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-_990 Goddard Space _light Center JANUARY4,1_I 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Spacecraft EventTime (hrs) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Intensity Scale (dB) The Unified Plasma and Radio Wave Experiment (UPRWE) on board the Ulysses spacecraft captured the above dynamic spectrum of solar radio bursts, the solar wind, and radiations from Jupiter during Ulysses' multi-year billion mile journey to study the heliospheric plasma near and distant fiom the sun, within and out of the ecliptic plane. U PRWE was developed in a Goddard lead collaboration with the University of Minnesota, the Observatoire de Paris-Meudon and the Centre de Recherches en Physique de I'Environment Terrestre et Planetaire in France. The year 1990 was a banner year for Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC ) space-based astronomy projects (back cover). The front cover (from top to bottom) shows samples of the new science capabilities and findings which came from these projects: The Cy_gnus Loop, a supernova remnant photographed by the GSFC Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) in the light qf C IV (1548A), demonstrates the broad field of view and high spatial resolution which allowed UIT to return a wealth of data on stellar populations in galaxies and on intergalactic flow of matter within clusters of galaxies. UIT was part of the Astro- I payload orbited on the Space Shuttle Columbia in December, 1990. A previously undetected supernova remnant (labeled "new SNR" ) was discovered by the Max Planck Institute' s Position-Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) on the Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT). ROSAT is a German, United Kingdom and United States col- laboration in x-ray astronomy; the U.S. ROSAT Science Data Center (RSDC ) was developed at and is operated by GSFC. A plot in galactic coordinates of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation obtained by the University of California Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) on the Goddard-developed and -managed Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) heralds the beginning of a new era in experimental cosmology. No anisotropy in the CMB is evident exceptlbr that due to COBE's own motion relative to the CMB. A false-color composite picture of the Galactic Center in infrared light (1.2, 2.2, and 3.4 wn) illustrates the capabilities of Goddard' s Diffuse Infrared Background EapeHment (DIRBE). DIRBE and its companion Goddard instrument, the Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS), are also part of the COBE science payload. The ultraviolet spectrum of Chi Lupi, a chemically peculiar binary star, dramatically illustrates the unprecedented spectral resolu- tion brought by the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) as compared to a previous spectrum obtained with the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite (IUE). A n x-ray spectrum (crosses) obtained with Goddard's BroadBandX-Ray Telescope (BBXRT) of iron lines from the Perseus Cluster of galaxies is compared to a theoretical model (solid line) in order to determine the abundance of iron in the emitting region. Also part of the Astro-1 mission, BBXRT with its innovative x-ray nfirror technology greatly eapanded our knowledge of the spectral characteristics and hence the physical conditions in cosmic x-ray sources. O#I(31NAL PAGE COLOR PHOTOGRAPH RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER R&T Foreword G oddard Space Flight Center celebrates 1990 as a banner year in space- based astronomy. From above the Earth s obscuring atmosphere, four major orbiting observatories examined the heavens at wavelengths that spanned the electromagnetic spectrum. In the infrared and microwave, the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), conceived and built at Goddard, measured the spectrum and angular distribution of the cosmic background radiation to extraordinary precision. The measurements confirm the basic Big Bang picture very well, but also may require new laws of physics or new kinds of matter to explain the development of the large-scale structure of the Universe. In the optical and ultraviolet, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), launched in April 1990 with opera- tions management centered at Goddard, has been returning spectacular high-resolution images and spectra of a wealth of astronomical objects. The God- dard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) has resolved dozens of ultraviolet spectral lines which are as yet unidentified because they have never before been seen in any astronomical spectrum and therefore have not been studied in laboratory set- tings. In x-rays, the Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), launched in June 1990 and carrying Goddard's High-Resolution Imager (HRI), has begun returning equally spectacular images of high-energy objects within our own and other galaxies. The year ended with the successful December flight of the Astro- 1Observatory on the Space Shuttle Columbia with two Goddard-built instruments, the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) and the Broad Band X-Ray Telescope (BBXRT), and one Goddard- based astronaut, Dr. Ron Parise, on board. As we go to press, 1991 promises to be equally important for Space Sciences with new discoveries likely from COBE, HST and ROSAT. The launch of Goddard's Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) aboard the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) will bring us new knowledge of gamma radiation, the most energetic process in the Universe. In the Earth Sciences, Goddard continues preparations for Mission to Planet Earth. On the ground, Earth system science--the integrated study of air, water, vegetation and soil interactions--is being developed as the theoretical framework for under- standing global change. In the air and in orbit, instrumentation and remote-sensing techniques are being fine- tuned as a prelude to developing the Earth Observing System (EOS), with the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), scheduled to launch in late 1991, as its first flight project. Around the globe, data transmission networks and computer systems are being readied for handling the vast amount of information that EOS will produce. In short, Goddard is holding finn to its mission of conducting scientific investiga- tions from the unique vantage point of space. Looking upward to the Universe and downward to Planet Earth, we at Goddard also look forward to our continued preeminence in the Space and Earth Sciences. John M. Klineberg Contents SPACE SCIENCES The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Stephen P. Maran .................................................. 1 Observing The Big Bang With The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) Nancy W Boggess ................................................. 2 Antiprotons in the Cosmic Radiation Robert E. Streitmatter, .hmathan F Ormes, and Steven J. Stochaj ......................... 5 X-Ray Spectroscopy and Variability Studies: A Probe of the Central Regions of Active Galaxies T. Jane Turner, G M Madejski ........................................... 6 The All-Sky Extragalactic X-Ray Foreground Elihu Boldt, Takamitsu Miyaji ........................................... 7 Fabry-Perot Images of a Distant Quasar Ronald J. Oliversen, Paul M. N Hintzen ..................................... 9 Outburst From an Unusual Interacting Binary Star System A G. Michalitsianos ............................................... 10 Particle Acceleration and Transport in Solar Flares James A Miller . ................................................ 12 On the Contrast and Structure of Faculae Kenneth H Schatten, Hans G. Mayr . ...................................... 13 Shocks and Twists in the Solar Wind M. L. Goldstein, D. A Roberts, andA F. Vinas ................................. 16 Chaos in the Geospace Environment Daniel N Baker, D A. Roberts, andAlex Klimas ................................ 17 Rocket Observations of Spread-F Plasma Turbulence From Kwajalein Atoll Robert F PfafJ_ Jr. ................................................ 19 Determination of the Water Abundance on Jupiter Barbara E. Carlson ............................................... 21 Reaction Rate Kinetics of H + GeH4 and the Implication for Modeling Germane Photochemistry in the Atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn David F Nava, Walter A. Payne, andLouis J Stief . .............................. 22 Magnetic Fields of Uranus and Neptune J. E. P. Connerney, M H Acufia ........................................ 23 What is Driving the Neptune Emission? Michael D. Desch ................................................ 25 Source Location of Neptune's Radio Bursts: Implications for the Auroral Zone William M. Farrell ................................................ 25 PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED iii lib Contents Structure and Dynamics of Neptune's Atmosphere From Voyager IRIS Measurements B. J. Conrath, F. M Flasar, andA L. Weir • .................................. 26 Laboratory Simulation of Complex Chemistry in Titan's Atmosphere PaulMahaffy • ................................................. 29 New Astronomical Images With a 5- to 14-Micron Array Camera Daniel Y. Gezari ................................................. 30 An All-Sky Monitor for a Soviet High-Energy Astrophysics Observatory Robert M Joyce, Richard L. Kelley ....................................... 32 The Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) Sara R Heap ................................................... 34 High-Resolution Magnetograph for the Southwest Solar Facility Harrison Jones ................................................. 36 A Solar Infrared Magnetograph Drake Deming, Donald E. Jennings ....................................... 38 Multilayer Coating on High-Density Toroidal
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  • Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series

    Patrick Moore's Practical Astronomy Series

    Patrick Moore’s Practical Astronomy Series Other Titles in this Series Telescopes and Techniques (2nd Edn.) Observing the Planets Chris Kitchin Peter T. Wlasuk The Art and Science of CCD Astronomy Light Pollution David Ratledge (Ed.) Bob Mizon The Observer’s Year Using the Meade ETX Patrick Moore Mike Weasner Seeing Stars Practical Amateur Spectroscopy Chris Kitchin and Robert W. Forrest Stephen F. Tonkin (Ed.) Photo-guide to the Constellations More Small Astronomical Observatories Chris Kitchin Patrick Moore (Ed.) The Sun in Eclipse Observer’s Guide to Stellar Evolution Michael Maunder and Patrick Moore Mike Inglis Software and Data for Practical Astronomers How to Observe the Sun Safely David Ratledge Lee Macdonald Amateur Telescope Making The Practical Astronomer’s Deep-Sky Stephen F. Tonkin (Ed.) Companion Observing Meteors, Comets, Supernovae and Jess K. Gilmour other Transient Phenomena Observing Comets Neil Bone Nick James and Gerald North Astronomical Equipment for Amateurs Observing Variable Stars Martin Mobberley Gerry A. Good Transit: When Planets Cross the Sun Visual Astronomy in the Suburbs Michael Maunder and Patrick Moore Antony Cooke Practical Astrophotography Astronomy of the Milky Way: The Observer’s Jeffrey R. Charles Guide to the Northern and Southern Milky Way Observing the Moon (2 volumes) Peter T. Wlasuk Mike Inglis Deep-Sky Observing The NexStar User Guide Steven R. Coe Michael W. Swanson AstroFAQs Observing Binary and Double Stars Stephen F. Tonkin Bob Argyle (Ed.) The Deep-Sky Observer’s Year Navigating the Night Sky Grant Privett and Paul Parsons Guilherme de Almeida Field Guide to the Deep Sky Objects The New Amateur Astronomer Mike Inglis Martin Mobberley Choosing and Using a Schmidt-Cassegrain Care of Astronomical Telescopes and Telescope Accessories Rod Mollise M.