm forestry more attractive. This requires considerable investment into research and development (R&D) in order to identify suitable species and develop and multiply improved clones. That private sector R&D is successful is reflected in the popularity which improved clones have gained with farmers, even when commercial rates are charged for them. For example, while in the year 1997-98, the sale of clonal saplings were done at a subsidized rate by JK Papers Ltd. and yielded a loss of Rs. 8.27 lakh to the company. However, during the year 2004-05 the sales yielded a net profit of Rs. 15.29 lakh. According to the company’s projections this is expected to rise to Rs. 104 lakh during

47 Ganpathy (1997); Saxena (1990) as presented in the report of the National Forestry Commission, 2006 48 Indian Paper Manufacturers Association

the year 2007-08. JK Papers Ltd. has been promoting plantations since the late 1980s. The area under the plantations as well as their geographical spread has increased overtime. Table 32 shows the acreage of plantations and their spread across different states.

Table 32: Growth in area under plantations supported by JK Paper Ltd. (area in ha.)

Area covered under plantations

Plantation Orissa Andhra Chattisgarh West Bengal Total area season Pradesh

1989-90 55 55

1990-91 233 233

1991-92 187 187

1992-93 254 254

1993-94 733 733

1994-95 1267 1267

1995-96 2561 199 2759

1996-97 3140 713 3853

1997-98 3508 726 4234

1998-99 1760 928 2688

1999-2000 1896 863 2759

2000-01 2426 1899 4325

2001-02 1676 2329 4005

2002-03 1238 2297 64 3599

2003-04 1525 2590 52 64 4231

2004-05 1422 3034 78 111 4645

Increasing plantations on private lands will be the focus of efforts of many companies for securing their raw materials. Farmers may also increasingly take up plantations (at least on part of their lands) owing to the high returns and easier management. The project needs to ensure that its activities are not restricted to large farmers alone and that small farmers form a significant portion of its constituency. This will help to build the capacity of small farmers to take up farm and agroforestry and benefit from the future trend. At the same time, a safe guard needs to be built in to ensure that adequate land holding is set aside by each small farmer to meet food security and annual cash needs (which cannot be met by plantation crops).

4.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND SUGGESTED MITIGATION MEASURES The potential impacts of the project activities and suggested mitigation measures are presented in Table 33. The impacts of activities that are linked to the project activity (production of clonal saplings and paper manufacture) are also briefly presented.

Table 33: Potential impacts of project activities and mitigation measures

Activity Sub- Process Issues Potential impacts Mitigation measures activities

Activities that Raising Selection of Identification of candidate plus tree from Poor adaptation of Selection of candidate plus are a backward of clonal candidate plus locations outside the local (Orissa, Andhra plants to local trees from Orissa, Andhra linkage to the saplings trees Pradesh, extended to South India) gene pool conditions Pradesh and other Indian project activity locations that are agro- climatically similar to the distribution area

Introduction of new Contained trial plantations pests and disease with identified candidate causing pathogens plus trees for long duration (three harvests)

Weeding out and sanitary disposal (burning of plant residues and affected soil) of pest and disease affected plants

Identification of candidate plus trees that are Identification of candidate more prone to pest attacks (in view of good plus trees on basis of pest performance on other parameters such as resistance (along with other productivity) parameters such as productivity)

Pest Fumigation with Monocrotophos in mist Impact on human and R and D effort for management chambers and application of Chlorpyriphos to environmental health identification of safer saplings – both classified as Class Ib Highly alternatives Hazardous and Class II Moderately Hazardous (as per WHO classification)

respectively and not permissible under World Bank supported projects

Non-use of appropriate protective gear while Impact on human Awareness generation and handling of fungicides and pesticides health monitoring to ensure use of appropriate protective gear

Application of chemical fertilizers Leaching of fertilizer Use of organic manures residues and pollution such as vermi compost for of water bodies due to nursery plants over use of chemical fertilizers

Water Over extraction of water from the Nagavali Competition with other Use of efficient irrigation management river for maintaining moisture levels in mist water uses especially equipment and water chambers and for watering saplings during the dry season conservation measures

Project Raising of Plot selection Conversion of Sub-optimal use of land Discouraging conversion of total land activity plantations by agricultural land capable productivity and holding of small farmers (those with a individual of growing field crops to compromise on food total holding of less than 10 acres) to farmers on their plantation security and seasonal (or plantations in case there is no alternative own land annual) returns livelihood source

R and D and extension activity on promotion of suitable intercrops even after the first year intercropping that is generally being practiced

Conversion of Loss of local diversity and Ensuring that at least 5% of the plantation uncropped land associated multiple area (along the border, on bunds, etc.,) is supporting a variety of benefits derived from covered by multiple species including natural tree growth to diverse tree stand timber and non-timber produce yielding single species pulpwood trees (teak, drumstick, cashew, etc.) plantation

Selection of farmers who Reluctance of farmers to Ensuring that in Rayagada and other are less likely to have a invest in management districts where there is a significant stake in the long-term practices that will presence of migrant farmers, the project sustainability of the land contribute to long term mechanisms ensure that at least 50% of productivity land productivity but will the farmers selected for the CDM project involve short-term costs are local farmers (and not large farmers who are migrants from neighbouring states)49

49 While this statement may be viewed as a value judgment against migrant farmers, it is important for the project to recognize and respond to this social issue at an early stage. In Rayagada district of Orissa, 13 out of the 14 farmers enlisted for the CDM project are migrants from Andhra Pradesh. The APD, DRDA of Rayagada during a discussion with the CEE representative in July 2006 also expressed concern regarding this trend.

Site Clearance of bushes and Loss of local biodiversity Minimum needed clearance of bushes and preparation other vegetation in plot other vegetation

Ploughing of land Disturbance of soil and Building farmers awareness on ploughing increase in soil erosion if methods that control soil erosion (e.g.: last not done against the slope plough line to be against the slope, spacing of 2.7 m between rows in sloppy and undulating land to facilitate ploughing in between rows)

Pest Uniformity of clones Increased use of Avoiding uniformity in clones planted at a management may increase pesticides and reduced single plot, encouraging farmers to plant a susceptibility to pest yield mixture of at least 3 different clones attack

Use of pesticides and Impact on human and R and D effort for identification of safer weedicides not environmental health alternatives – biopesticides, pesticides permissible in World permissible for use under World Bank Bank supported projects supported projects, and integrated pest (those classified under and weed management methods classes Ia, Ib, II, III) Building farmer awareness on integrated pest and weed management methods

Non-use of appropriate Impact on human health Awareness generation and monitoring to protective gear while ensure use of appropriate protective gear handling pesticides

Nutrient Density of plantation Over extraction of soil Building farmer awareness on adequate management higher than nutrients (and reduced spacing to be maintained recommended growth due to competition)

Extraction of fuel wood Loss of nutrients in the Retaining fallen branches, twigs and leaves

(fallen branches and form of biomass from on site to built up litter layer to allow twigs) and leaf litter plantation site recycling of nutrients from plantation site

Short-rotation harvesting Loss of nutrients in the Supplementing loss of nutrients by of pulpwood from form of biomass from addition of fertilizers and organic manures plantations plantation site as per the recommended dose

Application of chemical Leaching of fertilizer Soil testing in plantation plots to fertilizers residues and pollution of determine the quantity and kind of water bodies due to over fertilizers that need to be applied use of chemical fertilizers Awareness to farmers on efficient management of fertilizers as per the recommended dose

Awareness to farmers to promote use of organic manures

Water Supplemental irrigation Extraction of ground Building farmer awareness and timing management to transplanted saplings water operations to ensure transplanting at onset of monsoon to take advantage of availability of rain water

Providing extension support to farmers on soil moisture conservation measures

Life saving irrigation in Extraction of ground Providing extension support to farmers on peak summer to young water efficient irrigation methods (furrow trees method, basin method, etc.)

Harvesting Extraction of branches, Loss of nutrients in the Retaining fallen branches, bark, etc., on bark, etc. for use as fuel form of biomass from site to allow recycling of nutrients

wood, etc. plantation site

Use of heavy machinery Soil disturbance and Reliance on manual removal of stumps as to uproot stumps compaction due to use of it causes minimum soil disturbance and heavy machinery also provides local employment

Activities that Stocking of Pest Use of pesticides not Impact on human and R and D effort for identification of safer are a forward pulpwood logs at management permissible in World environmental health alternatives – biopesticides, pesticides linkage to the depot Bank supported projects permissible for use under World Bank project (those classified under supported projects, and integrated pest activity classes Ia, Ib, II, III) management methods

Building awareness in depot managers on integrated pest management methods

Non-use of appropriate Impact on human health Awareness generation and monitoring to protective gear while ensure use of appropriate protective gear handling pesticides by depot workers

Paper Discharge of effluent Pollution of water body Ensure that the effluent treatment plant is manufacture water50 into the Nagavali receiving effluent water working efficiently and that the effluent river and consequent impact on meets standards set by the Orissa State human and environmental Pollution Control Board (OSPCB) health Encourage use of treated effluent for irrigation

Generation of solid Pollution of land site Adopt strategy for reuse (or facilitation of wastes including fly ash, where solid waste if reuse) of solid waste generated including lime sludge, sludge from disposed and water due to (e.g.: use of fly ash for brick effluent treatment plant leaching from disposal manufacturing, use of lime sludge in kiln,

50 25,000 CLD is discharged of which 100 CLD is diverted for re-use by farmers for irrigation

(ETP) site use of bio-sludge from ETP as manure, etc.) and follow norms prescribed by OSPCB for disposal of solid waste

Discharge of dust, Air pollution and Ensure that the air pollution control odour, heat, smoke consequent impact on systems are (electrostatic precipitators and human and environmental dust extraction systems, condensers to health reduce heat released, scrubber for absorption of vent gases, etc.) working efficiently and that the standards set by the Orissa State Pollution Control Board (OSPCB) for emissions are met

Continue efforts to implement guidelines of Corporate Social Responsibility on Environment Protection issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India in 2003

Focus on strengthening existing ISO 14000 systems

5. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RELEVANT TO THE PROJECT

This section presents a brief listing of the various Acts, Rules and Policies of the Governments of India, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, as well as the safe guard Policies of the World Bank. The alignment of the proposed project with respect to these is examined.

Table 34: Legal and regulatory framework

Act, Policy or Government Order Relevance to the Project Status

(Applicability of regulation to project activity; Triggering of policy by project activity; Consistency of project activity with policy)

Regulations of the Government of India

Water (Prevention & Control The project activity does not involve generation and discharge of any Not applicable of Pollution) Act, 1974 effluents.

Air (Prevention & Control of The project does not involve any activity that will lead to air pollution. Not applicable Pollution) Act, 1981

Environment (Protection) Act, The project does not involve any large scale activity that can cause Not applicable 1986 and EIA notification, emission or discharge of environmental pollutants. 1994

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 The project areas are private lands owned by individual farmers. No Not applicable protected areas are involved in the project activity.

Forest (Conservation) Act, The project areas are agricultural lands owned by individual farmers. Not applicable 1980 The project does not involve any diversion of forest land for non- forest purposes.

Insecticides Act, 1968 Regulates use of insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human Applicable beings or animals. The use of the termiticides Aldrin, Chlordane, BHC and Heptachlor is prohibited under this Act.

Safe Guard Policies of the World Bank

Environmental Assessment (OP The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank Triggered 4.01) financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.

Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) The Bank does not support projects that, in the Bank's opinion, involve the significant Not Triggered conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats. The project areas do not include any critical natural habitats such as protected areas, areas with known high suitability for biodiversity conservation; and sites that are critical for rare, vulnerable, migratory, or endangered species.

Pest Management (OP 4.09) In Bank-financed agriculture operations, pest populations are normally controlled Triggered through IPM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest.

The Bank does not finance formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly with all safety measures in place.

Cultural Property (OP 4.11) The Bank does not finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural Not triggered property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage. The project areas do not involve sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values.

Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) The objective of this directive is to ensure that indigenous peoples do not suffer adverse Not Triggered effects during the development process, particularly from Bank-financed projects, and that they receive culturally compatible social and economic benefits.

The project spreads in six districts with a target of 3500 Ha, which will have insignificant impact in terms of the inclusion issues. However, some of the beneficiaries could be

tribal families (not all). Given these scenario, the IP policy may not trigger here. However, the principles stated in IP policy should be applied in spirit. The project proponents have agreed to adopt informed consent approach and use culturally appropriate communication strategy. The project has already developed local cultural – tribal friendly IEC campaign that are use by JK Paper mill (one of the partners) as part of their corporate social responsibility. The project has also developed strategy for benefit sharing in terms of equity. Therefore, IP policy is not applicable.

Involuntary Resettlement (OD The objective of the Bank's resettlement policy is to ensure that the population displaced Not triggered 4.30) by a project receives benefits from it. There is no likelihood of any displacement happening as part of the project activities.

Forestry (OP 4.36) The Bank distinguishes investment projects that are exclusively environmentally Not Triggered protective (e.g., management of protected areas or reforestation of degraded watersheds) or supportive of small farmers (e.g., farm and community forestry) from all other forestry operations. Projects in this limited group may be appraised on the basis of their own social, economic, and environmental merits.

The plantation plots under the project are nonforested areas and most of them are private owned waste land. Any multi-species tree palnatation will add values to these lands in terms of reducing land degradation. Howeevr, none of the project activities will be undertaken in forest land.

Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) Construction of any dams is not part of the project. Not triggered

Projects on International International waterways are not part of the project area. Not triggered Waterways (OP 7.50)

Projects in Disputed Areas (OP Disputed areas are not part of the project area. Not triggered 7.60)

Regulations of the Government of Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh Preservation of Permission of the DFO is required for felling any of the following species: Applicable (if the Private Forest Rules, 1978 plantation plot has Azadirachta indica, Madhuca latifolia, Mangifera indica, Sapindus emarginatus, Strychnos nuxvomica, multiple species Tamarindus indica, Artocarpus integrifolius, Artocarpus hirsuta, Terminalia chebula, Diaspyros including the ones melanoxylon, Pongamia glabra listed)

Permission for the following species is not given unless the tree has DBH of 120 cm.:

Adina cordifolia, Chloroxylan swetenia, Dalbergia sissoo, Hardwickia binata, Pterocarpus santalinus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Santalum album, Shorea robusta, Schleichera trijuga, Tectona grandis, Terminalia tomentosa, Xylya dolabriformis

These rules will be applicable to plots where multiple species including those mentioned above are to be grown or cleared.

Andhra Pradesh Water, land and Permission from the APWLTA Authority is required for digging an irrigation borewell Applicable Trees Act (APWLTA), 2002 within 250 m. of a drinking water source. If the borewell has an electric pumpset, permission from the AP Transmission Corporation (APTRANSCO) is needed.

This Act will be applicable to plots where borewells are planned for irrigating the plantation plots. However, this is not likely to happen.

Andhra Pradesh Forest Produce Transport of the following forest produce does not require permission of the DFO: Applicable Transit Rules, 1970 Borassus flabellifera, Casuarina equisetifolia, Psidium guava, Prosopis juliflora, Achras sapota, Anacardium occidentale, Eucalyptus sps., Leucaena leucocephala, Azadirachta indica, Acacia nilotica, Syzigium cuminii, Ficus sps., Pithecolobium dulce, Zizyphus jujube, Samania saman

G.O.Rt.No.308 Dated 4th This GO is about devolution of powers and functions pertaining to tree planting Applicable November,2003 programme outside Reserve Forest areas. It recommends that Panchayat secretaries keep details of off take from Nursery Distribution Centres and that National Green Corps schools conduct survival of saplings in the plantation areas. Plantation by paper mills is also under the purview of the GO.

Circular No. -- 1/2003 Guidelines concerning the removal of timber and other forest produce from patta lands. Applicable Ref.No.5357/2003/F.5, Dated: 25-1-2003. For patta lands situated in scheduled areas to which chapter IIIa of AP Forest Act 1967 is applicable and large chunks of lands outside the scheduled areas classified as forests in government records: As the lands in these categories are classified as 'forests' in Government records, Forest Conservation Act 1980 will be applicable in such cases. These lands can be worked only after due permission from Government of India is received under Section 2 of FC Act 1980, in the manner approved by Government of India.

For all other types of patta lands: The person intending to fell and transport tree growth existing on the patta lands, needs to make an application to the territorial DFO.

Regulations of the Government of Orissa

The Orissa Pani Panchayat Act, A law for farmers' participation in the management of irrigation systems by way of Applicable 2002 forming Pani Panchayat. It is foreseen that irrigated land will generally not be used for plantation purposes by farmers. However, it is possible that certain large and/or absentee farmers divert irrigated crop land to plantation in view of the ease in management. Especially in villages where there is considerable land area under Eucalyptus, it is important for the project to coordinate with the concerned Pani Panchayat to avoid any possible conflicts regarding water use. This is especially relevant as one of the functions of the Pani Panchayat is preparing a cropping programme suitable for the soil and agro- climatic condition with due regard to crop diversification.

Relevant policies of the Government of India and the State Governments

National Environmental The policy states that the following specific initiatives are needed to combat land Consistent Policy, 2006 degradation:

Promote sustainable alternatives to shifting cultivation where it is no longer ecologically viable, ensuring that the culture and social organisation of the local people are not disrupted.

Encourage agro-forestry, organic farming, environmentally sustainable cropping patterns, and adoption of efficient irrigation techniques.

The policy recommends the formulation of an innovative strategy for increase of forest and tree cover from the 2003 level of 23.69 percent of the country's land area, to 33 percent in 2012, through afforestation of degraded forest land, wastelands, and tree cover on private or revenue lands. It suggests that the key elements of the strategy would include:

- Implementation of multi-stakeholder partnerships involving the Forest Department, land owning agencies, local communities, and investors, with clearly defined obligations and entitlements for each partner, following good governance principles, to derive environmental, livelihood, and financial benefits;

- Rationalization of restrictions on cultivation of forest species outside notified forests, to enable farmers to undertake social and farm forestry where their risk-return-term profiles are more favourable than cropping,

- Denotify Bamboo and similar other species as 'Forest Species' under the Forest Conservation Act to facilitate their cultivation outside notified forests, and encourage their productive utilisation in economic activities.

- Promote plantation of only such species as are conducive to the conservation and sustainability of given ecosystems.

For improving the ground water quality, the policy suggests that:

Excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides are the main non point source of the pollution. These pollutants contribute to the pollution of the ground water as well as surface water. The optional utilization of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides should be encouraged for improving the water quality.

National Forest Policy, 1988 The policy states that: Consistent (except for cultivation on agricultural (i) As far as possible , a forest-based industry should raise the raw material needed for lands) meeting its own requirements preferably by establishment of direct relationship between forestry and the individuals who can grow the raw material by supporting the individuals with inputs including credit, constant technical advice and finally harvesting and transport services;

(ii) No forest-based industries, except that at the village or cottage level, should be permitted in the future unless it has been first cleared after a careful scrutiny with regard to assured availability of raw material. In any case the fuel, fodder and timber requirements of the local population should not be sacrificed for this purpose;

(iii) Forest-based industries must not only provide employment to local people on priority basis but also involve them fully in raising trees and raw material

(iv) Natural forest serves as a gene pool resource and help to maintain ecological balance. Such forests will not, therefore, be made available to industries for undertaking plantations and for any other activities;

(v) Farmers, particularly small and marginal farmers, would be encouraged to grow, on marginal/degraded lands available to them, wood species required for industries. These may also be grown along with fuel and fodder species on community lands not required for pasture purposes, and by Forest department /corporation on degraded forests not earmarked for natural regeneration;

(vi) The practice of supply of forest produce to industries at concessional prices should cease. Industry should be encouraged to use alternative raw materials. Import of wood

and wood products shall be liberalized. The above considerations should however be subject to the current policy relating to land ceiling and land-laws.

It also provided for a special section 4.9 (Box 3) for adoption of a new approach for growing raw material for industry, obviously of fast growing species, through an industry-farmer nexus and by the forest corporations in degraded forest areas not required for regeneration.

This policy provides that diversion of good and productive agricultural lands to forestry should be discouraged in view of the need for increased food production.

National Agriculture Policy, The policy objectives include the following: Consistent 2000 i) The unutilised wasteland will be put to use for agriculture and afforestation.

ii) Areas of shifting cultivation will receive special attention for their sustainable management.

iii) Integrated and holistic development of rainfed areas will be promoted by conservation of rainwater through vegetative measures on watershed basis and augmentation of biomass production through agro and farm forestry with the involvement of the watershed community.

iv) Agroforestry and social forestry are prime requisites for maintenance of ecological balance and augmentation of biomass production in the agricultural systems. Agroforestry will receive a major thrust for efficient nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, organic matter addition and for improving drainage. Farmers will be encouraged to take up farm/agro forestry for higher income generation by evolving technology, extension and credit support packages and removing constraints to development of agro and farm forestry.

National Conservation The strategy suggests that the steps to be taken for sustainable use of land and water Consistent (provided Strategy and Policy Statement should include the following: multiple species plantations on Environment and and intercropping are Micro-level planning to develop appropriate methodology and implementation of

Development, 1992 action plan by involving the people at the village level in social forestry programmes, integrated into the project) land use planning, afforestation etc.;

Development of suitable agro-silvipastoral techniques with special emphasis on hilly areas and in, and semi-arid zones

The strategy suggests the following as one of the actions to be taken for conservation of biodiversity:

Discouragement of monoculture and plantation of dominating and exotic species, in areas unsuited for them and without sufficient experimentation

The strategy suggests the following actions for meeting biomass needs:

- Increasing biomass to meet essential requirement of biomass based industry;

- Promoting direct relationship between forest-based industry and farmers to raise needed raw materials, provided this does not result in diversion of prime agricultural lands and displacement of small and marginal farmers;

- Extensive research and development in forestry for better regeneration and improved productivity;

- Curtailment of the supply of subsidized biomass based resources to industrial consumers.

Report of the National Forest The report acknowledges the presence of the following Agroforestry systems relevant Consistent Commission, Government of to the project activities from different agro-ecological zones: India, 2006 Long drought period: Poplar, eucalyptus, mango and shisham in Indo-Gangetic region; Neem, babool and bamboos in central India

High rainfall levels and long rainy seasons: Jackfruit, neem, casuarina and bamboos in coastal and island regions

One of the recommendations is that:

Wood-based industries should also be encouraged to supply certified quality planting stock to farmers and to enter into buyback arrangements with them for the raw material produced by them. The farmers should be free to sell to the market if they get higher prices.

Suitable lands outside village forests, falling in the category of permanent agricultural fallows or wastelands fit for agriculture (e.g. canal side lands), or problem lands (e.g. usar, ravines, etc.), should be assigned to individuals or groups for tree cultivation in any form (including agroforestry, farm forestry, silvi-pasture, horti-silviculture), and suitable incentives should be designed and put in place to promote tree planting on lands distributed to the landless persons.

It also recommends that a strategy is needed for meeting the needs of construction timber, panel, pulp, paper, packaging and particle board panel and chip board industries, through quick growing high yielding plantations of softwoods.

The report also stresses on the need for a new strategy for social and agroforestry be evolved, which would include planned involvement of forest-based industries in the distribution of high quality seedlings, with buy-back guarantee to the farmers, to ensure qualitative support to the planting programme and market support for the produce. This is to help bring about an additional 10 million ha. under farm forestry/agroforestry and to meet substantially the needs of industry.

National Water Policy, 2002 This policy is intended to provide a national perspective for planning, development Consistent and management of water resources. One of the areas that the policy focuses on is Drought-prone Area Development. The policy states that drought-prone areas should be made less vulnerable to drought-associated problems through soil moisture conservation measures, water harvesting practices, minimisation of evaporation losses, development of the ground water potential including recharging and the transfer of surface water from surplus areas where feasible and appropriate. Pastures, forestry or other modes of development which are relatively less water demanding should be

encouraged.

Orissa Agriculture Policy, This policy focuses on increasing investment in agriculture, bringing in a shift from Consistent 1996 subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture and accorded status of industry to agriculture.

Orissa State Water Policy The policy states that one of the actions needed for the intensification and Consistent (provided soil improvement of water development in agriculture is improving and extending rain-fed moisture management is agriculture through better soil moisture management. integrated in EMF)

Orissa Forest Sector Vision The following two elements stated in the Vision document are relevant to the project: Consistent 2020 Trees outside forests, on rural and urban private lands as well as non-forest public lands such as urban parks, along roads, canals, rail-tracks and other lands increase many fold and provide a range of goods and services.

Plantations on private land, and processed wood products like panels and boards and wood alternatives reduce pressure on public forests. In the interim, wood imports continue to bridge the gap.

The Vision sets the following milestones:

For the Vision Element Improved Forest Extent and Condition: More Trees Outside Forests:

By 2008 (end of DFID project): Simplified, one window clearance for private sale in place; OFD not to plant quick growing trees on public, forest land

By 2012 (end of JBIC project): Local and small town timber requirement met increasingly from farm forestry; from JFM/ private bamboo

By 2020: Tree cover outside forests additionally to be 12,000 sq km

For the Vision Element NTFP and Wood: Timber supply:

By 2008 (end of DFID project): Simplified, one window clearance for private sale in place; OFD not to plant quick growing trees on public, forest land

By 2012 (end of JBIC project): Local and small town timber requirement met increasingly from farm forestry; from JFM/ private bamboo

By 2020: Tree cover outside forests additionally to be 12,000 sq km

Andhra Pradesh State Forest The forest policy recommends that one of the silvicultural intervention for increasing Consistent Policy, 2002 forest productivity should be: Forests that are devoid of any valuable species, will be planted with valuable and high yielding species like Bamboo, Teak, Eucalyptus, Acacias, Species valued for their NTFP and Medicinal properties.

The policy also recommends strengthening social forestry activities by – extending forestry activities to non-traditional areas outside notified forests will be another important strategy. It provides for generation of biomass outside the designated forests for meeting the needs of local people and reduces dependence and pressure on the forests. The activities like Farm Forestry, Afforestation of Village Common lands and Tank Foreshores, Afforestation around urban agglomerations in the form of Green Belts, Avenue plantations along Roads, Railway lines and Canal Bunds, Aesthetic plantations in urban and semi urban areas, Afforestation on Temple / Endowment lands etc. will be taken up to meet the objective.

6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELEVANT TO THE PROJECT

6.1 WATER RESOURCES Table 35: Review of relevant literature on water management for Eucalyptus

Study / report Key points from the study / report Implications for EMF

NABARD Model Project Studies have shown that Eucalyptus consumed 0.48 litres of water While Eucalyptus is considered water-efficient, the for Raising Eucalyptus to produce a gram of wood, compared to 0.55, 0.77, 0.50 and 0.88 project must limit itself to areas with high rainfall – litre per gram for siris, shisham, jamun and kangi respectively. normal annual rainfall exceeding 1000 mm, so that Thus, Eucalyptus is more water efficient than many indigenous the need for supplemental irrigation is minimized. species.

However, the mean annual growth of Eucalyptus is about 8 cum/ha - 40 cum/ha, as compared to the average of 0.50 cu m/ha for indigenous trees. Being much faster in growth; the very reason for which the species was introduced in the country; the water and nutrient absorption of the tree is much more than the slow growing indigenous trees.

The drought hardiness of the species comes from the fact that Eucalyptus has deep rooted system and an ability to absorb water even at higher moisture tension level, than many other mesophytes plants.

However, though Eucalyptus is an excellent industrial species, providing timber for poles, pulp and fuelwood, it cannot be used as fodder plant and provide other non-timber uses, limiting its role as a social forestry tree. Thus, plantations of eucalyptus may be limited as industrial plantations with management regime drawn

parallel to any intensively produced crop.

Kallarackal, J; Somen, All the six eucalypt species (E. urophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. While the Eucalyptus clones used for the C.K.; 1998. Water relations brassiana, E. pellita, E. deglupta and E. tereticornis) are drought tolerant plantation in the project activity are reported to be and rooting depth of to some degree. However, the most drought tolerant is E. hybrids of E. terticornis and E. camldulensis, the selected eucalypt species camaldulensis. Hence this species is recommended for relatively dry properties of the clones with respect to water KFRI Research Report 136 locations. consumption needs to be assessed. This R and D needs to be a part of the EMF. E. urophylla is a good water conserver and hence recommended for locations where water conservation and plantation productivity are equally important. However, more silvicultural research is recommended in this species as it can turn out to be a promising species in India.

There is a reason to believe that E. camaldulensis will give better productivity compared to other species. But this species has less developed water conserving features.

The root excavation study confirms the fear that E. tereticornis extracts the water from the water table. This need not be true for other species. However, this reaffirms the need for wider spacing (3x3 m) in eucalypt plantation already recommended in a previous report submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (Kallarackal, 1993).

Andhra Pradesh Forest Management of the planting programme to get the maximum Department 6. 5. 1520 / WB utilization of the monsoon rains in the year of planting and higher / 98, Date: May 22, 1998 survival percentage after planting. Circular No. 7 / 98

6.2 PEST MANAGEMENT Table 36: Review of relevant literature on termite management in Eucalyptus

Study / report Some key points from the study / report Implications for EMF

Nair, K.S.S; Varma, R.V.; 1981. Termite Termite damage is a serious problem in plantations Management in the first year of the plantation is control in eucalypt plantations KFRI Research of Eucalyptus tereticornis in the first year of important. Report 006 establishment. After one year of age, additional pest management Most losses occur in the initial 4 months after is not needed even in the presence of termites in planting out. the plot.

One year after planting out, E. tereticornis seedlings suffered no mortality, although the termites nibbled on the bark portion of stem.

The incidence of attack was not related to rainfall Site specific factors determine susceptibility to and possibly depended on site factors including attack – hence generic actions are not warranted. species of termites present and their population density.

All termites are not harmful to eucalypts; out of 17 Not all species of termites are lethal to Eucalyptus species present in the experimental plots in the seedlings – so the objective of their management Trichur Forest Division, only 4 were found to cause must not be total elimination. lethal damage to seedlings. Most species that are injurious live in small subterranean colonies and do not build conspicuous mounds (nests).

It is not possible to predict the intensity of damage Training of extension staff is needed to build skills in a given area. in identifying soils that are more susceptible to termite attack. Absence of termite mounds in the planting area, therefore, does not suggest freedom from the risk of

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attack, and vice versa.

Remedial measures applied after attack has been Prophylactic treatment with chemical pesticide is noticed in a plantation are cumbersome and cannot needed. ensure complete protection. Prophylactic methods are therefore necessary and must be applied before the seedlings are planted out.

Good protection can be obtained by treating the soil with an appropriate insecticide.

Since termite attack usually occurs within the upper If seedlings are treated before being planted out, 20 cm portion of the tap root, pre-planting additional pit treatment is unnecessary. container treatment affords sufficient protection to seedlings planted out in the field : additional pit treatment is not necessary.

Following increasing restrictions on the use of POPs While there has been progress towards choosing less persistent insecticides, such as less hazardous and persistent alternatives, a cost- organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, iodofenphos, effective chemical alternative to chlorpyrifos may isofenphos), carbamates (carbosulfan, carbofuran), not be immediately available. and pyrethroids (permethrin, decamethrin, deltamethrin), have been used as alternatives, however their low persistence often necessitates repeated applications. Recently, controlled-release formulations of some non-persistent insecticides were tried and found to be effective and long- lasting. However, these formulations are not cost- effective for the majority of low-income farmers in developing countries.

UNEP/FAO/Global IPM Facility Expert Deep plowing or hand tillage exposes termites to The cultural methods of deep ploughing, removal Group on Termite Biology and desiccation and to predators, thus reducing their of queen, destruction of nests, etc. can be field Management 2000, Finding Alternatives to tested in selected farmer’s plots and scaled up

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Persistant Organic Pollutants (POPs) for number in the crops. based on their effectiveness. Termite Management, UNEP Pre-planting tillage also destroys the tunnels built by termites and restricts their foraging activities and associated damage to crops.

Removal of the queen and/or destruction of the nest have frequently been used by farmers as a traditional method for control of mound-building termites.

Mounds are physically destroyed, flooded or burnt with straw to suffocate and kill the colony.

Intercropping in forestry has been suggested as a This is an area where R & D is needed. Several means of retaining termite diversity in the crop in farmers in the project area do intercropping in the order to prevent them from achieving pest status. first year of the plantation (Eucalyptus saplings planted in standing cotton and tobacco crops), the impact of this in any reduction in loss of saplings to termite attack needs to be compared with similar plots without any intercropping.

The removal of residues and other debris from the This is an area where R & D is needed. The impact field may reduce potential termite food supplies and of residues on termite attack needs to be studied in hence lead to a reduction in termite numbers and various types of plots. For example, plots with high subsequent attack. On the other hand, leaving termite numbers, plots with limited termite residues in the field or adding further organic matter numbers, plots where completed decomposed could provide alternative food to which termites will organic matter is alone ploughed in, plots where be attracted, thereby reducing levels of attack on the crops residues are left in the field or are ploughed main crop. in to decompose, etc.

Plant extracts, such as those of neem, wild tobacco The effectiveness of application of locally available and dried chilli, have been used to control termites plant extracts can be field tested in selected farmer’s plots and scaled up based on their

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in the field and storage warehouses. effectiveness.

Wood ash heaped around the base of the trunk of The effectiveness of application of wood ash can coffee bushes has been recorded as preventing be field tested in selected farmer’s plots and scaled termite infestations. Wood ash has also been up based on its effectiveness. reported to repel termites from date palms. Wood ash has also been used to protect stored yams, maize straw, tree seedlings, if it is mixed into plant nursery beds or applied as a layer.

Termites have a wide variety of predators, both The effectiveness of application of wood ash can opportunist and specialist, but ants are the greatest be field tested in selected farmer’s plots and scaled enemies of termites in all regions of the world. up based on its effectiveness. Although ants limit termite numbers under natural conditions, their suitability for use as biological control agents for target termite management has yet to be ascertained. The practice of traditional farmers of using dead animals, meat bones and sugarcane husks to poison Macrotermes mounds was recently used to develop baits for predatory ants and tested in maize fields for termite control in Uganda. The protein-based baits attracted significant number of ants and more ants established nests near maize plants, this in turn reduced termite damage and increased grain yield.

Although termites may damage healthy plants, Development of clones to resist termite attack unhealthy and stressed plants are generally more needs to be a focus in R & D for development of susceptible to termite attack. Therefore, cultural clones. practices should aim at maintaining or enhancing plant vigor. Extension activity needs to be strengthened to ensure plant vigour. The use of good quality seed, healthy seedlings, and appropriate transplanting procedure is more likely to

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produce healthy plants.

One way of avoiding the problem of termites in Selection of low-risk sites for plantation is an forest plantations is not to plant susceptible species important mitigation measure to integrate into the of trees on sites known to be high-risk. EMF.

Taking measures to increase biodiversity may Encouraging mixed species plantations (Eucalyptus increase competition from non-pest termite species along with other timber and NTFP bearing species) and, thereby, reduce populations of pest termite will be useful in controlling termite attack. species. Increasing biodiversity can also increase natural enemies of termites, such as ants. Measures that can be taken to encourage biodiversity in forest plantations include inter-planting, retaining a litter layer, retaining ground cover, encouraging rapid canopy closure and reducing pesticide usage.

When tree species susceptible to termite attack are Encouraging mixed species plantations (Eucalyptus to be used, inter-planting them with resistant species along with other timber and NTFP bearing species) may help reduce the overall incidence of attack in will be useful in controlling termite attack. the plantation and, consequently, limit the build-up of the termite pest population. Inter-planting may also help reduce attack on susceptible tree by making it more difficult for the termites to locate them. It also helps increase biodiversity in the plantation, which may help reduce populations of termite pest species.

In recent years, new generation insecticides that are Imidacloprid and Fipronil are both not permissible active at very low doses have become available. in World Bank supported projects as they belong These chemicals generally also have a low toxicity to to Class II (Hazardous). They are in the same other life forms. When chemical treatment is category as Chlorpyrifos which is currently being deemed necessary, such chemicals provide an used in the project areas. environmentally preferable alternative to traditional chemicals. Examples of these new generation

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insecticides are imidacloprid and fipronil.

Varma, R.V, and Swaran P.R..; 2004. Based on the field trials, Chlorpyrifos 20EC was Rather than rely only on the discretion of the Termiticidal treatment for root trainer- found to give effective protection (to clonal plants farmer to adopt IPM, the standardized raised eucalyptus planting stock, raised in root trainers). The treatment methodology recommended treatment of clonal saplings with Evergreen No. 51 & 52, September 2003 was as follows. The root-trainer block with seedlings Chlorpyrifos can be done by JK Paper Ltd. at its and March 2004, KFRI were dipped in a 0.5% a.i. solution of the insecticide open nursery before supplying the saplings to the kept in a plastic tray of appropriate volume. The farmer. This treatment needs to be done by trained root trainer block was held in the solution for a workers of JK Paper Ltd. This will ensure that the minute to aid complete penetration of the insecticide correct dosage is applied and the application within the potting medium. The blocks were then process is closely monitored. This application at placed on stand and a plastic tray was kept beneath the open nursery needs to be done on the same day to collect the excess insecticide solution. or one day prior to the actual planting of the saplings by the farmer. This involves a lot of The treatment was found effective for more than a logistical coordination of the JK Paper Ltd.’s field year, which was sufficient to tide over the vulnerable staff with the clonal production nursery of JK period of attack by termites under normal Paper Ltd., the transport contractors and the conditions. In this method one litre of the farmers. Trying out this system with selected insecticide solution would be enough for dipping farmers or districts in one planting season will help 100 root trainer blocks (2400 seedlings) and the cost in testing its effectiveness and also in identifying works out to Rs 0.25/- per seedling. and smoothening any logistical glitches. The cost of chlorpyrifos has reportedly reduced since the This method is advantageous as it is effective, easy KFRI methodology was reported in 2004. The to perform, cheap and utilises only the minimum current cost of treatment per seedling may come to quantity of insecticide. The treatment can be only Rs. 0.10/-. The basic premise behind this performed on the day or one day before planting out recommendation which JK Paper Ltd. needs to in the field. The seedlings should be well established stress in its extension work with farmers is that NO in the root trainers so that the potting medium is FURTHER TREATMENT OF THE SAPLINGS AT THE held intact by the roots and is not drained out while PLANTATION SITE IS NECESSARY, unless a site dipping. The present findings are based on inspection by their extension staff reveals termite treatment with four-month-old Eucalyptus tereticornis infestation of such severity that additional clones established in root trainer with vermiculite treatment measures are needed. medium. The treated seedlings in root trainer should not be kept for longer periods. Also spillage of

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insecticide solution on to the foliage may be prevented.

Philip N., Florence M. O., 2005, In India, water containing decomposed fish, There is a need for supporting R and D that can Participatory Assessment of Farmers’ tobacco, salt, or washings from a bearskin were explore indigenous practices, test their Experiences of Termite Problems in reported to keep termites from mango trees (Anon., effectiveness through field trials and enable scaling Agroforestry in Tororo District, Uganda, 1898, cited in Logan et al., 1990). up of the practices Agricultural Research and Extension Network, Network Paper No. 140, January 2005

6.3 NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Table 37: Review of relevant literature on nutrient management for Eucalyptus

Study / report Key points from the study / report Implications for EMF

Alexander, T.G; Balagopalan, M; Without proper soil management practices, clear-felling of forests The EMF needs to integrate soil Mary, M.V; Thomas, T.P.; 1981. and continuous eucalypt cropping may eventually result in soil nutrient management as a component. Properties of soils under eucalypts deterioration in the form of decreased soil organic matter and KFRI Research Report 008 nutrient levels and alterations in soil physical properties. The intensity of deterioration will depend on initial soil conditions, topography, climate and management practices. On favourable sites, there may be no significant effect for two or three rotations but on poorer sites, the effects may become apparent soon.

Mary, M.V; Sankaran, K.V.; 1991. The rate of decomposition of eucalypt leaf litter is slower than that Relying on leaf litter alone for nutrient Ex-situ decomposition of leaf litters of teak and Albizia litters. The decay rate is higher under the field recycling may not be adequate, of Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus conditions than under the laboratory conditions in the case of all the supplementing nutrients through tereticornis and Albizia falcataria three species. organic manures is a practice that KFRI Research Report 071 needs to be emphasized in the EMF. Litter moisture content is crucial for the decomposition of leaf litters

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under tropical warm humid climate.

The litter decay is rapid and the microbial activity higher during southwest monsoon in the study area.

Andhra Pradesh Forest Department Use of green manure (Dhaincha) in plantation plots. EMF needs to integrate measures such 6. 5. 1520 / WB / 98, Date: May 22, as green manuring as part of the 1998 Circular No. 7 / 98 nutrient management strategy.

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7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROJECT

7.1 WATER RESOURCES The management of water resources in the project can be based on the following principles:

The plantations to be grown under the project must not cause any additional demand on the local water resources. This means that supplementary irrigation is to be kept at a minimum – limited only to life-saving irrigation in the dry months.

The project must seek to utilize the available rainfall to meet the water needs of the plantation. This will be possible only if the project areas are restricted to the high rainfall zone i.e., where the normal rainfall exceeds 1000 mm. Also the plantation activity has to be timed to coincide with the onset of the monsoon.

Meeting the water needs of the plantation must be through a combination of methods that involve cultural methods (for example, deep ploughing before the monsoon to allow seepage of rain water, use of organic manures to improve soil water holding capacity, etc.), and physical methods (for example, bunding, efficient irrigation methods, etc.).

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Table 38: Water management strategy proposed as part of the EMF of the project

Action at the level of farmers Action at the level of JK Papers Ltd.

Cultural methods Physical methods Extension R and D Change in Process

Taking up plantation at the onset of the Construction of bunds Actively encourage R and D (either directly or through - monsoon so as to fully utilize rainfall for along the contour and farmers to adopt cultural collaboration with research institutions meeting the water needs of the saplings. across the slope for fields methods for water such as CRIDA, KFRI, ANGRAU) on that are located on conservation efficient water management including Selection of sites that are not in the sloppy terrain. selection of water-efficient clones, immediate vicinity (there must be at least Actively discourage irrigation methods, etc. 5 mt distance between the plantation and Excavations of farm farmers from providing the field crop field) of field crops (so as to ponds or ditches that can irrigation to the reduce chance of water competition harvest rainwater and plantation, especially between field crops and the plantation) enhance soil moisture. when the source is ground water Deep ploughing and inter-cultivation (last plough line to be across the slope) to Periodically monitor enable rainwater to infilterate farmer’s plots to provide technical advice on water Use of organic manures management

Mulching (even by retention of leaf litter) to reduce water loss through evaporation

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7.2 PESTICIDE USE The management of termites in the project can be based on the following principles which are inherently IPM principles adapted for application here:

Recognize that all impacts of termites are not negative. The presence of termites in the plantation area can have localized positive benefits such as contribution to recycling of nutrients, improvement in soil aeration, etc.

It follows that the objective of termite management in the project should not be complete elimination of the termite population in the area. Rather, it should be minimizing the economic impact of the termites on the plantation. That means, termite activity in the plantation plot can be tolerated as long as it is not lethal to the saplings or trees.

Recognize that termite management needs to be viewed as package of practices rather than as a single course of action (use of chemical pesticides).

Recognize that the infestation of termites may not be a generic problem in all project plots at all times. The nature of the soil, the frequency of rainfall in the first few months, the health of the saplings are factors which influence the susceptibility of the plantation to attack by termites. Hence generic recommendations on application of chemical pesticides may not be applicable to all cases.

Recognize that relying on the individual discretion of farmers to adopt IPM methods may not significantly alter the pesticide use scenario in the project areas. This is because the project activities are scattered in an area that has significant pesticide use (the pesticide consumption in Andhra Pradesh is 0.8 to 1.2 kg/ha while the pesticide consumption in Orissa is 0.2 to 0.3 kg/ha and that of India as a whole is 0.5 kg/ha.) and because the farmers are used to application of several hazardous pesticides for their other crops (several farmers reported growing cotton and using Monocrotophos, Endosulfan, etc.).

Recognize that management of termites itself is an evolving science that has already shifted from use of highly persistent organochlorines (Aldrin, Heptachlor, BHC) to the use of organophosphates (Chlorpyrifos). Research is underway to identify safer alternatives such as botanicals (use of Kadishe Cleistanthes collinus by ITC in Bhadrachalam) and to tap indigenous knowledge on safer methods51. Some of these may well be the main course of action recommended in future. In view of this, it may be worthwhile to invest in R & D in the search for botanicals, natural enemies and other such safer methods.

51 Philip N., Florence M. O., 2005, Participatory Assessment of Farmers’ Experiences of Termite Problems in Agroforestry in Tororo District, Uganda, Agricultural Research and Extension Network, Network Paper No. 140, January 2005

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Table 39: Pest management strategy proposed as part of EMF of this project

Action at the level of farmers Action at the level of JK Papers Ltd.

Cultural Methods to Extension R and D Change in Process methods to control termite prevent termite damage incidence (before it occurs)

Selection of Use of Actively R and D (either Treatment of clonal sites that do botanical encourage directly or through seedlings as per not have a extracts or farmers to adopt collaboration with standardized history of or safe chemical cultural methods research institutions procedure using vulnerability pesticides and use such as KFRI, Chlorpyrifos at to termite botanical ANGRAU) on use nursery before infestation. extracts and safe of botanicals, natural supply to farmers chemical enemies, cultural Deep pesticides methods, safer ploughing to insecticides, etc. destroy any Actively termite discourage mounds farmers from application of Clearing of chemical stubbles and pesticides residues of (especially any previous Phorate) if they crop are using clonal seedlings pre- Use of only treated with well rotten Chloropyrifos organic by JK Papers manures Ltd.

Periodically monitor farmer’s plots to identify infestation of termites and suggest treatment to control damage

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7.3 NUTRIENT DEPLETION Nutrient management of termites in the project can be based on the following principles which are inherently INM principles adapted for application here:

Recognize that Eucalyptus plantations on short-rotation have potential to deplete the soils of nutrients and that nutrient management is necessary to ensure sustainability of the land productivity.

Soil testing is critical for two reasons. It helps to provide a basis for nutrient management on the plot and also helps to monitor long-term changes in soil nutrients.

Recognize that chemical fertilizers alone cannot compensate for the loss of nutrients. They will most likely replace only macro-nutrients such as N, P, K while micro-nutrient deficiencies may build up in the soil.

Recognize that organic manures can provide a whole range of nutrients to the soil while at the same time improve the soil physical properties (such as aeration) making it more conducive to rain water infiltration.

Recognize that availability of organic manures is not easy, considering that field crops also compete for this increasingly scarce resource (farm yard manure). Hence any strategy for promoting organic manures cannot rely on farm yard manure alone, but has to integrate green manures, leaf litter retention, etc.

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Table 40: Nutrient management strategy proposed as part of EMF of this project

Action at the level of farmers Action at the level of JK Papers Ltd.

Cultural methods Physical Extension R and D Change in Process methods

Selection of Ploughing Actively R and D (either Selection of sites sites after soil across slope encourage directly or through after soil testing testing and farmers to adopt collaboration with construction cultural methods research institutions Periodic monitoring Cultivation and of bunds such as CRIDA, of soil nutrient ploughing in of along the Actively ICRISAT, KFRI, status green manures contour on discourage ANGRAU) on after the first slopy land to farmers from integrated nutrient year prevent soil excessive management erosion application of including the use of Use of chemical intercropping, green recommended fertilizers manures, organic doses of manures, etc. fertilizers Periodically including monitor organic farmer’s plots to manures check nutrient status and Leave leaf suggest litter, loppings, measures to etc., at the site supplement itself for nutrients nutrient recycling

Intercultivation of weeds to enhance soil organic matter

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7.4 MANAGEMENT OF THE EMF

7.4.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF RELEVANT STAKEHOLDERS The overall responsibility for implementation of the EMF will lie with VEDA MACS. It will liaison closely with JK Paper Ltd., and ensure that all the provisions of the EMF are adequately met. It will also take on the responsibility of recruiting additional technical assistance for monitoring the implementation of the EMF. The responsibility of reporting back to the World Bank periodically also lies with VEDA MACS.

JK Paper Ltd. is involved in R and D as well as manufacture of clonal saplings, liaison with project farmers, extension support to farmers, etc. Hence, the activities of the EMF will be primarily implemented by JK Paper Ltd.

The roles and responsibilities of these two partners are presented in the following table:

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Table 41: Roles and responsibilities of VEDA MACS and JK Papers Ltd. with respect to the implementation of the EMF

VEDA MACS JK Paper Ltd.

Role Responsibility pertaining to Role Responsibility pertaining to EMF EMF

Advisor, VEDA Overall responsibility Vice President Overall responsibility MACS Ltd., and of implementation of (Plantation & Raw of implementation of Managing Director, EMF in the project Material) EMF activities by JK Veda Climate Change Paper Ltd. Solutions Ltd. Liaison with JK Paper Ltd. for ensuring Ensure that all legal implementation of all and regulatory EMF components provisions relevant to the EMF are Report to World Bank satisfactorily met on EMF progress as through the project part of regular project processes (for reporting requirements example, provisions on (if any) pesticide use)

Source and secure Ensure that R and D external technical on aspects relevant to assistance for the EMF is considered monitoring of EMF a thrust area of the implementation once overall R and D efforts every year of JK Paper Ltd.

Conduct periodic (six- Liaison with monthly) monitoring government and non- visits to plantation government agencies plots (at least 20% of for securing support the plots of project for EMF farmers) to monitor implementation (for and take required example, utilize measures to strengthen existing government EMF implementation schemes and programmes for training, supply of inputs, etc.)

General Manager Ensure that extension (Plantations) and monitoring systems of JK Paper Ltd. integrate the provisions of the EMF

Identify training needs 115

of various levels of staff and organize capacity building programmes by sourcing in-house and external expertise as required

Preparation of IEC material for farmers on EMF

Dy. Manager Maintain an MIS of the (Plantations and EMF activities and Special Projects) provide periodic (six- monthly) reports to VEDA MACS for consolidation and reporting to the World Bank

Assistant Manager Ensure capacity (Plantations) building of field level staff for providing technical support to enable implementation of EMF at the farmer’s level

Organize monthly review of EMF activities through a meeting with the Supervisors

Conduct periodic (six- monthly) monitoring visits to plantation plots (all plots of project farmers) to monitor and take required measures to strengthen EMF implementation

Coordinate with local line departments and NGOs to facilitate convergence of existing schemes and expertise for training 116

of farmers

Identify farmers who are ‘best practitioner’ with respect to EMF

Organize exposure visits of farmers to ‘best practitioner’ farmer’s plots

Supervisors Provide extension support to farmers on EMF

Monitor plantation plots on a monthly basis and interact with the project farmers to ensure that the provisions of the EMF are efficiently met

Report back on EMF performance to Manager (Plantations)

7.4.2 CAPACITY BUILDING STRATEGY

7.4.2.1 Capacity of EMF Management Team

The EMF team at JK Paper Ltd. is well-qualified to manage its implementation. The competence matrix of the key individuals who will be involved in the EMF implementation is presented in Table 42.

Table 42: Competency matrix of key individuals who will be involved in the EMF implementation

Name Designation Qualification Experience Area of expertise (in years)

Dr. D. General Manager M. Sc. (Botany), 26 Commercial tissue culture, R Sreedhar (Plantations) Ph. D. in Plant and D in clonal plant Biotechnology production, project planning, implementation and management

D. K. Dy. Manager P. G. Diploma in 10 Project formulation, project (Plantations and management and project 117

Sahoo Special Projects) Rural Management planning

M. V. Assistant M. Sc. (Life 10 Plant production, extension, Ramana Manager Science) motivation, organizing farmer’s Murthy (Plantation) meets and training programmes for farmers

The team will however source expertise from various resource institutions52 such as CRIDA, ANGRAU, KFRI, FRI, etc. from time to time based on the need.

7.4.2.2 Training of Supervisors

The interface of the EMF with the farmers is through the Supervisors of JK Paper Ltd. There are about 12 Supervisors in the six districts of the project area. Each Supervisor interacts with about 5-30 farmers. The training to the Supervisors is critical to ensure the success of the EMF.

The training needs of the supervisors are as follows:

Principles of sustainable plantation management

Criteria and indicators of sustainable plantation management

Characteristics of various clones with respect to productivity, pest resistance, nutrient demand, water requirement

Integrated pest management

Integrated nutrient management

Efficient water resource management

Soil conservation measures on plantation sites

Agronomic practices of intercrops in Eucalyptus plantations

Monitoring, documentation and reporting requirements of EMF

The training needs to be provided once every year. A three day training duration with field visits to selected plots and interactions with ‘best practitioner’ (both from productivity and from an EMF perspective) farmers is suggested. However, the capacity building of the Supervisors will also be continuously done through the monthly review meetings with the Assistant Manager (Plantation).

The management cadre of JK Paper Ltd. is well equipped to provide the above training to the Supervisors. However, if needed, external experts may also be invited as resource persons.

52 CRIDA – Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad; ANGRAU – Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad; Kerala Forest Research Institute, Thrissur;Forest Research Institute, Dehradun

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7.4.2.3 Training of Farmers

The training to the farmers is to be provided at two points in time: (i) Before the plantation (ii) After the plantation

Table 43: Training and informational needs of farmers before and after embarking on the plantation activity

Before the plantation After the plantation

Information needs Methodology Training needs Methodology

Selection of plot IEC material such as Integrated pest Monthly individual information leaflets, management meetings with Intercropping hoardings, etc. supervisors at the options Integrated nutrient plantation site management Mixed plantation Exposure visits to ‘best options (species, Efficient water practitioner’ farmers’ clones) resource management plots (at least one such visit must be arranged for Characteristics of Soil conservation every project farmer once clones measures on every two years) plantation sites Farmer’s field manual Agronomic practices with detailed pictorial of intercrops in instructions and case Eucalyptus studies on activities that plantations fall under the purview of EMF (for example, IPM and INM methods)

7.4.3 MONITORING STRATEGY The monitoring of the EMF implementation is done at two levels: (i) monitoring by JK Paper Ltd. through its internal monitoring systems, and (ii) monitoring by VEDA MACS both internally as well as by sourcing external assistance. The key parameters for monitoring, will however be the same. These are presented in the following table. Indicators based on these parameters have to be developed to suit the project requirements.

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Table 44: Key parameters for monitoring

Parameter Field aspects to Monitoring Management aspects Monitoring frequency monitor frequency for to monitor for management field aspects aspects

Water resources Source of water Monthly by Information and Six-monthly by JK JK Papers training Papers Ltd. and Schedule for Ltd. and six- programmes for VEDA MACS irrigation monthly by farmers Annually by VEDA external agency SMC measures MACS Training appointed for the adopted programmes for purpose by Supervisors VEDA MACS Pesticide use Names of pesticides used Periodic monitoring of Quantity of plantation plots pesticides used Periodic review of IPM practices Supervisors adopted Adequate staff to Nutrient Soil testing done handle EMF management Type and quantity Maintenance of of chemical MIS on EMF fertilizers used R and D on INM practices aspects relevant to adopted EMF

Land use Species composition of plantation plot (type and numbers)

Clonal composition of plantation plot

Legal and regulatory provisions

Annexures 3 and 4 provide indicative formats that are to be used (i) at the time of planning for the plantation and (ii) at the time of monthly monitoring visits by the Supervisors. An MIS is to be maintained by JK Papers Ltd. based on the filled in formats.

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7.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EMF The purpose of this report is to propose an EMF for the project – Improving Rural Livelihoods through Carbon Sequestration by Adopting Environment Friendly Technology Based Agroforestry Practices. A detailed plan of implementation will have to be drawn up by the project proponents to implement the EMF that is agreed upon by all stakeholders. However, a broad implementation plan is being provided in this section to provide an indication of the organizational mechanisms, time frame and resources needed for making the EMF operational.

7.5.1 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART As indicated in section 5.2.4.1 and table 41 the responsibility of ensuring the implementation of EMF is with VEDA MACS, while JK Papers Ltd. will actually implement the activities proposed under EMF. A chart detailing the relationships between the major stakeholders in the process is presented here.

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Advisor VEDA MACS Ltd. and Vice President (Plantations and Managing Director VCCSL Raw Material)

World Bank

General Manager (Plantations)

Deputy Manager (Plantations and Special Projects)

Assistant Manager (Plantations)

Line Departments, NGOs Supervisors

Farmers

Capacity building

Reporting

Coordination

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7.5.2 TIME FRAME The crediting period for the project is between October 2005 and March 2012. As the EMF is being developed in September 2006, the implementation period of the EMF will be between October 2006 and March 2012. The time frame for implementation of the EMF is provided in Table 45.

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Table 45: Time frame for implementation of EMF activities

Activities 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

Project team

Identifying staff for EMF implementation in VEDA MACS and JK Papers Ltd.

Orientation meeting at VEDA MACS and JK Papers Ltd. to appraise relevant staff about EMF

124

Activities 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

Capacity building

Identifying training needs in EMF for all staff levels in JK Papers Ltd. and planning for capacity building programmes

Training to supervisors

Training to farmers (pre and post planting)

Technical support to farmers

125

Activities 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

Liasion meetings with Government line departments and NGOs for securing support for EMF implementation (at state and district level)

IEC materials to farmers including field manual

Monitoring

Monitoring of field aspects by supervisors

Identification of best practice farmers

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Activities 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

Review meetings of supervisors and Assistant Manager (Plantations)

Monitoring of field aspects by Assistant Manager (Plantations)

Maintenance of MIS on EMF implementation by JK Papers Ltd.

Providing report on MIS to VEDA MACS

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Activities 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

Monitoring of field and management aspects by VEDA MACS

Monitoring of field and management aspects by external agency

Report on EMF implementation by VEDA MACS to the World Bank

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7.5.3 BUDGET The budget for implementation of the EMF has been prepared by VEDA MACS Ltd. and is provided in Annexe 7.

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ANNEXE 1: SACRED GROVES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Table I: Sacred Groves in Srikakulam53

S. No Name Mandal

1. Jagatimetta: Hrischandra puram

2. Jatladada Near Pubbada

3. Mallemma thalli Seetahmpeta

4. Sangameswara konda Near amadalavalasa

5. Subhalaya Hiramandalam

6. Tarlakota Palasa

7. Telekunchi Ichapuram

8. Teelineela puram Near Naupada

53 1996, Sacred Groves of Andhra Pradesh, World Wide Fund for Nature, Hyderabad

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Table II: Sacred Groves in Visakhapatnam54

S. No Name Location/Mandal

1. Gudilova Anandapuram

2. Kailasagiri Near Jodugulla palem

3. Lingalathirugudu Somanadhpuram

4. Madhavadhara Visakhapatnam

5. Nathsagudam Near Matur village

6. Rakshnagiri Near Ganapuram

7. Simhachalam Simhachalam

8. Upamaka Nakkapalli

9. Vaddadi Near chodavaram

10. Vaddadi madugula Near chodavaram

Other groves in Visakhapatnam

11. Araku valley Araku

12. Bheemili Bheemili

13. B.H.P.V Gajuvaka

14. Bojjannakonda Sankaram/ Kasimkota

15. Galikonda Beeswaram/ Anathagiri

16. Madinadurgah Visakhapatnam

17. Padmanabham Visakhapatnam

18. Panchadrala Dharlapalem/ Anakapalli

19. Sankavaram Satyanarayanapuram/ Anakaplli

20. Sri Sagaragiri Kanakadurga Yarada/ Visakhapatnam

54 1996, Sacred Groves of Andhra Pradesh, World Wide Fund for Nature, Hyderabad

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21. Saligramapuram Saligramapuram/ Visakhapatnam

22. Veddimetta Veddimetta/ Nakkapalli

23. Venkateswara temple Saligramapuram/ Visakhapatnam

24. Visakhapuri Mary Matha Visakhapatnam

25. Zinc quarters Sriharipuram/ Gajuwaka

Disturbed groves in Visakhapatnam

26. Borra caves Borra/ Ananthagiri

27. Kasipatnam Kasipatnam/S.Kota

28. Madakondamma Paderu

29. Tagarapuvalasa Tagarapuvalasa/ Bheemili

30 Yelamanchili Yalamanchili

Table III: Sacred Groves in Vizianagaram55

S. No Name Location/Mandal

1. Punyagiri S. Kota

2. Paramma konda Pachipenta

3. Jayathi Gajapathinagaram

4. Nereduvalasa Near Kurupam

5. Gorada Near Kurupam

6. Bothili Kallu to Neelakantapuram Road

7. Chitrakonda boddavalasa Near Bobbili

8. Addapu sila Near Parvathipuram

9. Konada Near national highway passing through Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam

55 1996, Sacred Groves of Andhra Pradesh, World Wide Fund for Nature, Hyderabad

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10. Poolbagh Near Vizianagaram

11. Bobbili Vizianagaram – Bobbili Road

Other groves

12. Pachipenta Bank of Vegavathi River

13. Gangubudi Near Kothavalasa

14. Konda Gangu Pudi Near Boddam

15. Chitrakonda Lova Boddavalasa

16. Makkavu 20 kms from S.A. Cur

17. Lakshmipuram 14 kms from Kurupam

18. Ramatheertham Nellimera

19. Barinikam Chintapalli road of N. Highway

20. Vakada Valasa 10 km Bobbili towards Balijapet

21. Pachipenta Inside village at temple site

22. Seetha gundam Near Pedda Valasa

23. Gammukota Gajapathinagaram

Disturbed groves

24. Bobbili

25. Chintada Bobbili

26. Balijapet

27. Rajapulova Bogapuram

28. Konada Pusapatirega

29. Chintapalli Parvathipuram

30. Thotapalli Parvathipuram

31. Gumma G. L. Puram

32. Kurupam

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ANNEXE 2: AREAS UNDER INTEGRATED TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY IN ANDHRA PRADESH AND ORISSA

Table IV: List of mandals / blocks under ITDA in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa

Andhra Pradesh

Vizianagaram GL Puram, Kurupam, Saluru, Pachipenta, Komarada, JM Valasa, Parvathipuram, Makkuva

Visakhapatnam Anantagiri, Araku Valley, Dubriguda, Hukumpeta, Pedabayalu, Munchingiputtu, Paderu, G. Madugula, Chintapalli, GK Veedhi, Koyyuru

Srikakulam Seethampeta, Kotturu, Bhamini, Hiramandala, Pathapatnam, Meliaputti, Mandasa

Orissa

Koraput Full district

Rayagada Full district

Kalahandi Thuamul Rampur and Lanjigarh blocks

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ANNEXE 3: ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING CHECKLIST

To be filled before signing of contract agreement with farmer

Section I: Identification particulars for checklist

Name Signature Date

Name and signature of Supervisor who filled in this checklist

Name and signature of Assistant Manager (Plantations) who checked this form

Name and signature of the Dy. Manager (Plantations and Special Projects) who entered the data into the MIS

Section II: Identification particulars for farmer

Name of farmer

Does the farmer belong to a Scheduled Tribe? Mention YES or NO

Village

Mandal or Block

District

State

135

Section III: Details of land holding and plantation

Total land holding of farmer

Details of crops grown on total land holding Crop (in addition to Area (also mention amount of land left fallow for field crops also more than 1 year) mention existing plantations and fallow lands)

Amount of land proposed to be converted to plantation

Amount of land proposed to be included under the CDM project

What was the land proposed to be included in the CDM project previously used for? If it was used for agriculture, mention crops grown

Species proposed to be grown in the plantation Species (and Clones) Number of saplings (for Eucalyptus, also mention the clones)

136

Does the farmer propose to take any intercrop in the plantation? If yes, mention what crops.

What site preparation measures are planned for the plantation?

Is irrigation planned for the plantation? If yes, mention source of water.

Any other significant details

Section IV: Details of mitigation measures proposed to be adopted by the farmer

Yes or No What does the farmer need to follow the advice? (awareness or technical support or support from any existing scheme of line departments)

It is not advisable to convert agricultural land with good productivity to eucalyptus plantation. Is such a land conversion proposed?

It is not advisable to convert all of the farmers land to eucalyptus plantation. Is such a conversion proposed?

Is the land proposed for the plantation not legally owned by the farmer?

To avoid competition for water and nutrients, it is advisable to leave a 5 mt wide gap between the eucalyptus plantation and any neighbouring crop field. Is the gap less than this width?

Slopy terrain makes the plot more vulnerable to soil erosion. Is the plantation plot located on slopy terrain?

To control soil erosion and improve infiltration of water, it is advisable to have the last plough line across the slope. Is the ploughing planned to be done along the slope?

It is advisable to do plantation at the onset of the monsoon. Does the farmer not have plans to do this?

137

It is advisable to have multiple species on the plantation plot. Does the farmer plan to plant only eucalyptus?

It is advisable to have multiple clones on the plantation plot. Does the farmer plan to plant only one clonal variety?

Intercropping with field crops can be done in the first year of the plantation. Is the farmer not proposing to take up any intercrop?

Intercropping in the later years of the plantation is possible for certain crops. Is the farmer not interested in knowling more about this pratice?

It is important to get soil testing does to assess the nutrient status of the soil in the plantation plot. Does the farmer not have plans to do this?

It is advisable to use organic and/or green manures on the plot to build fertility. Does the farmer not have plans to do this?

It is advisable to leave leaf litter, loppings, etc., at the site itself for nutrient recylcing. Does the farmer not have plans to do this?

It is advisable to do intercultivation to enhance infiltration of rain water and enhance soil organic matter. Does the farmer not have plans to do this?

It is advisable to use chemical fertilizers only after taking technical advice following soil testing. Does the farmer not have plans to do this?

Choosing sites having termite infestation will lead to more use of chemical pesticides. Does the site chosen for plantation have a history of termite infestation?

Deep ploughing can destroy termite mounds and reduce the termite problem. Does the farmer not have plans to do this?

Incompletly rotted organic matter can increase termite population in the plot. Are residues of any previous crop not cleared from the plot?

Termite incidence may be a problem in some soils. Does the farmer plan to use BHC, Phorate or Chlorpyrifos or any other pesticide?

138

It is not advisable to use weedicides in the plantation plot. Does the farmer plan to use weedicides?

It is not advisable to use ground water to provide irrigation to the plantation. Does the farmer plan to use ground water (borewell water) for irrigation?

Note: If the answer to any of the above questions is YES, ensure that the DETAILS section is filled up after discussion with the farmer. Follow up action is to be initiated in discussion with the Assistant Manager (Plantations) based on this information.

139

ANNEXE 4: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST

To be filled every month during the supervisor’s visit to the plantation plot

Section I: Identification particulars for checklist

Name Signature Date

Name and signature of Supervisor who filled in this checklist

Name and signature of Assistant Manager (Plantations) who checked this form

Name and signature of the Dy. Manager (Plantations and Special Projects) who entered the data into the MIS

Section II: Identification particulars for farmer

Name of farmer

Does the farmer belong to a Scheduled Tribe? Mention YES or NO

Village

Mandal or Block

District

State

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Section III: Details of management of the plantation

In which month and year was the plantation started?

Details of any soil testing done? Was soil testing done?

When was soil testing done?

Were results reported back to farmer?

Was recommended action taken by farmer?

Did the farmer use any fertilizers in the past one Name of fertilizers Quantity and method month? If yes, mention details. of application

What other non-chemical methods did the Method Done / Planned / Not farmer use to enhance fertility of the soil? planned – Give details

Green manures

Farm yard manures

Retention of leaf litter

Any other method

Did the farmer use any pesticides in the past one Name of Applied for Quantity month? If yes, mention details. pesticide which pest applied and method of application

141

What other non-chemical methods did the Details of method Used to control which farmer use to control pests in the plantation pest? plot? Give details.

Was any irrigation provided to the plants in the When was Source of Method of last one month? If yes, mention details. irrigation water irrigation given?

What methods did the farmer use to conserve water in the plot? Give details.

Is any intercrop being grown on the plot along with the trees? Give details.

Section IV: Details of extension support needed by farmer

On what aspects of plantation management does the farmer need information/training?

What kind of ‘best practice demonstration’ is the Possible best practice Willingness of farmer farmer willing to take up on his/her plot? demonstrations – YES or NO

Non-chemical pest management

Non-chemical nutrient management

Efficient soil and water management

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ANNEXE 5: LIST OF WEBSITES REFERRED TO

http://www.indianjungles.com/110605b.htm http://tribal.nic.in/index1.html http://agri.ap.nic.in/schemes.html www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/GO%5CFinance/G.O.%20404-Commr-Triabl.doc - goidirectory.nic.in/andhra.htm http://www.wca-infonet.org http://rayagada.nic.in/soilcon.htm http://agrolink.moa.my/dpn/dpn3/dpn/summary.html http://tribal.nic.in/andhpradeshscareas.html http://www.webindia123.com/orissa/economy/fishery.htm http://orissagov.nic.in/ruraldevelopment/aboutus/Plan&Budget.html http://www.ipicolorissa.com/sup_organisation.html http://agri.mah.nic.in/agri/input/html/introduction.htm http://punenvis.nic.in/agriculture_pollution_pest.htm http://extoxnet.orst.edu/ghindex.html www.rd.ap.gov.in/velugu/Veluguactionplans/districts/visakhatpmu.htm http://www.orissaforest.org http://www.indiajungles.com http://www.tribal.nic.in http://www.tribal.gov.in orissagov.nic.in/maps/orissa.htm

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ANNEXE 6: FIELD NOTES AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Note:

These are field notes – they are annexed to the report only for the purpose of giving an insight into the field work. They have not been specifically edited into a report format. All land holdings mentioned in the field notes are holdings held by the family (consisting of a group of farmres) and not a single farmer. The acronym E stands for Eucalyptus and C stands for Casuarina.

Visit to Rajannapalem Nursery. 1 August 2006.

Yearly production is 2 crore C, 13 lakh E clones, 30 lakh E bags. Next year target will be higher. Pesticides used: Rogor (Dimethoate – Class II) for Coccids, Endosulphan (Class II) for Bihar hairy caterpillar. BHC (Gammaxine – Banned), Phorate (Class Ia) and Chlorpyrifos (Class Ib) for termites. Organic manures used: FYM – one basket per seed bed. If soil is clayey sand is mixed. Source of water is borewell.

Visit to Rajapulova and Pendurthy Depots. 1 August 2006.

E is debarked at the plantation plot and bark is generally taken for fuel wood use by farmers if the plot is close to village. C is sold with bark. Termites affect lower stacks of wood – lime is applied to the soil to prevent this. Stacking of wood for a month reduces weight by 30% due to loss of moisture. This saves transport costs. Harvesting is done during monsoon as there is no water stress and weight is more.

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Visit to Rajannapalem village, Acchutapuram mandal, Visakhapatnam district. 1 August 2006.

R. Gopalakrishna, Farmer R. Satyanarayana, Sarpanch

Also works as a teacher. Owns 19 acres C, 50 acres Cashew. 19 acers converted from Cashew to C because of low investment and high returns. Cashew was 1979 sown – yield had reduced. Did not prefer cashew this year as yields are uncertain due to rainfall variations. Rest 50 acres still under cashew as difficult to remove – they are at sea shore. Cost of cashew land conversion to C is 64,000 for 19 acres. Did not prefer E as village is used to C plantations and because of falling ground water levels in village. Village shifted to C from paddy and chillies die reduction in ground water (open wells). Presently has 2 bores to provide water one in 15-20 days through check basin method for C plantation. Irrigation given from September onwards (based on schedule recommended in Vyavasaya Panchangam – extension material of ANGRAU). Some farmers removed C and planted cashew. Pesticides used: Folidol (Methyl Parathion - Class Ia) for termites at time of plantation. Fertilizers used: Compost (2.5 tonnes per acre), DAP (one matchbox full – 10 gms per plant), N:P:K 15:15:15 all in the first year. Returns 1 lakh per acre at the end of 4 years. Cashew 4 lakhs for 50 acres. Village land is 1500 acres. Hills 900 acres. 80% is under C. Rest under cashew and coconut. 10-15 farmers have bore wells. Visit to Salur village, Parvathipuram mandal, Vizianagaram district. 2 August 2006.

Meeting with Mr. S. Balaji Rao, Eucalyptus farmer and other villagers

The major livelihoods in this village are agriculture and livestock. The farmer population in the village (approximately) is around 70% of the total population. The wetlands in the village comprise 65% of total agricultural lands. The crops grown are cotton, palm oil, paddy, eucalyptus, sugarcane, banana and turmeric. The major sources of irrigation are tanks and bore wells. Along with eucalyptus, two crops sugarcane and oil palm are gaining importance. This is because of the heavy subsidies available for oil palm from Department of Agriculture (subsidies are given for plant material where each plant worth of Rs. 50 is being sold to farmers for Rs. 5, drip irrigation and other facilities are provided). Mostly the fields under banana are diverted to oil palm. Earlier 60% of the lands are under banana 40% of which are now converted to oil palm. Bore wells are drilled for oil palm cultivation as it requires water. Coming to the sugarcane the factories provide seed material, manures etc. and provide technical guidance on buy back agreement which also clears the marketing problem. The other reason for the farmers shifting towards plantation crops is the drought during past 3 years and less labor requirement for plantation crops. Support from the Agriculture Department is available for this village through AOs and Field Officers whenever required. Most of the eucalyptus farmers are absentee farmers from West Godavari district.

The total land holding of Mr. Balaji Rao is 34.5 acres. Of this, 30 acres is wet land where he grows paddy. The additional 4.5 acres of land was left fallow due to the fear of cattle trespassing especially pigs and donkeys. Now he is cultivating eucalyptus in these 4.5 acres. He has preferred eucalyptus to cashew because of the time lag in cashew to get the returns. Coming to casuarina, it is not preferred in this area. The eucalyptus plantation is one year old now and reached a height of 13-20 ft. The farmer seems to be satisfied with the growth so far. He is also planning to convert 10 more acres of 145

land which is currently under paddy to eucalyptus as the paddy fields are far away and it is getting difficult to monitor. The spacing adopted for eucalyptus is 1000 plants per acre. At the time of sowing he has applied DAP @ of 10 gms per tree. Pesticides chlorpyriphos and gammaxene were applied to counter the termite problem. He gets technical support from the staff of JK Papers Ltd. He also follows the extension material provided by them. Visit to Narsipuram village, Parvathipuram mandal, Vizianagaram district. 2 August 2006.

The total land under agriculture in this village is 950 acres out of which, 300 acres is wet land, 300 acres dry land and 350 acres is under mesta and vegetables. The land under mesta is increasingly being converted to eucalyptus as the market price of mesta is highly fluctuating. It can vary from Rs. 2500 per quintal to Rs. 700. The average yield obtained is around 6 quintals. Sugarcane was a major crop in this village once upon a time. But later this land was diverted to vegetable cultivation. But now with the availability of support from the sugar factories farmers are shifting back to sugarcane. So far 10% of the total land is converted back to sugarcane. The companies provide technical, material and transport support. Besides they are also providing loans to for drilling the bore wells as it is a water intensive crop. There is no interest rate for the loans and the repayments are spread over years. Most of the large farmers in this area are now going for eucalyptus. They can afford to wait for the income which is only after 5 years. Also it requires less of their time and efforts.

There was also one small farmer Mr. V. Bhaskar who has purchased one acre of land for cultivating eucalyptus. The reason for choosing eucalyptus is the less inputs and labor requirement. He has 1.5 acres of land in which he cultivates mesta and vegetables. All the eucalyptus farmers are cultivating clones purchased from JK Papers Ltd but there are losses upto 25% for which replacement is not yet done. They feel that clones are sensitive to the field conditions and have difficulty in surviving.

Mr. B. Sree Ramulu, farmer

The total land holding of the farmer is 40 acres out of which 12 acres is under eucalyptus. Previously he used to grow mesta, ground nut, mango and other commercial crops in these lands. The income obtained was also good. But now he shifted to eucalyptus because of the less time and labor requirement for this crop. At first he took the saplings from forest department 4 years back but they failed to grow properly. Now he took 10000 clones from JK Papers Ltd. which are planted one year back. He is planning to convert other 30 acres of land also to eucalyptus.

The cost of cultivation eucalyptus (as told by the farmer) is around 10000 (Rs. 2000 for ploughing, 2000 for digging pits and planting, 2000 for fertilizers and mounding, 2000 for pesticides etc). FYM was applied at the time of ploughing. The crops grown near by his eucalyptus plantation are paddy and mesta. The soils are black and the land is properly leveled. The farmer is not having any plans of reconversion of plantation land to agricultural crops in future.

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Visit to DK puram village, Parvathipuram mandal, Vizianagaram district. 2 August 2006.

Meeting with Mr. Vinoda Ranga Raju Kumar, farmer

He is a non local farmer who belongs to West Godavari district. He purchased 120 acres of land in which he is growing eucalyptus. Last year he planted in 80 acres (clones in 8 acres) and this year 40 acres. Previous crops grown in 30 acres of this land are mango and cashew. He is planning to expand the plantations based on availability of land for purchase. The type of soil is red loamy. Number of plants per acre are 1000. No intercrops are grown. Coming to the nutrient management, sheep penning is done at the beginning and NPK (15:15:15) is also applied after the saplings are established. For the management of termites he has used chlorpyriphos 2-3 times. The weeds are regularly ploughed in. The trees are now at a height of 16-18 feet. He takes technical guidance from JK Papers Ltd. The crops surrounding his eucalyptus fields are cashew and paddy. The other crops grown in the village are paddy, sugarcane and maize. Visit to Bochekka village, Parvathipuram mandal, Vizianagaram district. 2 August 2006.

Meeting with Mr. D. Giri, farmer

He is a non local farmer from West Godavari district. The total land holding of the farmer is 50 acres (which is contiguous) out of which he is cultivating palm oil in 30 acres. During the last year he planted eucalyptus in 16 acres of land and this year in 4 acres. Only clones are used. Previously paddy was grown in this land. The soil type is red loamy. He decided to grow oil palm as it is suitable to the local climatic conditions and because the neighboring farmers are growing it successfully. Bore well is drilled to meet the water requirement. Drip method is being followed which was installed under 60% subsidy from the department of agriculture. He also has plans to grow intercrops in oil palm. As for eucalyptus he has applied DAP initially as per the soil test based recommendations from JK Papers Ltd. No pest attack was observed so far. But he applied phorate granules at the time of planting to counter any possible termite attack. The farmer is having plans to expand the land under eucalyptus. But he says the availability of saplings is a problem. He says that the land availability for purchase is not a problem as the neighboring farmers are selling away their lands to him – fearing poor yields in their lands as eucalyptus is an exhaustive crop. Visit to Rathna Tikrit village, B. Cuttack block, Rayagada district, Orissa. 3 August 2006

Meeting with Satya Urlaka

Total land hilding 15 acres, of which E is 2 acres, mango is 3-4 acres, rest is paddy, vegetables, ragi, sesamum, bloack gram, jowar. None of the land is left fallow. Reason for choosing E was because loan for inputs was provided. E plantation is 2 years old. Not sure of what the returns from E will be as this is first experience with it. Has no plans to expand area under E as the rest of his land is needed for the other crops currently grown. Spacing of E is 2500 for 2 acres. 1st year intercropping was done with black gram. This was attempted in the second year also, but failed due to lack of rain. Will not attempt intercrop this year because of shade under E. DAP was put for E for 3 years. Phorate was put in the first year while planting. 400 saplings were damaged as they were of poor quality. Neighboring crops around E are mango, jowar, black gram. Farmer has observed no competition effect on neighbouring crops. Cattle trespassing is a problem – while they don’t eat the E saplings, they push over the saplings. Paddy 20-30 bags per acre in 4 acres. Does not expect loss in E. Yield of rest of crops depends on rain – paddy is more reliable than the others. Not keen on farm ponds to harvest rain. Present height of E is 15 feet. Hard rock below 20 feet depth – so difficult to have deep bore wells. E seed route plants have deep roots, clones have shallow roots – can be uprooted after digging to 2-3 feet. Clonal plants lodge easily due to shallow roots. 147

None in village have grown E except for 3 farmers. Others will only continue present use of land – paddy, sesamum, etc. Average land holding is 3-4 acres. Others cannot guard E plantations as their lands are further away. Pilferage of poles may be there. Other crops yield returns in 4 months. When lift irrigation gets functional will go for vegetable cultivation. Will get to know cost- benefit of E after 3 cuttings. Will then decide on further continuation. Land can be reverted to other crops by uprooting stumps and applying FYM. Another farmer uprooted 8 year old E seed route plantation in 20 acres in 1996 as plants were prone to pilferage and yield was poor. He cultivated cotton and tobacco in this land since then. He has also put 3-4 borewells in the area. Cost of uprooting stumps was Rs. 2000-3000 per acre. Uprooting was done manually – each worker can uproot 10 stumps in a day for Rs. 40-50 wage. Yield of tobacco and cotton comparable to crops in other fields. Visit to Rathna Tikrit village, B. Cuttack block, Koraput district, Orissa. 3 August 2006.

Meeting with D. Srinivas

Migrated from Rajahmundry 10 years ago. 40 acres total land. Cultivates cotton and tobacco (6 acres). Tobacco has no problem of grazing. Area under E is 3 acres started in 2004. This year planning to expand to 15 acres – as intercrop in tobacco. Previous use of land was none – fallow land converted for tobacco, now under E. First started as intercrop in cotton. Reason for E good income, no cattle problem. Satisfied with growth of E but 10 % loss of saplings. Planning for 15 acres expansion every year. Andhra Pradesh farmers largely go for clones – local farmers go for seed route plantations because of the cost. Seed route plantations are cut after 7 years.

Income from Tobacco Rs. 15,000 per acre. From E Rs. 10,000 per acre – still preferable because of lack of management problems. Expenditure on E initially is Rs. 6000 in the first year and Rs. 2000 yearly. E employs 4-5 people per acre initially. Tobacco employs 5 people daily for 5 months. Will convert own land to E and take fresh land on lease for other crops. In all in the village 6 farmers have taken up plantations on 10 acres with loans from JK Papers Ltd.

E plot is on red light soils. Neighbouring crops are tobacco. No irrigation for E. Lift irrigation scheme is due to get operational this year – may then give some irrigation to E for greater yield. Fertilizers DAP for 2 years. Phorate in pits for pest control. Expected yield is 50 tonnes per acre. Leaves decompose but take time. Leftovers will be used as firewood. Intercultivation done to conserve water. Present height 25 feet. Owns 3 borewells. Ground water depth is 150-200 feet and borewell yields 2 inches of water. Bores are 5 years old and no declining trend over the years – yield is lower in summer months.

Land reconversion to agriculture not planned, but can be done using lot of FYM and green manures. Land fertility will improve gradually.

Only seed route E plot in village belongs to 2 tribal farmers – already cut once and yield was just enough to pay back Rs. 12,000 loan taken from bank. Earlier that land was fallow (as much of tribal land is, due to lack of capacity to invest in inputs). Other crops in village ragi, sesamum, black gram, red gram. Now, more of cotton and paddy. Cashew not preferred due to theft problem, oil palm not feasible due to transportation problem. 148

Visit to Bharatpur village, B. Cuttack block, Koraput district, Orissa. 3 August 2006.

Meeting with Ruma Houika (also present Sobhanna Himirika and a couple of other youth)

Number of households in this tribal village are 130. Major livelihood is agriculture. The land under agriculture is above 100 acres but common lands are also cultivated by some farmers. Major crops are til, sesamum, red gram, maize and paddy. A check dam is present near paddy fields. Some time back ITDA tried to promote cashew but the farmers did not choose it. DRDA through association with ITDA provided subsidies for mango and 10 farmers planted mango about 10 years back. One farmer (Paggu) cultivated Eucalyptus in half acre. He harvested it twice and marketed the produce through a middle man. The income was 5000 per harvest. Some coppices were still present in the field.

Total land holding of the farmer is 8.5 acres of which 2.5 acres is E. On the remaining land there is 4 acres paddy, 1 acre red gram, 0.5 acre ragi, 0.5 acre mango. The farmers are planning for tobacco on 1 acre. The E plantation was done in 2004. It is a contiguous patch of E that belongs to 7 farmers of the village amounting to 14 acres. This is located 2 km from the village. Prior use of that land was for cultivation of ragi and til, The returns were about Rs. 1000 per acre (minus the cost of cultivation). E was chosen as land is far away and is difficult to manage. The land was first ploughed with a tractor. 2500 saplings were planted in 2.5 acres. Of this 200 died due to termites and cattle trespassing. Phorate and Cholrpyrifos were applied to control termites. DAP and urea were the fertilizers applied. The input cost of E plantation was met by taking loan from KPT Rural Bank. The loan amount taken was Rs. 12,400 per acre. The repayment is to be done after the fifth year and within 7 years. Interest is also to be payed at the time of repayment only. Growth of E is satisfactory. Not interested in further expansion of land under E as rest of land is closer to village and can be managed (will decide only after harvest of E). In the first year intercrop of til and safflower was grown in E by all the farmers. The returns on this were Rs. 1200 per acre. Intercrops of turmeric and ginger cannot be taken due to non availability of seed and market. Soil is red loam. The neighbouring crop fields have paddy. A river is located next to the plot. Village Beheraguda, Block: Rayagada, District: Rayagada. 3 August 2006.

Farmers: P. Sridevi, V. Nageshwari.

Both of the farmers hold 5.5 acres of land leased for 10 years in which they are doing clonal eucalyptus plantations (farmers are employees – CDM registration in wives names). Planting done 15 days ago. Prior to this one farmer has 6 acres of clonal E plantation started in 2002, harvested in 2005. Yield was 180 tons. Early harvest was due to wind damage. Income was 2 lakh rupees. This 5.5 acres is at one place. Prior use of this land was for red gram and cotton (dry land). The farmer from whom they took land on lease has total of 10 acres in same area. In remaining 4.5 acres he is doing paddy. Irrigation source was lift irrigation from Nagavali river. But it got discontinued 2 years ago due to non payment of electricity bills and non repair of damaged motor by the pani panchayat (water users association). So the land was given to these farmers on lease. Reason for choosing E is buy back guarantee from paper mill and additional income. Plan to expand area under E (5 acres for the next year) provided non tribal land is available for lease. Extension support from JK Papers Ltd. is provided through visits and publications. Type of soil sandy loam. Neighbouring plots have paddy 149

and cotton. 6,800 plants of E planted in 5.5 acres. The increased density is planned to compensate for any mortality and in hope of greater production. Planning to do intercrops of vegetables for 6 months. DAP is applied to intercrops and water source is rainfed. Super phosphate is applied to E. Phorate is applied for termites. After 6 months they may put Chlorpyriphos. Ground water level is 25 feet. Village Beheraguda, Block: Rayagada, District: Rayagada. 3 August 2006.

Farmer: V. Vera Raju

Total land under E seed route plantation is 44 acres and the under clones is 10 acres spread over 3 panchayats. In addition to this the farmer has 40 acres paddy, 14 acres banana and 2 acres brinjal and papaya. A 1993, 5 acres E plantation was purchased, stumps uprooted and clones planted during the last year. The cost of clearing stumps was Rs. 10,000 (it worked out cheaper as it was done with his own labouers). Otherwise the cost is Rs. 10 per stump. Reason for choosing E is protection from grazing and ease of management. Cattle in this area are left for free grazing except for July to January period. They damage field crops. In first year tomato was taken as intercrop. Yield was 30 qtls per acre. Not interested in turmeric or ginger as intercrops as market is not available. Will expand E further if seedling cost is reduced.

Farmer: D. Satya Narayana

He planted clones in 8 acres in 2006. In another 40 acres he has Eucalyptus seed route plantation. Other crops are cotton, banana and coconut. Previous use of the 8 acres land was cotton cultivation. He shifted to E because of high returns. E seed route was harvested at 4 years. The first harvest had a yield of 30 tons per acre, and the second harvest had a yield of 25 tons per acre (reduced yield was because of fire and pilferage). 30% of the village lands are under E. The rest are under cotton and paddy. For past 10 years there is increase in trend of converting cotton to E because of the fluctuating market price of cotton and assured price of E.

Village: Pitta Mahal Block: Rayagada District: Rayagada. 3 August 2006.

Farmer: K. Bhanu Prasad

Total land is 8 acres, 4 acres under (single patch) E clones. The plantation was taken in 2001 and one harvest was done in 2003 as the farmer needed the money immediately. The yield was 118 tons for 4 acres. Each ton sold for Rs. 1250. Total input cost of Rs. 1 lakh (24,000 for plants, 15,000 for fertilizer and labour, 36,000 for night watcher, 5,000 for monitoring, 20,000 for harvesting – also put fencing). Rest of 4 acres are under cotton, paddy, sesamum. In 0.5 acres mango planted. Crop failed due to lack of rain. In same land plans to dig borewell and take up mango again. In this 4 acres of land under E, sesamum and redgram were grown earlier. The reason for choosing E is that the fields remain vacant after 3-4 months of the cropping period, and management is required every year. Whereas in case of E the management inputs are required for only one year for 5 years crop. Can’t expand land under E further as it is difficult to monitor (due to grazing by goats, theft of wood). Extension support available from JK Papers Ltd. is useful. Present height of 3 year old coppice is 25 feet. Neighbouring fields have red gram and cotton – reportedly no affect on these because of the plantation (the neighbouring farmers did not complain). Soil is red sandy. Spacing followed 1000 per acre. No intercrops – poor land fertility may not support 2 crops. Also intercultivation done for the intercrop may damage E plants. Fertilizers DAP in 1st year – time of planting, after 3 months, and after 6 months. Leaf litter and bark left on site. River next to crop field – 25 feet below. Ground water is at 180 feet depth. Termite attack in E plantation. Phorate at time of planting. Chlorpyrifos 2- 3 times at rate of 2-3 ml per litre. Weeds will be incorporated after rains. Labour intensive botanical 150

extracts (such as boiling neem leaves and spraying) will be difficult. Reconversion of land will be decided after 3rd harvest. Cost of uprooting stumps will be equal to the returns from sale of stumps. Fertilizer and pesticide application only there for cotton – not for paddy and sesamum. Returns (not minus inputs coats) on sesamum are Rs. 3000 per acre, paddy 32 bags @ Rs. 400 per bag, cotton Rs. 15000-20000 per acre. Total lands in village 35 acres, 10 farmers (all tribals). Of this 8 acres belong to him. No irrigation bore wells so far in village. No other E plot. Feels it is a good option for large farmers with alternative livelihoods. For small farmers not a viable option as returns are only after 5 years. Seriguda municipality, Rayagada block, Rayagada district. 3 August 2006.

Farmer: Somnath Nayak

Total land is 5 acres. Has E clones in 2 acres planted in 2003. Rest of land in Banana. Farmer also has a small business. Reason for choosing E is no surety of returns from other crops and lack of time for managing other crops. Previous crops grown are ragi and red gram. Soil red sandy. Rainfed. Depth of ground water 50 feet. Phorate at time of planting, chloropyrifos 2-3 times, 2-3 ml each time. After rains weeds are incorporated. Expected returns 40-50 tonnes per acre. Will decide on further expansion after 3rd harvest. In case returns are not satisfactory will shift to another crop or plantation as land holding is less. Further expansion of land under E is not possible as lands are being sold for real estate. Due to lack of rains in the past year and industrialization of the area small farmers are shifting to labour and large farmers to businesses. Village has 50 farmers and total land is 45 acres. Bore wells for irrigation not feasible as soils are sandy and electricity cost will be high. Village: Jaganathapur, Block: Kalyansinghpur, District: Rayagada. 3 August 2006.

Farmer: K. Ratnaji, Informant: K. Lakshmikantam

Total land holding is 10 acres. Of this E seed route plants are in 7 acres, planted 4 years ago. In other 3 acres cotton and E clones intercropping done from this year. 4 acres taken on lease for 5 years for growing E clones with cotton. Land is in single patch. Previous land use cotton in 3 acres patch. Cotton and tobacco in 7 acres patch. Shifted to E because of transportation problem in case of tobacco (this itself costs Rs. 10,000) and labour problem in case of cotton. Other reason for shifting is less returns and high cost of inputs for cotton and tobacco. Satisfied with E so far. No plan of further expansion – land is not available for lease for long term needed for E. Labour requirement is high during initial stages for E. 7 acres plantation was harvested after 3 years and sold for Rs. 2 lakh to broker which he in turn sold for Rs. 3 lakh. Cotton is not preferred due to high cost and cattle problem – even fencing does not help – no scope for second crop as cattle are left for free grazing between January to July. Younger saplings establish well. Older saplings do not survive. FYM and sheep penning (twice) done in E clones 3 acres plot. Mounding done for saplings. Intercultivation was done once. Fertilizer application was done recently. Irrigation is given in summer from open well. Termite attack – chlorpyrifos sprayed. Cultivation of field crops not financially viable – hence, plantation crops are preferred. Cotton gives yield of 9 quintals, each quintal is sold at rate of Rs. 1500-1700. Ten years ago yield was 10-11 quintals and each quintal was sold for Rs. 2000.

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Village: Kalyansinghpur (plantation in Kosiguda), Block: Kalyansinghpur, District: Rayagada. 3 August 2006.

Farmer: Varanasi Narayana (Late), Informant: B. Purushottam Rao

Total land holding is 30 acers. 7 acres under paddy, 7 acres under cashew – planted 11 years back, 4 acres under mango – planted 4 years back, 8 acres under E seed route – of this 5 acres since 13 years and 3 acres since 10 years. Separate patches located nearby. Previous land use in 8 acres – red gram, ragi, jonna. Reason for choosing E – less benefit and more input cost in other crops. E can be planted and left – it can grow on rainfall alone. Plan for expansion next year – newly purchased 6 acres of land (presently given out on lease). This year unable to do because of busy schedule. Reconversion of E land to other crops can be done after removal of root but is a very expensive process. 5 acres patch was cut two times. First harvest was after 5-6 years very less (Rs. 25,000 yield) because of less spacing adopted (1 m x 1 m). Some plants were sold for poles at the rate of Rs. 50 per pole. Gap filling was done and second harvest was Rs. 1,25,000. E seed route plants were bought at cost of 10 paise. Cost of cultivation including labour and other inputs came to about Rs. 2 per plant. Now the cost may come around Rs. 5-6. Benefit after 5 years is Rs. 100 per plant. For clones input cost is Rs. 10-15 and yield is Rs. 150 per plant. Browsing by goats can be a problem and hence guarding is needed for the first 6 months. Soils are red sandy and distance for E from neighbouring agricultural plot is 300 feet. Plot has slight slope. Some soil conservation structures (bunds and trenches) were made by soil conservation department about 15 years ago. At present these structures are not there. In surrounding land similar SMC works are being undertaken by the watershed department. Intercrops not possible due to high oil content of leaves and shade. Also growth rate of E is very fast. Intercultivation and mounding is done. Leaf litter and bark is left on site. Ground water is obtained at 30-40 feet. Termite attack – chlorpyrifos is applied – 2 litres of spray fluid per plant. In later years this is not needed.

Paddy is in 7 acres. Input cost is Rs. 4000-5000 per year. Yield is 30 bags per acre (75 kg per bag) sold @ Rs. 400 per bag. Input cost of Rs. 250 can be deducted from each bag and net income is Rs. 150 per bag. Cashew recommended spacing is 25 feet but adopted spacing is 10 feet. Hence yield is not good. Income is Rs. 30,000 for 5 acres. If properly done can yield Rs. 1 lakh for 5 acres. E is not done in Cashew lands are these are nearby and can be monitored.

E first harvest 20 tonnes from 500-600 plants in 7 acres of land. Several plants were lost to termites. Replaced ones have not survived. Second harvest again replanted 6000 plants in 7 acres. Yield was 120 tonnes. Income is Rs. 1,20,000. Harvesting was done before the rains. If harvested after the rains the difference would be 20%. Harvesting cost is Rs. 200-220 per tonne. Present height of trees is 7 feet (1 year old).

Major crop in village is paddy occupying 50%, cotton occupying 40% of the land. Other crops in the village sama, ragi., mustard, red gram, oil seeds. Only businessmen have plantations. Other farmers do not go for it as returns are over the long term. Farmers are increasingly showing interest towards commercial crops. Problem with E clones as compared to E seed route is that EC get uprooted easily. Termite resistance does not differ.

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Village: Lekapai, Block: Kotnora, District: Rayagada. 4 August 2006.

Farmer: Ramu Pirvika, Pirvika Jambri

Area under E clones is 0.15 ha CDM and 1 acre non-CDM. Previous use of land was for cultivation of ragi and til. Reason for shifting to E is expectation of high returns at one time. Presently for paddy he gets Rs. 500-600 per acre. Yield is 4 bags per acre. Farmer is transplanting paddy in rainfed wetland. Input cost is 3000 per acre. Return is 2000 per acre. Urea, DAP and potash were applied to paddy. Other crops are in 4 acres – til, ragi, arhar. All these are used for own consumption. Not sold out side. Ragi yields 6-7 bags (50 kgs) per acre. Sold at rate of 5 rupees per kg. Cost Rs. 250 per bag. Rs. 1500 per acre is the return. Cost of cultivation Rs. 400-500 per acre. As for arhar no inputs are required. In E seed route 2 yrs after plantation 200 trees fell down because of wind. These were 3 tonnes and 170 kgs. Per ton Rs. 1500 rupees was the price obtained for the sale.

Cost of E cultivation Rs. 6 per plant, for 1700 saplings. 4 kgs of phorate – Rs 200, one bag DAP- Rs. 600, 4 Kg urea - Rs 160, fertilizer application - Rs.100, planting labour - Rs. 300. Total cost Rs.1360 for 1.5 acres. The farmer purchased 2 acres of dry land for E (for Rs. 2000 per acre) expansion from a farmer owing 18 acres (all of this was under til and ragi). Growing cotton on own plot. Cotton yield is Rs.10,000 per acre per year. Profit is Rs.5000 per acre per year. E yield is also Rs. 5000 per acre per yr. Other farmers will not take up E in the village. Land holdings on average are 4-5 acres per family for 60 families in the village. They grow cotton, til and ragi mostly for own consumption. Small quantities are sold. All land is under cultivation. No fallow land. Other farmers are now showing interest in E after seeing him sell 200 trees for Rs. 4,500.

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ANNEXE 7: BUDGET

The budget for implementation of the EMF prepared by VEDA MACS is provided in Table 46. It must be noted here that this represents only the financial resources needed for EMF over and above those needed for the project facilitation as a whole. All EMF activities that will be integrated into the ongoing activities are not costed seperately.

Table 46: Budget for implementation of EMF

Years

S.No. Head Details 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

I Project Team

1 1 Project Associate at 12 months staff time @ Rs. 9000 per 1,08,000 1,08,000 1,08,000 1,08,000 1,08,000 1,08,000 1,08,000 VEDA MACS month

2 1 Advisor at VEDA MACS 1 month staff time @ Rs. 50,000 per 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 month

3 Orientation meeting for staff TA/DA for 2 people travel from 14,000 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil at VEDA MACS and JK Hyderabad to Rayagada for visit of 2 Papers Ltd. days and Stay and man day charges

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II Capacity building

4 Includes training to These will be integral part of activities of JK 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 supervisors etc Papers Ltd. and hence only incremental costing is needed

III Extension

5 Bio Pesticides supply to At the rate of Rs.850/acre (Subject nil 20,18,750 20,18,750 20,18,750 farmers on subsidy basis availability of external funding)

IV Publicity, Awareness and Dissemination

6 Workshop to farmers One work shop every year to farmers about 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100 persons, including farmers TA/DA, resource persons travel

7 Production of IEC With special reference to bio fertilizers and 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 materials bio pesticides usage

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V Monitoring

8 Monitoring by JK Papers Ltd. (including monthly These will be integral part of 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 monitoring by Supervisors, Assistant Manager – activities of JK Papers Ltd. and Plantations, as well as monitoring by Deputy hence only incremental costing is Manager – Plantations and Special Projects, needed General Manager – Plantations and Vice President – Plantations and Raw Materials)

9 Monitoring by VEDA MACS (11 visits) TA/DA for 1 person @ Rs. 3500 Nil 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 per visit for duration of 4 days and travel from Hyderabad to Rayagada including the cost of local arrangements to be made by JK Paper Ltd.

10 Monitoring by external agency (5 visits) Consultancy fees and TA/DA of Nil 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 Nil external monitoring team of atleast 2 experts @ Rs. 50,000 per visit of 5 days (local arrangements to be made by JK Paper Ltd)

11 MIS on EMF This will utilize existing hardware 10,000 nil nil nil nil nil nil and software capacity of JK Papers Ltd. and hence only one time development costing is needed

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VI Documentation and Dissemination

12 Documentation and reporting (6 Rs. 5000 per report for 6 reports 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 annual reports) (3 copies each)

13 Dissemination 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000

Total 2,27,000 23,36,750 23,36,75023,36,750 3,18,000 3,18,000 2,68,000

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ANNEXE 8: MINITUES OF THE EMF DISCLOSURE MEETING 10 SEPTMBER 2006

Venue: JK PAPER LTD., JAYKAYPUR, RAYAGADA, ORISSA.

A disclosure workshop for EMF was organized on 10 September, 2006 from 10.00 am to 2.30 pm at HRD Center, JK Paper Limited, Jaykaypur in Rayagada district with an intension to improvise EMF by incorporating the comments / suggestions received from various experts, stake holders, line departments besides the project people. The participants from different organizations like Panchayat Raj Institutions Representatives, Government Officials, NGO representatives, Farmers, Forest officials, Agriculture Department Officials, Horticulture Department Officials & Press representatives participated. Among others Dr. P.K Meherda, Collector & District Magistrate, Rayagada, Dr. Sashi Bhusan Padhi – Sub Collector, Rayagada, Sri Ranjan Samantray – South Asia Environment Specialist, World Bank, New Delhi, Sri T.R Shanmukha, Advisor-Veda MACS Limited, Hyderabad, Sri A.K Sharda, Vice President- JK Paper Limited, Rayagada, Dr. (Prof.) Premananda Das, MS Swaminathan Foundation, Chennai, Sri H.N Sahoo, IFS (Retd. CCF) & Sri Gadadhar Mahapatra, IFS (Retd. CF), Prof K.KameswaraRao, Head of Environment Dept, Andhra University, participated in the Workshop. The list of participants are enclosed in the list with their contact numbers & organizations.

Sri A.K Sharda, Vice President, JK Paper Limited, welcomed the Guests.

Dr.P.K.Maherda, IAS, Collector Rayagada (Chief Guest) inaugurated the workshop by lighting the lamp.

Thereafter immediately technical session started with the presentations from Sri A.K Sharda, followed by Mr.Ranajan Samantray and Mr T.R.Shanmukha.

Mr.Sharda briefed about the agreement of J.K Paper Ltd with Veda Macs for the mentioned project. This was followed by a presentation from him on A/R CDM activity and efforts taken by J.K for plantation under this activity.

Initially he explained on Clean Development Mechanism, (CDM) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was established by Kyoto Protocol (1997 )in order to meet green house gases (GHGs) reduction targets at lower cost through projects

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in developing countries, and as a result of which carbon has now became tradable commodity. Later he explained in detailed on the plantation activity carried by J.K under the project.

At the end Mr. Sharda stressed on the need of increasing the plantation area beyond proposed 3500 ha, in order to meet the increasing demand of raw material for the paper industry.

Sri Ranjan Samantaray, South Asia Environment Specialist from World Bank, New Delhi spoke on the purpose and objectives of the Disclosure Workshop for Environmental Management Frame Work for the Project. He emphasized on the mitigation measures proposed in environmental management framework.

This was followed by a presentation from Mr. Shanmukha in which he emphasized on the efforts taken by Veda MACS/ VCCSL to get carbon revenue to farmers and the aspects related to project as developed in Project Development Document (PDD). He also explained institutional mechanism and issues related to carbon revenue. Later Mr. Shanmukha explained the importance of the EMF in the context of the project, and informed that Centre for Environment Education (CEE), Hyderabad was commissioned by Veda MACS for developing the same. It was informed that the exercise taken up by CEE was very detailed, involving field visits as well as interactions with farmers, line department staff, and personnel of JK Papers Ltd. Mr. Shanmukha requested all the participants to give their valuable suggestions/ comments on EMF to be presented by Ms. Kalyani Kandula of CEE.

Later Ms. Kalyani of CEE presented the EMF, detailing the features of the project area, the issues and the suggested mitigation measures.

This was followed by a discussion on EMF which lasted for around 50 mintues and the list of suggestions/comments received during the discussions from experts and farmers are as follows:

Sri Gadadhar Mahapatra, Retd. Conservator of Forest expressed an opinion that farmers need to be educated on use of bio-fertilizer/bio-pesticides in plantations instead of using chemical fertilizer/pesticides. This he said would lead to sustainable development of land.

Immediately Sri Santosh Mund, a farmer from Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi district reacted to the issue of application of bio-fertilizers/bio-pesticides saying that as an individual (farmer) he would not be too concerned about the environment, particularly as he had to make higher investments for applying bio-fertilizers/bio-pesticides (as proposed in the EMF) in his plantation. Reacting and in addition to the questions of Mr. Mahapatra, Dr. Sashi Bhusan Padhi, Sub Collector, Rayagada said that farmers would be more concerned about the economics of his plantation. If investment in bio-fertilizer/bio- pesticides is more in comparison to chemical fertilizer/pesticides a farmer would not spend money on these. He also added that bio-fertilizer/ bio-pesticides should be available easily in the local market as per the requirement of the farmers. The cost should not be more than the market price as fixed by the Government. In the conclusion Sri A.K Sharda, Vice President of JK Paper told that they would study the economic viability of using bio-fertilizer/bio-pesticides, and their effectiveness on Eucalyptus clonal plantations. Mr. Ranjan Samantray from World Bank explained that the World Bank does not encourage the use of Chloropyriphos, Phorate & BHC in its projects because of the negative impact on human as well as environmental health. Hence a search for safer alternatives was needed.

Sri H.N Sahoo, Retd. Conservator of Forest told that carbon credit is secondary for the farmers, but his primary aim is to earn profit out of such activities for the livelihood of farmer. It is an additionality, which he is getting through this project.

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Sri A.P Mohanty, Range Officer Rayagada asked about the eligibility criteria for a farmer to join in the project which was clarified by Sri A. K Sharda, Vice President, JK Paper Limited that any one can join this having legal ownership on land. Subsequently he raised a question on insurance of plantation. Answering this, Sri A.K Sharda said that insurance companies were not interested in providing insurance cover from the first year onwards while this was the period in which the plantation was more susceptible to termite attack.

Dr. Shasibhusan Padhi, Sub Collector, Rayagada asked about the benefit to the farmers from the CERs proposed to be sold to international investors. He enquired whether it is appropriate to give such low income (3$ per tonne of carbon) to the farmer when the western countries are spending 300$ to reduce one tonne of carbon. It was clarified by Mr. Shanmukha that while there is relevance in his point to the extent that more income can motivate farmer to take up EMF both in letter and spirit, the price of carbon is beyond the scope of this workshop. More over, the farmer would be involved in the international mechanism like World Bank and he/she could be able to discuss with the Officials of the World Bank and other international agencies who are involved in it, which itself lends to better policy.

Mr. Ranjan Samantray, World Bank said that the EMF mitigation measures do not require high economic investments – most are simple practices that need only marginal investment from the farmers.

Professor Premananad Das from MS Swaminathan Foundation said that farmers need to be provided with a package of practices that have to be identified through a systematic R&D effort. He also stressed upon the need to conserve natural forest areas as Carbon sinks.

Dr. .Meherda, Collector and Dist Magistrate, Rayagada in his concluding remarks suggested that district administration would like to supplement the efforts and wished that the report could have addressed on the expectations from the District administration. He further complemented the project and informed that this project was bringing a win-win-win situation to the farmers, the paper unit level and VedaMACS as it is improving incomes and livelihoods of the farmer, improving supply of raw material to the paper unit and improving the environment. Another aspect of the project is linking of farmers in remote area directly with a global mechanism, with minimum intermediaries.

He suggested that misunderstandings and the communication gap needs to be bridged between the farmers and the project to make it more effective. He suggested that the EMF has to be translated

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and provided to the farmers in an easy-to-read format. He wished success to all concerned in the EMF development and implementation.

The list of participants at the workshop is attached.

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DISCLOSURE WORKSHOP FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

VENUE: HRD. HALL, JK PAPER MILLS, JAYKAYPUR. DATE: 10/09/2006

Sl.No. Name of the Organisation & Address & Contact No. participant Designation List of Government officials who participated 1. Ranjan Samantha Environment Specialist [email protected] Ray 70, Lodhi Estate, New Delhi, World Bank.

2. T.R Shanmukha Advisor Veda Macs Ltd., Block-B-2(a), Managing Director, Veda Climate HUDA Complex, Change Solutions Ltd. Tarnaka, HYD-500 007. shanmukha_tr @ yahoo.co.in

3. Kalyani.k Scientist-in-charge [email protected] Center for Environment Education (CEE), Hyderabad 4. N. Vara prasada D.F.O.(Retd) 40-26-21 ‘A’, Srirama Nagar, Rao Mnohara Agricultures & Nurseries, Lobbipet, Vijayawada-520016 Vijayawada Cell: 9849246706, Ph: 0866/2484606.

5. T.Vidyasagar DCM(IE) 9437339143 JK.Paper Mills Jaykaypur, Rayagada.

6. P.K. Nayak J.K. Paper Mills. Power Block DGM (LB) 06856-233424(B)

7. R.G. Naidu Veda Macs Ltd. Block B-2/a, HUDA Hyderabad Complex, Hyderabad-500 007. 8. B.Naga Raju Adviser (Operations) Block B-2/a, HUDA VEDA MACS Ltd., Complex, Hyderabad. Hyderabad-500 007.

9. A.K. Harichandra JK Paper. Control Dept. JKPM

10. S. Mohanty. JK Paper. Control Dept. JKPM

11. Saroj Kanta Asst. Agri. Officer O/o Dept. Agri. Officer, Mishra. Dept. of. Agriculture Rayagada. 06856-222064 162

12. Hanif Mohameed Assist. Conservator of Forest, O/o The D.F.O. Rayagada. Rayagada.

13. Aswini Mohanti Forest. Range.Officer, Forest Range. Officer, Rayagada. Rayagada.

Cell: 9437025819. 14. N.V. Ramana Assistant Manager (Plantation) Jaykaypur. Murty. JKPM

15. Gadadhar Retd. Conservator of Forest. 99. Surya Residency Mahapatra BBSR-751003

16. H.N. Sahu CCF. Plot. No. D/5 Orissa. BJB Nagar, Bhubaneswar Ph. 2434991 17. B.V. Jagannadh NGO Coordinator, Pragathi Marga Kendra, C.F.M. Project, D.No. 8-4-31, Pragathi Marga Kendra, A.P Panneruvari Street, ViZianagaram-535002. 18. Dr. S.B. Pedhi Sub.Collector , Rayagada.

19. Dr. Mukesh AVP (Technical) P.O. Lanjigarh, Kumar Vedanta Alumine Limited Dist. Kalahandhi Orissa. Cel: 9937251216, 9437072938. 20. Dr. D.K. Collector, Mehendra, IAS Rayagada.

21. P.Das. M.S.Swaminathan Research Cell: 9937007970 Foundation, Jaykaypur.

22. S.V. Ramana M.S.Swaminathan Research Cell: 9437109297 Foundation, Jaykaypur

23. G.S. Adhikari Press. Cell: 9437812726.

24. P.K. Mohan Press Cell: 9937638232 K.B.K Samachar

25. Prasana naharana Press Cell: 9937929667 K.B.K Samachar

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26. Prof.K. Dept. of Environmental science. Cell: 9440974032 Kameswara Rao HOD. Andhra University Visakhapatnam.

List of farmers who participated 1. C.H RamaKrishna Farmer Nilamandri Vizianagaram Ph: 9441567384

2 Sri Thota Venkat Farmer Madhnpode Rao Nilmandri Vizianagaram Ph:9441749172

3 T.Prasad Rao Farmer Kunmali Pospatisena Vizianagaram

4 Rajani Krishna Rao Farmer Achyutapuram Vizianagaram

5 K.Madhav Rao Farmer Muniguga Rayagada 9441151422

6 V.Nageswari Farmer 9437339129

7 P.Sripari Farmer Rayagada 225515

8 T.Srinivasa Reddy Farmer Ajjaram Srtikakulam 9440457923

9 Govinda Farmer Venkat Agri Farm 9347071727

10 V.Raju Farmer Sriukakulam 9440520361

11 S.Jagannadha Raju Farmer Srikakulam

08952-289175 12 E.Nagarjuna Rao Farmer Srikakulam 08952-289179 13 T.Janardhan Reddy Farmer Vizag 9948133699 14 R.Shankar Rao Farmer Rayagada 235551 164

15 Krishna Pali Farmer Rayagada 16 B.Ram Babu Farmer Rayagada

17 R.Satyam Naidu Farmer Rayagada

18 S.K.Mund Farmer Bhawanipatnam

19 M.K.Agarwal Farmer

20 K.Satyanarayana Farmer Jagdalpur 06863-240014 Rayagada

21 Rana Bikram Singh Business Bhawanipatanma Man 9437092415

22 Trinath Bhisoi Farmer 9437788605

23 G. Koteswar Rao Farmer 9437945525

24 G.Nagsma Rao Farmer 9437510723

25 Sankar Rao Farmer Rayagada

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