DOCSLIB.ORG

What Causes Aphasia? Types of PPA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What Causes Aphasia? Types of PPA Tools for Aphasia Advocacy, Community Outreach and Education: National Initiatives and Personal Perspectives Course Outline Ellayne S. Ganzfried, M.S. CCC-SLP Aphasia-Facts/Incidence/Communication Strategies ASHA Fellow Life Participation Approach to Aphasia (LPAA) Executive Director NAA Resources/Programs/Services National Aphasia Association Aphasia Education /Awareness/Advocacy Strategies Groups and Support Systems-Rationale and Rachel Eagley Programming Person Living Successfully with Aphasia Living Successfully with Aphasia Discussion and Questions MSHA- March 24, 2012 What is Aphasia? What causes Aphasia? Aphasia is an acquired Stroke is the most common cause communication/language disorder, usually (25-40% of stroke survivors caused by stroke, head injury, migraines, acquire aphasia) brain tumor or neurological conditions. Head injuries, brain tumors, Aphasia impairs a person’s ability to speak, process language, and sometimes understand migraines, and neurological others. conditions are other causes. Most people with aphasia experience difficulty About 1/3 of severe head injured reading and writing. persons have aphasia Aphasia does NOT affect intelligence. What Causes Aphasia? Types of PPA Aphasia can also result from Semantic PPA- can’t understand words Frontotemporal Degeneration, or recognize familiar people/objects Corticobasal Degeneration and other Agrammatic PPA (Progressive Nonfluent neurodegenerative disorders referred to Aphasia)-omits words that link nouns as “Primary Progressive Aphasia” (PPA) and verbs, i.e., to, from, the; difficulty swallowing; movement symptoms; eventually may no longer speak May not be reproduced without permission 1 Types of PPA Aphasia Facts Logopenic PPA-trouble finding the Over 1 million Americans struggle with the words in conversation but can devastation of aphasia. understand words and sentences; There are over 200,000 new cases each year; hesitations/pauses in speech the numbers are expected to rise as the population ages. Those with PPA may experience Aphasia is more common than cerebral palsy, behavioral changes as disease muscular dystrophy or spinal cord injuries, progresses yet most people have never heard of it. Aphasia Facts Aphasia Facts Lack of awareness and information is as Can be acquired by all ages, race, genders, devastating as disorder nationalities People with aphasia are at a Many are prone to depression due to feelings of disadvantage in today’s health care social isolation. system where the ability to access Aphasia can co-occur with other speech resources is closely tied to the ability to disorders- apraxia , dysarthria advocate for oneself Onset is usually sudden 10% have Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) which is a FTD The Brain Other Key Definitions Agnosia -impaired understanding of the meaning of certain stimuli. People can see, feel, and hear stimuli but cannot understand their meaning. -Auditory, Auditory Verbal, Visual, and Tactile Alexia -loss of previously acquired reading skills due to recent brain damage Agraphia -loss or impairment of normally acquired writing skills. Acalculia -loss or impairment of math/number skills May not be reproduced without permission 2 Aphasia in the US (2006) Common Misconceptions: People with aphasia are: Psychologically ill Mentally retarded Under the influence of drugs/alcohol Hard of hearing/deaf Confused Unwilling to try Elderly Deficits of Communication Deficits of Communication Characteristic of Aphasia Characteristic of Aphasia • Impaired verbal expression • Impaired prosodic features of speech • Difficulty repeating words, phrases, and/or sentences • Impaired auditory comprehension • Problems with naming and word finding (anomia) • Presence of paraphasias • Impaired reading ability • Perseveration • Impaired writing ability (possibly confounded by loss • Agrammatism, or grammatical errors of use of dominant hand due to hemiparesis) • Nonfluent speech or nonmeaningful fluent • Pragmatic deficits speech • In bilingual clients, unequal impairment between the two languages People with aphasia find it difficult: Friends and Family have a Difficult Time with: • take part in a conversation • talk in a group or noisy environment • read a book or magazine or road sign • slowing down speech • understand or tell jokes • resist finishing sentences • follow the television or radio • adapt the way they communicate • write a letter or fill in a form • keep the conversation going • use a telephone • understand what a person is saying • use numbers and money • know what to do • say their own name or the names of their family • express their immediate needs or ideas or words www.ukconnect.org • go out www.ukconnect.org May not be reproduced without permission 3 Communication Tips Communication Tips-cont’d Have the person’s attention before you Give them time to speak, resist the urge to speak. finish sentences or offer words. Minimize or eliminate background noise if Communicate with drawings, gestures, possible (Sirens, TV, radio, other people). writing and facial expressions. Keep your own voice at a normal level. Keep communication simple, but adult. “It’s Still Me!” Video Confirm that you are communicating successfully with “yes” and “no” questions. Repeat statements or directions when necessary Metacogntive Processes Important to Treatment Neural Plasticity Outcomes Self-awareness and Insight The adaptive capacity of the Central Motivation Nervous System Self-monitoring The mechanism by which the brain encodes experiences and learns new Self-initiation behaviors Goal-oriented Behavior The mechanism by which the damaged brain “relearns” lost behavior in response to rehabilitation Kleim & Jones 2008 ExperienceExperience--DependentDependent Principles of ExperienceExperience--DependentDependent Neural Plasticity Plasticity (Kleim & Jones, 2008) “The ability of the nervous system to wire 1. Use It or Lose It and rewire itself in response to lasting 2. Use It and Improve It changes in experience has become known as experience-dependent plasticity.” 3. Specificity 4. Repetition Matters 5. Intensity matters 6. Time Matters 7. Salience Matters Experience can increase or decrease the synaptic gain of a particular sensory 8. Age Matters pathway in the cortex 9. Transference 10. Interference May not be reproduced without permission 4 Life Participation Approach to The Life Participation Approach to Aphasia (LPAA) Aphasia: Statement of Values* General philosophy and model of “LPAA places the life concerns of those affected by aphasia at the service delivery center of all decision making; it empowers the consumer to select and participate in the recovery process, and to Focuses on re-engagement in life by collaborate on the design of interventions that aim for a more strengthening daily participation in rapid return to active life.” activities of choice *LPAA Project Group Statement, ASHA Leader 2/15/00 The LPAA Project Group-Roberta Chapey, Judith Duchan, Roberta Places the life concerns of those J. Elman, Linda J. Garcia, Aura Kagan, Jon Lyon and Nina- affected by aphasia at the center of all Simmons-Mackie http://www/asha.org/public/speech/disorders/LPAA.htm decision making Core values of LPAA Explicit goal is enhancement of life participation All those affected by aphasia are entitled to service Measures of success include documented life enhancement changes Both personal and environmental factors are targets of intervention Emphasis is on availability of services as needed at all stages of aphasia Domains Domains Language and Related Impairments Domain The Participation Domain Life roles ( e.g. mother, teacher); Responsibilities (e.g. managing Auditory comprehension (e.g. pointing to pictures named); Reading finances, performing a job); Relationships (e.g. engaging in (e.g. matching a written word to a picture); Speaking (e.g. word conversation, making friends); Activities of Choice (e.g. leisure and recreation, community participation) and Tasks engaged in by an finding, sentence formulation) and Writing (e.g. writing the names of individual e.g. writing letters, cashing a check objects) Personal Factors/Identity Domain Communication and Language Environment Domain Factors such as age, gender, culture but expands the ICF domain to include internal factors that vary as a consequence of aphasia such as Aspects of external context that might facilitate or impede language, confidence and personal identity communication or participation of PWA such as: Physical environment Living with Aphasia Domain (signage, lighting, written supports); Social environment ( attitudes of Dynamic interaction of multiple life domains; captures elements of people, skills of partners) ; Political environment (policies supporting quality of life ( how satisfied someone is with their life) participation) May not be reproduced without permission 5 Supported Conversation for Goals of Supported Adults with Aphasia (SCA TM ) Conversation Communicating with people who know The Conversation Partner can: more than they can say Acknowledge the competence of the adult with aphasia Ensures accurate exchange of opinions, Help the adult with aphasia to reveal his or her information and feelings competence Developed in Ontario by the Aphasia Goals for healthcare professionals: Institute in Canada Increase communicative access to your services www.aphasia.ca Increase the efficiency and effectiveness of your service Acknowledging Competence Revealing Competence Indirectly: Techniques
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stroke and Aphasia Aphasia Is a Language Disorder That Affects the Ability to Communicate
    Recovery Primary motor cortex Primary sensory cortex let’s talk about Broca’s area Stroke and Aphasia Aphasia is a language disorder that affects the ability to communicate. It’s most often caused by strokes that occur in areas of the brain that control Primary auditory area Primary speech and language. Wernicke’s area visual cortex Certain areas of the brain (usually in the left side of the brain) influence one’s ability to communicate and understand language. When a stroke occurs in one of these areas, it may result in aphasia. What are the effects of aphasia? sender plissen.” Thousands of alert, intelligent men and Aphasia does not affect intelligence. Stroke survivors women are suddenly plunged into a world of jumbled remain mentally alert, even though their speech may communication because of aphasia. be jumbled, fragmented or impossible to understand. Are there different types of aphasia? Some survivors continue to have: Yes, there are several forms of aphasia. They include: • Trouble speaking, like “getting the words out” • Global aphasia — People with this aphasia may • Trouble finding words be completely unable to speak, name objects, repeat • Problems understanding what others say phrases or follow commands. • Problems with reading, writing or math • Broca’s aphasia — The person knows what they • Inability to process long words and infrequently want to say, but can’t find the right words (can’t get used words the words out). • Wernicke’s aphasia — A person with this aphasia How does it feel to have aphasia? can seldom understand what’s being said or control People with aphasia are often frustrated and confused what they’re saying.
    [Show full text]
  • Abadie's Sign Abadie's Sign Is the Absence Or Diminution of Pain Sensation When Exerting Deep Pressure on the Achilles Tendo
    A.qxd 9/29/05 04:02 PM Page 1 A Abadie’s Sign Abadie’s sign is the absence or diminution of pain sensation when exerting deep pressure on the Achilles tendon by squeezing. This is a frequent finding in the tabes dorsalis variant of neurosyphilis (i.e., with dorsal column disease). Cross References Argyll Robertson pupil Abdominal Paradox - see PARADOXICAL BREATHING Abdominal Reflexes Both superficial and deep abdominal reflexes are described, of which the superficial (cutaneous) reflexes are the more commonly tested in clinical practice. A wooden stick or pin is used to scratch the abdomi- nal wall, from the flank to the midline, parallel to the line of the der- matomal strips, in upper (supraumbilical), middle (umbilical), and lower (infraumbilical) areas. The maneuver is best performed at the end of expiration when the abdominal muscles are relaxed, since the reflexes may be lost with muscle tensing; to avoid this, patients should lie supine with their arms by their sides. Superficial abdominal reflexes are lost in a number of circum- stances: normal old age obesity after abdominal surgery after multiple pregnancies in acute abdominal disorders (Rosenbach’s sign). However, absence of all superficial abdominal reflexes may be of localizing value for corticospinal pathway damage (upper motor neu- rone lesions) above T6. Lesions at or below T10 lead to selective loss of the lower reflexes with the upper and middle reflexes intact, in which case Beevor’s sign may also be present. All abdominal reflexes are preserved with lesions below T12. Abdominal reflexes are said to be lost early in multiple sclerosis, but late in motor neurone disease, an observation of possible clinical use, particularly when differentiating the primary lateral sclerosis vari- ant of motor neurone disease from multiple sclerosis.
    [Show full text]
  • • Classifications of Aphasia Expressive Vs. Receptive Fluent Vs
    12/7/2018 APHASIA Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that impairs a person’s ability to process LANGUAGE, but DOES NOT AFFECT intelligence. Aphasia impairs the ability to speak and understand others. -National Aphasia Association LANGUAGE Language is a system of communication that uses symbolism. K L U $ + M – Phonemes: perceptually distinct unit of sounds Words: sounds combined & given meaning Sentences: combination of syntax (rules) and semantics (meaning). • CLASSIFICATIONS OF APHASIA EXPRESSIVE VS. RECEPTIVE FLUENT VS. NON- FLUENT 1 12/7/2018 -NATIONAL APHASIA ASSOCIATION -COURTESY OF MY-MS.ORG MCA DISTRIBUTION -SLIDESHARE.NET 2 12/7/2018 BROCA’S APHASIA * short utterances * limited vocabulary * halting, effortful speech *mild comprehension deficits Lesion * Inferior frontal gyrus Choose Sentence Speech Coordinate Speak Idea Words Structure Sounds Articulate Pragmatics Muscles Fluently (Semantics) (Syntax) (Phonology) SAMPLE OF BROCA’S THERAPY FROM TACTUS THERAPY 3 12/7/2018 WERNICKE’S APHASIA • Comprehension is poor (auditory & reading) • Fluent, intact prosody • Logorrhea, press of speech • Neologisms, Paraphasias • Lack of awareness Lesion Temporo-Parietal, Posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus near the auditory cortex Auditory Preparation Attach Input Perception Recognition Phonological For Meaning Analysis Output WERNICKE’S APHASIA FROM TACTUS THERAPY 4 12/7/2018 GLOBAL APHASIA * severe language deficit * responds to personally relevant language * responds to non-verbal cues * some automatic speech Lesion
    [Show full text]
  • Number Reading in Pure Alexiaâ
    Neuropsychologia 49 (2011) 2283–2298 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropsychologia jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropsychologia Reviews and perspectives Number reading in pure alexia—A review a,∗ b Randi Starrfelt , Marlene Behrmann a Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, Copenhagen University, O. Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark b Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: It is commonly assumed that number reading can be intact in patients with pure alexia, and that this Received 25 October 2010 dissociation between letter/word recognition and number reading strongly constrains theories of visual Received in revised form 31 March 2011 word processing. A truly selective deficit in letter/word processing would strongly support the hypothesis Accepted 22 April 2011 that there is a specialized system or area dedicated to the processing of written words. To date, however, Available online 4 May 2011 there has not been a systematic review of studies investigating number reading in pure alexia and so the status of this assumed dissociation is unclear. We review the literature on pure alexia from 1892 to Keywords: 2010, and find no well-documented classical dissociation between intact number reading and impaired Pure alexia letter identification in a patient with pure alexia. A few studies report strong dissociations, with number Alexia without agraphia reading less impaired than letter reading, but when we apply rigorous statistical criteria to evaluate Letter-by-letter reading Visual recognition these dissociations, the difference in performance across domains is not statistically significant.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Neurological Disorders DOI: 10.4172/2329-6895.1000309 ISSN: 2329-6895
    olog eur ica N l D f i o s l o a r n d r e u r s o J Lee, et al., J Neurol Disord 2016, 4:7 Journal of Neurological Disorders DOI: 10.4172/2329-6895.1000309 ISSN: 2329-6895 Case Report Open Access Two Cases with Cerebral Infarction in the Left Middle Frontal Lobe Presented as Gerstmann's Syndrome Eun-Ju Lee, Hye-Young Shin, Young Noh, Ki-Hyung Park, Hyeon-Mi Park, Yeong-Bae Lee, Dong-Jin Shin, Young Hee Sung and Dong Hoon Shin* Department of Neurology, Gil Hospital, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea *Corresponding author: Dong Hoon Shin, Department of Neurology, Gil Hospital, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, South Korea, Tel: +82-32-460-3346; Fax: +83-32-460-3344; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: Oct 08, 2016, Acc date: Oct 18, 2016, Pub date: Oct 22, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Lee, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Gerstmann's syndrome is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by four symptoms, namely, acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation, and agraphia suggesting the presence of a lesion in the inferior parietal lobule of the dominant hemisphere, especially at the angular gyrus. Several descriptions of Gerstmann's syndrome have been reported in associated with a lesion to the left frontal lobe, but none of these reports fulfilled the full tetrad of diagnostic criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • 26 Aphasia, Memory Loss, Hemispatial Neglect, Frontal Syndromes and Other Cerebral Disorders - - 8/4/17 12:21 PM )
    1 Aphasia, Memory Loss, 26 Hemispatial Neglect, Frontal Syndromes and Other Cerebral Disorders M.-Marsel Mesulam CHAPTER The cerebral cortex of the human brain contains ~20 billion neurons spread over an area of 2.5 m2. The primary sensory and motor areas constitute 10% of the cerebral cortex. The rest is subsumed by modality- 26 selective, heteromodal, paralimbic, and limbic areas collectively known as the association cortex (Fig. 26-1). The association cortex mediates the Aphasia, Memory Hemispatial Neglect, Frontal Syndromes and Other Cerebral Disorders Loss, integrative processes that subserve cognition, emotion, and comport- ment. A systematic testing of these mental functions is necessary for the effective clinical assessment of the association cortex and its dis- eases. According to current thinking, there are no centers for “hearing words,” “perceiving space,” or “storing memories.” Cognitive and behavioral functions (domains) are coordinated by intersecting large-s- cale neural networks that contain interconnected cortical and subcortical components. Five anatomically defined large-scale networks are most relevant to clinical practice: (1) a perisylvian network for language, (2) a parietofrontal network for spatial orientation, (3) an occipitotemporal network for face and object recognition, (4) a limbic network for explicit episodic memory, and (5) a prefrontal network for the executive con- trol of cognition and comportment. Investigations based on functional imaging have also identified a default mode network, which becomes activated when the person is not engaged in a specific task requiring attention to external events. The clinical consequences of damage to this network are not yet fully defined. THE LEFT PERISYLVIAN NETWORK FOR LANGUAGE AND APHASIAS The production and comprehension of words and sentences is depen- FIGURE 26-1 Lateral (top) and medial (bottom) views of the cerebral dent on the integrity of a distributed network located along the peri- hemispheres.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SYNDROMES of the ARTERIES of the BRAIN AND, SPINAL CORD Part II by LESLIE G
    I19 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.29.329.119 on 1 March 1953. Downloaded from - N/ THE SYNDROMES OF THE ARTERIES OF THE BRAIN AND, SPINAL CORD Part II By LESLIE G. KILOH, M.D., M.R.C.P., D.P.M. First Assistant in the Joint Department of Psychological Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary and University of Durham The Vertebral Artery (See also Cabot, I937; Pines and Gilensky, Each vertebral artery enters the foramen 1930.) magnum in front of the roots of the hypoglossal nerve, inclines forwards and medially to the The Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata and unites The posterior inferior cerebellar artery arises with its fellow at the lower border of the pons to from the vertebral artery at the level of the lower form the basilar artery. border of the inferior olive and winds round the The posterior inferior cerebellar and the medulla oblongata between the roots of the hypo- Protected by copyright. anterior spinal arteries are its principal branches glossal nerve. It passes rostrally behind the root- and it sometimes gives off the posterior spinal lets of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to artery. A few small branches are supplied directly the lower border of the pons, bends backwards and to the medulla oblongata. These are in line below caudally along the inferolateral boundary of the with similar branches of the anterior spinal artery fourth ventricle and finally turns laterally into the and above with the paramedian branches of the vallecula. basilar artery. Branches: From the trunk of the artery, In some cases of apparently typical throm- twigs enter the lateral aspect of the medulla bosis of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, oblongata and supply the region bounded ventrally post-mortem examination has demonstrated oc- by the inferior olive and medially by the hypo- clusion of the entire vertebral artery (e.g., Diggle glossal nucleus-including the nucleus ambiguus, and Stcpford, 1935).
    [Show full text]
  • Definition of Stroke/Brain Attack
    Definition of Stroke/Brain Attack Stroke II: • A syndrome caused by disruption in the flow of Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Prevention blood to part of the brain due to either: – occlusion of a blood vessel • ischemic stroke Lenore N. Joseph, MD – rupture of a blood vessel Neurology Service Chief, McGuire VAMC • hemorrhagic stroke Assistant Professor of Neurology • The interruption in blood flow deprives the brain VCU Health System of nutrients and oxygen resulting in injury to cells Medical College of Virginia in the affected vascular territory of the brain 1 2 Stroke: The Problem Stroke: The Problem • Third leading cause of death in US • Among 6 month or longer survivors: – after heart disease and cancer – 48% have a hemiparesis • 740,000 new strokes each year – 22% cannot walk • 4.5 million stroke survivors – 24-53% report complete or partial • Leading cause of disability in adults in US dependence for activities • $45.5 billion per year in the USA – 12-18% are aphasic • 1 of 6 Americans will be affected – 32% are clinically depressed – only 10% fully recover 3 4 Symptoms of Brain Attack: Symptoms of Brain Attack: Teach your patients! Teach your patients! • Sudden weakness, paralysis, or numbness of: • Sudden unexplained dizziness –face – especially when associated with other – arm and the leg on one or both sides of the neurologic symptoms body – unsteadiness • Sudden loss of speech, or difficulty speaking or – sudden falls understanding speech • Sudden severe headache and/or loss of • Sudden dimness or loss of vision consciousness –
    [Show full text]
  • Aphasia Accessible Information Guidelines
    stroke.org.uk Accessible Information Guidelines Making information accessible for people with aphasia We believe in life after stroke. That’s why we support stroke survivors to make the best recovery they can. It’s why we campaign for better stroke care. And it’s why we fund research into new treatments and ways of preventing stroke. We’re here for you. If you’d like to know more please get in touch. Stroke Helpline: 0303 3033 100 Website: stroke.org.uk Email: [email protected] Textphone: 18001 0303 3033 100 © Stroke Association, July 2012 ISBN 978-0-901548-66-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise without prior permission of the publishers. NHS workers and teachers may make photocopies for education purposes only, provided that no charge or profit is made for any course or event for which they are used. Published by the Stroke Association Stroke Association House 240 City Road London EC1V 2PR stroke.org.uk Stroke Association is a Company Limited by Guarantee, registered in England and Wales (No 61274). Registered office: Stroke Association House, 240 City Road, London EC1V 2PR. Registered as a Charity in England and Wales (No 211015) and in Scotland (SC037789). Also registered in Northern Ireland (XT33805) Isle of Man (No 945) and Jersey (NPO 369). 2 Stroke Association Contents Authors and acknowledgements 4 Introduction 5 The Five Steps 9 Step 1: A short message 10 Step 2: Clear sentences 11 Step 3: Easy words 14 Step 4: Good layout 15 Step 5: Make a set 21 Checklist 23 Word-processing advice 24 Further Reading 28 Notes 30 Stroke Association is a Company Limited by Guarantee, registered in England and Wales (No 61274).
    [Show full text]
  • Progressive Aphasia Presenting with Deep Dyslexia and Dysgraphia
    cortex 48 (2012) 1234e1239 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cortex Note Progressive aphasia presenting with deep dyslexia and dysgraphia Julie S. Snowden a,b,*, Jacqueline Kindell c, Jennifer C. Thompson a,b, Anna M.T. Richardson a,b and David Neary a,b a Cerebral Function Unit, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, UK b Mental Health and Neurodegeneration Research group, School of Community-Based Medicine, University of Manchester, UK c The Meadows, Pennine Care NHS Trust, Stockport, UK article info abstract Article history: Primary progressive aphasia is clinically heterogeneous. We report a patient, alias Don, Received 5 August 2011 with a novel form of progressive aphasia, characterised by deep dyslexia and dysgraphia Reviewed 20 September 2011 and dissociated access to phonological and orthographic word forms. The hallmarks of Revised 20 January 2012 deep dyslexia and dysgraphia were present early in the course and persisted over time. Accepted 27 February 2012 Writing was initially poorer than reading, but this reversed over time. There was a lack of Action editor Roberto Cubelli concordance between reading and writing errors. Don benefited from a semantic media- Published online 7 March 2012 tion strategy to learn letter sounds, involving associating letters with a country name (e.g., A ¼ Afghanistan). Remarkably, he continued to be able to generate those phonologically Keywords: complex country names when no longer able to name or sound letters. Don’s performance Progressive non-fluent aphasia is compatible with a traditional dual-route account of deep dyslexia and dysgraphia. Deep dyslexia The findings have potential practical implications for speech and language therapy in Deep dysgraphia progressive aphasia.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Ardila Gerstmann Syndrome
    Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports (2020) 20:48 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-020-01069-9 BEHAVIOR (H.S. KIRSHNER, SECTION EDITOR) Gerstmann Syndrome Alfredo Ardila1,2 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract Purpose of Review Gerstmann (left angular gyrus) syndrome includes the tetrad of finger agnosia (inability to distinguish, name, and recognize the fingers), agraphia (acquired disturbance in the ability to write), acalculia (loss of the ability to perform arithmetical operations and use numerical concepts), and right-left disorientation (right-left discrimination defect when using language). There is some disagreement regarding its exact localization, but it most likely involves the left angular gyrus with a probable subcortical extension. This article reviews recent research on the clinical aspects of this syndrome. Recent Findings During the last years, just some few new reports of Gerstmann syndrome are found in neurological and neuropsychological literature. Most of the reports are single-case reports. An association between Gerstmann syndrome and the so-called semantic aphasia has been pointed out. Two different explanations to this unusual syndrome have been recently proposed: (1) the pathological process is located in the left parietal white matter disconnecting separate cortical networks and (2) it represents a disturbance in the ability to verbally mediate some spatial knowledge. Summary Although Gerstmann syndrome continues as a controversial syndrome, and most of the reports are single case reports, recently two different explanations have been advance the understanding of this polemic but fascinating syndrome. Keywords Gerstmann syndrome . Angular gyrus syndrome . Semantic aphasia Introduction understood as a kind of disturbance in the body scheme.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Consequences of Stroke
    EBRSR [Evidence-Based Review of Stroke Rehabilitation] 2 Clinical Consequences of Stroke Robert Teasell MD, Norhayati Hussein MBBS Last updated: March 2018 Abstract Cerebrovascular disorders represent the third leading cause of mortality and the second major cause of long-term disability in North America (Delaney and Potter 1993). The impairments associated with a stroke exhibit a wide diversity of clinical signs and symptoms. Disability, which is multifactorial in its determination, varies according to the degree of neurological recovery, the site of the lesion, the patient's premorbid status and the environmental support systems. Clinical evidence is reviewed as it pertains to stroke lesion location (cerebral, right & left hemispheres; lacunar and brain stem), related disorders (emotional, visual spatial perceptual, communication, fatigue, etc.) and artery(s) affected. 2. Clinical Consequences of Stroke pg. 1 of 29 www.ebrsr.com Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................1 Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................3 2.1 Localization of the Stroke ...........................................................................................................3 2.2 Cerebral
    [Show full text]