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Dr Stephen Copp and Alison Cronin, 'The Failure of Criminal Law To
Dr Stephen Copp and Alison Cronin, ‘The Failure of Criminal Law to Control the Use of Off Balance Sheet Finance During the Banking Crisis’ (2015) 36 The Company Lawyer, Issue 4, 99, reproduced with permission of Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Ltd. This extract is taken from the author’s original manuscript and has not been edited. The definitive, published, version of record is available here: http://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?&srguid=i0ad8289e0000014eca3cbb3f02 6cd4c4&docguid=I83C7BE20C70F11E48380F725F1B325FB&hitguid=I83C7BE20C70F11 E48380F725F1B325FB&rank=1&spos=1&epos=1&td=25&crumb- action=append&context=6&resolvein=true THE FAILURE OF CRIMINAL LAW TO CONTROL THE USE OF OFF BALANCE SHEET FINANCE DURING THE BANKING CRISIS Dr Stephen Copp & Alison Cronin1 30th May 2014 Introduction A fundamental flaw at the heart of the corporate structure is the scope for fraud based on the provision of misinformation to investors, actual or potential. The scope for fraud arises because the separation of ownership and control in the company facilitates asymmetric information2 in two key circumstances: when a company seeks to raise capital from outside investors and when a company provides information to its owners for stewardship purposes.3 Corporate misinformation, such as the use of off balance sheet finance (OBSF), can distort the allocation of investment funding so that money gets attracted into less well performing enterprises (which may be highly geared and more risky, enhancing the risk of multiple failures). Insofar as it creates a market for lemons it risks damaging confidence in the stock markets themselves since the essence of a market for lemons is that bad drives out good from the market, since sellers of the good have less incentive to sell than sellers of the bad.4 The neo-classical model of perfect competition assumes that there will be perfect information. -
Future Identities: Changing Identities in the UK – the Next 10 Years DR 19: Identity Related Crime in the UK David S
Future Identities: Changing identities in the UK – the next 10 years DR 19: Identity Related Crime in the UK David S. Wall Durham University January 2013 This review has been commissioned as part of the UK Government’s Foresight project, Future Identities: Changing identities in the UK – the next 10 years. The views expressed do not represent policy of any government or organisation DR19 Identity Related Crime in the UK Contents Identity Related Crime in the UK ............................................................................................................ 3 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Identity Theft (theft of personal information) .................................................................................... 6 3. Creating a false identity ...................................................................................................................... 9 4. Committing Identity Fraud ................................................................................................................ 12 5. New forms of identity crime ............................................................................................................. 14 6. The law and identity crime................................................................................................................ 16 7. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... -
Forgery Act, 1913. [3 & 4 GEO
Forgery Act, 1913. [3 & 4 GEO. 5.Cu. 27.] ARRANGEMENTOF SECTIONS. Section. 1.Definition of forgery. 2.Forgeryof certain documents with intent to defraud. Forgeryof certain documents with intent to defraud or deceive. 4.Forgery of other documents with intent to defraud or to deceive a misdemeanour. 5.Forgery of seals and dies. 6.Uttering. 7.Demanding property on forged documents, &c. 8. Possession of forged documents, seals, and dies. 9.Making or having in possession paper or implements for forgery. 10.Purchasing or having in possession certain paper before it has been duly stamped and issued. 11.Accessories and abettors. 12.Punishments. 13.Jurisdiction of quarter sessions in England. 14.Venue. 15.Criminal possession. 16.Search warrants. 17.Form of indictment and proof of intent. 18.Interpretation. 19.Savings. 20.Repeals. 21.Extent. 22.Short title and commencement. SChEDULE. A [3 & 4 GEO. 5.] Forgery Act, 1913. [Cii. 27.] CHAPTER 27. An Act to consolidate, simplify, and amend the Law A;D. 1913. relating to Forgery and kindred Offences. — [15th August 1913.] it enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and 1BE—' with the advice of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: 1.—(1) For the purposes of this Act, forgery is the making Definition of of a false document in order that it may be used as genuine, forgery. and in the case of the seals and dies mentioned in this Act the counterfeiting of a seal or die, and forgery with intent to defraud or deceive, as the case may be, is punishable as in this Act provided. -
Forgery Act 1861
Status: This is the original version (as it was originally enacted). Forgery Act 1861 1861 CHAPTER 98 An Act to consolidate and amend the Statute Law of England and Ireland relating; to indictable Offences by Forgery. [6th August 1861] WHEREAS it is expedient to consolidate and amend the Statute Law of England and Ireland relating to indictable Offences by Forgery : Be it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, as follows : As to forging Her Majesty's Seals :— 1 Forging the Great Seal, Privy Seal, &c. Whosoever shall forge or counterfeit, or shall utter, knowing the same to be forged or counterfeited, the Great Seal of the United Kingdom, Her Majesty's Privy Seal, any Privy Signet of Her Majesty, Her Majesty's Royal Sign Manual, any of Her Majesty's Seals appointed by the Twenty-fourth Article of the Union between England and Scotland to be kept, used, and continued in Scotland, the Great Seal of Ireland, or the Privy Seal of Ireland, or shall forge or counterfeit the Stamp or Impression of any of the Seals aforesaid, or shall utter any Document or Instrument whatsoever, having thereon or affixed thereto the Stamp or Impression of any such forged or counterfeited Seal, knowing the same to be the Stamp or Impression of such forged or counterfeited Seal, or any forged or counterfeited Stamp or Impression made or apparently intended to resemble the Stamp or Impression of any of the Seals aforesaid, knowing the same to be forged or counterfeited, or shall forge or alter, or utter knowing the same to be forged or altered, any Document or Instrument having any of the said Stamps or Impressions thereon or affixed thereto, shall be guilty of Felony, and being convicted thereof shall be liable, at the Discretion of the Court, to be kept in Penal Servitude for Life or for any Term not less than Three Years,—or to be imprisoned for any Term 2 Forgery Act 1861 (c. -
Arrangement of Sections
Criminal Law Act 1967 CHAPTER 58 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART I FELONY AND MISDEMEANOUR Section 1. Abolition of distinction between felony and misdemeanour. 2. Arrest without warrant. 3. Use of force in making arrest, etc. 4. Penalties for assisting offenders. 5. Penalties for concealing offences or giving false information. 6. Trial of offences. 7. Powers of dealing with offenders. 8. Jurisdiction of quarter sessions. 9. Pardon. 10. Amendments of particular enactments, and repeals. 11. Extent of Part I, and provision for Northern Ireland. 12. Commencement, savings, and other general provisions. PART 11 OBSOLETE CRIMES 13. Abolition of certain offences, and consequential repeals. PART III SUPPLEMENTARY 14. Civil rights in respect of maintenance and champerty. 15. Short title. SCHEDULES: Schedule 1-Lists of offences falling, or not falling, within jurisdiction of quarter sessions. Schedule 2-Supplementary amendments. Schedule 3-Repeals (general). Schedule 4--Repeals (obsolete crimes). A Criminal Law Act 1967 CH. 58 1 ELIZABETH n , 1967 CHAPTER 58 An Act to amend the law of England and Wales by abolishing the division of crimes into felonies and misdemeanours and to amend and simplify the law in respect of matters arising from or related to that division or the abolition of it; to do away (within or without England and Wales) with certain obsolete crimes together with the torts of maintenance and champerty; and for purposes connected therewith. [21st July 1967] E IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and BTemporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- PART I FELONY AND MISDEMEANOUR 1.-(1) All distinctions between felony and misdemeanour are J\b<?liti?n of hereby abolished. -
Criminal Law Act 1967
Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. Changes to legislation: There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Criminal Law Act 1967. (See end of Document for details) Criminal Law Act 1967 1967 CHAPTER 58 An Act to amend the law of England and Wales by abolishing the division of crimes into felonies and misdemeanours and to amend and simplify the law in respect of matters arising from or related to that division or the abolition of it; to do away (within or without England and Wales) with certain obsolete crimes together with the torts of maintenance and champerty; and for purposes connected therewith. [21st July 1967] PART I FELONY AND MISDEMEANOUR Annotations: Extent Information E1 Subject to s. 11(2)-(4) this Part shall not extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland see s. 11(1) 1 Abolition of distinction between felony and misdemeanour. (1) All distinctions between felony and misdemeanour are hereby abolished. (2) Subject to the provisions of this Act, on all matters on which a distinction has previously been made between felony and misdemeanour, including mode of trial, the law and practice in relation to all offences cognisable under the law of England and Wales (including piracy) shall be the law and practice applicable at the commencement of this Act in relation to misdemeanour. [F12 Arrest without warrant. (1) The powers of summary arrest conferred by the following subsections shall apply to offences for which the sentence is fixed by law or for which a person (not previously convicted) may under or by virtue of any enactment be sentenced to imprisonment for a term of five years [F2(or might be so sentenced but for the restrictions imposed by 2 Criminal Law Act 1967 (c. -
Bail Act, 1997 ———————— Arrangement of Secti
ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ Number 16 of 1997 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ BAIL ACT, 1997 ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Section 1. Interpretation. 2. Refusal of bail. 3. Renewal of bail application. 4. Evidence of previous criminal record. 5. Payment of moneys into court, etc. 6. Conditions of bail. 7. Sufficiency of bailspersons. 8. Endorsement on warrants as to release on bail. 9. Estreatment of recognisance and forfeiture of moneys paid into court. 10. Amendment of Criminal Justice Act, 1984. 11. Amendment of Act of 1967. 12. Repeals. 13. Short title and commencement. SCHEDULE ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ [No. 16.] Bail Act, 1997. [1997.] Acts Referred to Air Navigation and Transport Act, 1973 1973, No. 29 Air Navigation and Transport Act, 1975 1975, No. 9 Criminal Damage Act, 1991 1991, No. 31 Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act, 1994 1994, No. 2 Criminal Justice Act, 1984 1984, No. 22 Criminal Justice Act, 1994 1994, No. 15 Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1935 1935, No. 6 Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act, 1976 1976, No. 14 Criminal Law (Rape) (Amendment) Act, 1990 1990, No. 32 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act, 1993 1993, No. 20 Criminal Procedure Act, 1967 1967, No. 12 Defence Act, 1954 1954, No. 18 Explosive Substances Act, 1883 46 & 47 Vict. c. 3 Firearms Act, 1925 1925, No. 17 Firearms Act, 1964 1964, No. 1 Firearms and Offensive Weapons Act, 1990 1990, No. 12 Forgery Act, 1861 1861, c. 98 Forgery Act, 1913 1913, c. 27 Larceny Acts, 1916 to 1990 Misuse of Drugs Act, 1977 1977, No. 12 Offences against the Person Act, 1861 1861, c. 100 Offences against the State Act, 1939 1939, No. -
Theft Act 1968
Changes to legislation: There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Theft Act 1968. (See end of Document for details) Theft Act 1968 1968 CHAPTER 60 General and consequential provisions 2 Theft Act 1968 (c. 60) SCHEDULE 2 – Miscellaneous and Consequential Amendments Document Generated: 2021-04-11 Changes to legislation: There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Theft Act 1968. (See end of Document for details) SCHEDULES X1SCHEDULE 2 Section 33(1),(2). MISCELLANEOUS AND CONSEQUENTIAL AMENDMENTS Editorial Information X1 The text of Schedule 2 is in the form in which it was originally enacted: it was not reproduced in Statutes in Force and, except as specified, does not reflect any amendments or repeals which may have been made prior to 1.2.1991. F1 PART I Textual Amendments F1 Sch. 2 Pt. I repealed (26.3.2001) by S.I. 2001/1149, art. 3(2), Sch. 2 (with art. 4(11)) . 1 The Post Office Act 1953 shall have effect subject to the amendments provided for by this Part of this Schedule (and, except in so far as the contrary intention appears, those amendments have effect throughout the British postal area). 2 Sections 22 and 23 shall be amended by substituting for the word “felony” in section 22(1) and section 23(2) the words “a misdemeanour”. and by omitting the words “of this Act and” in section 23(1). 3 In section 52, as it applies outside England and Wales, for the words from “be guilty” onwards there shall be substituted the words “be guilty of a misdemeanour and be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years”. -
Informational Blackmail: Survived by Technicality? Chen Yehudai
Marquette Law Review Volume 92 Article 6 Issue 4 Summer 2009 Informational Blackmail: Survived by Technicality? Chen Yehudai Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr Part of the Law Commons Repository Citation Chen Yehudai, Informational Blackmail: Survived by Technicality?, 92 Marq. L. Rev. 779 (2009). Available at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol92/iss4/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marquette Law Review by an authorized administrator of Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATIONAL BLACKMAIL: SURVIVED BY TECHNICALITY? CHEN YEHUDAI Blackmail constitutes one of the most intriguing puzzles in criminal law: How can two legal rights—i.e., a threat to disclose true but reputation-damaging information and, independently, a simple demand for money—make a legal wrong? The puzzle gets even more complicated when we take into account that it is not unlawful for one who holds embarrassing information to accept an offer of payment made by an unthreatened recipient in return for a promise not to disclose the information. In order to answer this question, this Article surveys and analyzes the development of the law of informational blackmail and criminal libel in English and American law and argues that the modern crime of blackmail is the result of an “historical accident” stemming from the historical classification of blackmail as a property offense instead of a reputation-protecting offense. The Article argues that when enacted, the prohibition on informational blackmail was meant to protect the interest of reputation as a supplement to the law of criminal libel. -
Forgery Act 1913
Status: This is the original version (as it was originally enacted). This item of legislation is currently only available in its original format. Forgery Act 1913 1913 CHAPTER 27 An Act to consolidate, simplify, and amend the Law-relating to Forgery and kindred Offences. [15th August 1913] BE IT ENACTEDby the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : 1 Definition of forgery (1) For the purposes of this Act, forgery is the making of a false document in order that it may be used as genuine, and in the case of the seals and dies mentioned in this Act the counterfeiting of a seal or die, and forgery with intent to defraud or deceive, as the case may be, is punishable as in this Act provided. (2) A document is false within the meaning of this Act if the whole or any material part thereof purports to be made by or on behalf or on account of a person who did not make it nor authorise its making ; or if, though made by or on behalf or on account of the person by whom or by whose authority it purports to have been made, the time or place of making, where either is material, or, in the case of a document identified by number or mark, the number or any distinguishing mark identifying the document, is falsely stated therein ; and in particular a document is false:— (a) if any material alteration, whether by addition, insertion, obliteration, erasure, removal, or otherwise, has been made therein; (b) if the whole or some material part of it purports to be made by or on behalf of a fictitious or deceased person; (c) if, though made in the name of an existing person, it is made by him or by his authority with the intention that it should pass as having been made by some person, real or fictitious, other than the person who made or authorised it. -
Theft Act 1968
Status: Point in time view as at 01/04/2013. Changes to legislation: There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Theft Act 1968. (See end of Document for details) Theft Act 1968 1968 CHAPTER 60 An Act to revise the law of England and Wales as to theft and similar or associated offences, and in connection therewith to make provision as to criminal proceedings by one party to a marriage against the other, and to make certain amendments extending beyond England and Wales in the Post Office Act 1953 and other enactments; and for other purposes connected therewith. [26th July 1968] Modifications etc. (not altering text) C1 Act amended as to mode of trial by Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 (c. 43, SIF 82), Sch. 1 para. 28 C2 By Criminal Justice Act 1991 (c. 53, SIF 39:1), s. 101(1), Sch. 12 para. 23; S.I. 1991/2208, art. 2(1), Sch.1 it is provided (14.10.1991) that in relation to any time before the commencement of s. 70 of that 1991 Act (which came into force on 1.10.1992 by S.I. 1992/333, art. 2(2), Sch. 2) references in any enactment amended by that 1991 Act, to youth courts shall be construed as references to juvenile courts. Commencement Information I1 Act wholly in force at 1.1.1969, see s. 35(1) Definition of “theft” 1 Basic definition of theft. (1) A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it; and “thief” and “steal” shall be construed accordingly. -
Banding of Offences in the Advocates' Graduated Fee Scheme
Banding of Offences in the Advocates’ Graduated Fee Scheme (AGFS) Version 1.1 February 2018 Banding of Offences in the Advocates’ Graduated Fee Scheme (AGFS) Version 1.1 This information is also available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/banding-of-offences-in-the-advocates-graduated-fee- scheme Banding of Offences in the Advocates’ Graduated Fee Scheme (AGFS) Contents Introduction 2 Table A 3 Table B 8 1 Banding of Offences in the Advocates’ Graduated Fee Scheme (AGFS) Introduction This document sets out the banding of offences under the reformed Advocates’ Graduated Fee Scheme (the "AGFS"), in force from 1 April 2018. The principal legislation which provides for the AGFS is the Criminal Legal Aid (Remuneration) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/435); in particular, see Schedule 1 to those Regulations. The bands are set out in Table B of this document, which should be read in conjunction with Table A. Where the band within which an offence described in Table B in this document falls depends on the facts of the case, the band within which the offence falls is to be determined by reference to Table A. In Table A and Table B, "category" is used to provide a broad, overarching description for a range of similar offences which fall within a particular group or range of bands. 2 Banding of Offences in the Advocates’ Graduated Fee Scheme (AGFS) Table A Category Description Bands 1 Murder/Manslaughter Band 1.1: Killing of a child (16 years old or under); killing of two or more persons; killing of a police officer, prison officer or equivalent public servant in the course of their duty; killing of a patient in a medical or nursing care context; corporate manslaughter; manslaughter by gross negligence; missing body killing.