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Home , History of Japan, Namikawa Yasuyuki

A CHRONOLOGY OF RELEVANT EVENTS october 2020

The history of , and thus of Satsuma ceramics, is complex and includes many events. A chronology in which all these events are described in their order of occurrence over time is therefore useful.

From the Canadian collector mr. John Henley, specialized in Noritake and Nippon ware, we received permission to put such a chronology on our website.

We are pleased with his contribution, which, however extensive, can be seen as a starting document. After all, the history of Japan and Satsuma ceramics has many events worth mentioning. An update will therefore be made on a regular basis.

For more documents on Japanese ceramics: www.johnhenley.academia.edu

Japanese Year Significant Historical Artists, kilns and and Expositions and Year and Events companies Design Fairs General Information

Keicho 3 1598 When Shiomi Hideyoshi Earliest Satsuma, ordered the end of based on Korean hostilities in Korea, model, red or black Shimazau Yosihiro, the clay covered with daimyo of Satsuma, transparent glaze returned to Japan with w/o decoration. 14-20 Korean potters. (Kuro-Satsuma) Genwa 3 1617 In the early 1600’s, Korean potters Hirata Donin makes the produce white first Japanese cloisonne. earthenware. (Shiro-Satsuma) Mid Nonomura Ninsei (circa 17th 1646-94) developed the Century technique of Nishikite decoration – polychrome overglaze and gold applied to light coloured clay covered with “crackles”. Kampo 3 1743 Awataguchi, Kiyomizu Ogata Kenzan Kokiyomizu tri- Became known as and Otowa, with 16 (1663-1743) dies. coloured (blue, Awata ware. climbing kilns were the green, gold) kiln centres for . decorative ware Later named Gojozaka. established. Produced by Kinkozan, Iwakura and Hozan for royalty. Late Okuda Eisen (1753- Process adopted by 18th 1811) produced Gojozaka kilns. Century porcelain for first time in Kyoto. Late Kiyomizu Rokubei (1738- Sharing of Produced tea wares 18th 1799), Kinkodo advanced (both Century Kamesuke (1765-1837), techniques of maccha and Aoki Mokubei (1767- Kyoto ware to sencha), food 1833), Nin’ami Dohachi various parts of and other utensils. (1783-1855), Eiraku Japan. Hozen (1795-1854) et al, turned to reviving traditional Chinese and Japanese wares by combining their own unique creativity. Temmei 7 1787 Two Satsuma potters, New designs, Hoshiyama Chiubei and colours and Kawa Yahoro, do study techniques, highly tour of to update skills to detailed with full compete with multi- colour palette and coloured Imari porcelain thickly applied gold produced in Arita. developed. Kyowa 1 1801 16 potters in Seto, including Kato Tozaemon, switch to making porcelain. Kyowa 3 1803 Kato Tozaemon is sponsored by Owari clan to construct a round kiln for firing blue underglaze porcelains (sometsuke). 4 1807 Bunka 12 1814 Porcelain firing begins in Kameyama, around this time. 2 1819 Shubei Kato I (1819/1900) Bunsei 6 1823 Kinkozan Sobei VI, born in Kyoto Bensei 11 1828 Most of Uchiyama is destroyed in the Great Arita Fire. Tempo 2 1831 Masuyoshi Kawamoto I (1831/1907) Tempo 4 1833 Yatsushiro Fukagawa Eizaemon (1833/1889) Tempo 6 1835 Miyamotoya Uemon Senjuka Born in resumes operating kilns 1835 (1835 ~ 2) of Kutani Yoshidaya. in Satsuma Naeshiro River, Japan.

Tempo 10 1839 Start of Early period of Morimura Japanese cloisonne when Ichizaemon born in Kaji Tsunekichi reinvents Kyobashi, the process. (Ichitaro) Tempo 12 1841 Kutani Shozo begins painting porcelain in Terai, . Tempo 13 1842 Miyagawa Kozan I born (6 JAN) given name - Toranosuke Tempo 14 1843 Okura Magobei (03/08/1843) born Koka 1 1844 Kawahara Noritatsu, given name Tokudachi. (1844/1914) 1 1848 Shubei Kato II (1848/1903) Kaei 3 1850 Kozan studies painting with Nanga painter Chokian Giryo. Kaji Tsunekichi becomes first hired closinne artist of the daimyo of Owari. Kaei 4 1851 Makuzu Chozo (Kozan’s Receives art London World's 1st father) establishes kiln, names – Makuzu international Makuzugahara (Kyoto). and Kozan. Expo (Crystal Palace) Kaei 5 1852 Masataro Karata Birth of the Taro born in architect Gaudí Kagoshima.

Masuyoshi Kawamoto II (1852/1918) Kaei 6 1853 Commodore Matthew Takeura Miura I Great Industrial Outbreak of Crimean Perry arrives in Japan. (1853/1915) Exposition in War (1853/1856). Kaji Tsunekichi takes on Dublin – first time The New York his first pupil, Yoshimura “any” presentation World's Fair, Taiji. of Japanese (Japan does not objects of art by participate) European collectors. Kaei 7 1854 Treaty of Tokai and Nankai Kanagawa with earthquakes. USA and UK & others shortly after. Ends 215 years of isolation. 2 1855 Paris World Expo Ansei 3 1856 Okura Magobei goes to Enji Nishiura V Townsend Harris Udagawa-cho, Shiba, (1856/1914) first US Consul Tokyo to study under General. Uchinoya Yaheiji (spends 7 years). Kaji Tsunekichi takes on his second pupil, Hayashi Shogoro. Ansei 4 1857 The Shimazu clan was South Kensington instrumental in the Museum development of founded. inexpensive Western paints around this time, and there are testimonies to the success of the industrial museum in London and the four-year period of the Emigration Administration.

Ansei 5 1858 -gumi German Doctor U.S.-Japan amity, commissioned Kato Siebold visited trade treaty Kanesuke of Seto to Japan. Five Nations Treaty make porcelain for export of 1859- UK, USA, – provides imported France, Russia & porcelain samples. (80 Netherlands follow. pieces of Western porcelain as models for Japanese export ceramics) Ansei 6 1859 Miyagawa Hanzan Sir Rutherford Yokohama, born. Given name Alcock 1st UK Hakodate and – Hannosuke or ambassador. Nagasaki open their Hanzan Morimura and ports Okura Magobei meet in Yokohama. Manen 1860 Kozan takes over family Yoshiji Watano Mino potter The Civil War in the business (age 18), shortly (1860/1934) Nishiura Enji III United States began after death of Chozo and begins to supply in 1861. (continues his elder brother Chohei. export porcelains until 1865) to shops in In 1860/61, Tsukamoto Yokohama. Kaisuke studies Tashiro cloisonne making under Monzaemon Hayashi Shogoro. secures rights to export from Arita. Bunkyu 1 1861 Nagoya’s Kadokichi places an order for export coffee cups with a representative of Seto ware potters. Hayashi Kodenji I opens a cloisonne factory. Bunkyu 2 1862 Shimazu family exhibit Nishiki A Satsuma Satsuma wares for first Kwangshan, kills and time in the West at Rokuyaki, Tanari, injures 4 British London International Kaizan are citizens. Exposition. (Followed by overseas at the equally successful London World's Victor Hugo exhibitions in Paris Fair. publishes “Les (1867), Vienna (1873) Misérables". and Philadelphia Mr. and Mrs. Centenial (1876). Dussault, who will A.L. Liberty opens be exhibiting about Japanese Second International 614 works of warehouse at Exhibition (South porcelain, and Farmers & Rogers, Kensington) includes have a store that London items from Sir Rutherford specializes in Alcock’s collection of Japanese antiques Japanese arts and crafts. in Paris, as as in . Mitsui-gumi team transferred to Kato Kensuke of Seto to manufacture porcelain. Bunkyu 3 1863 Hayashi Kodenji I sells Morimura-gumi Lincoln's Gettysburg cloisonne to Europeans. once again Address requests porcelain (Emancipation samples from Seto Proclamation) potters. The Satsuma- England War results in the burning of the former clan's general meeting house and the destruction of the building.

Gengi 1 1864 Keio 1 1865 Around this time Permanent display (1861/70), Tsukamoto of Japanese Ksisuke makes first crafts at South painting-style cloisonne Kensington plate (plate with design of Museum. Nagoya Castle). Keio 2 1866 Shogunate orders sencha tea set for emperor from Kozan Keio 3 1867 Paris Exposition German scientist The last Universelle exhibits Gottfried Wagener shogun, Japanese artifacts. invited to visit Yoshinobu returns Delegation sent by Japan. power to emperor Bakufu, Satsuma and Mutsuhito (19 Nov), Saga. who adopts reign Japanese cloisonne name “” shown for first time at a (enlightened rule). Worlds Fair. Tokugawa Exhibited Satsuma ware Shogunate also was sold at the South known as Kensington Museum Bakufu. (now known as the Victoria and Albert Museum). The Omiya Incident was purchased by the Victoria and Albert Museum. Meiji 1 1868 Paris Exposition Daisetsu Gottfried Wagener Restoration of Universelle. The success Mitsuyama Sohei, arrives in Japan. imperial rule (3 Jan.) of Boku Seikan’s Kyoto is born in Edo renamed Tyoko. Satsuma ware marks the '07. Hattori Anga beginning of the Satsuma succeeds in Ports of Hyogo and boom. painting with Osaka opened. Western . Around this time, Oath of Five Articles Kinkozan Sobei VI has a Shinbutsu Western visitor in Japan Separation for foreign trade. Export Ordinance tools, flowers, incense (Abandoned burners, etc. Buddha)

Edo merchant Shimizu Mizuhoya Usaburo, returns from Paris Expo, bringing plaster of Paris slip-casting technique, cobalt oxide and other Western glaze materials.

Meiji 2 1869 Mizuhoya Usaburo and Takahashi Dohachi First Kyoto Exhibition Hattori Kyoho are III (Kyoto) teaches with help professors of Western- Kyo yaki overglaze of Wagener and style painting in Arita. painting at the Leon Dury. Aiming to recover from Momobei the disaster. workshop. Imperial capital moved from Kutani ware painting Kyoto to Tokyo (Edo). factory established by Abe Bikai. Kinkozan Sobei VI begins to produce porcelains for export market. Meiji 3 1870 Kinkozan Sobei VI invents Wagener Seimikyoku the so-called Kyo-tei color introduces a new Research Center painting method, which is thinner for established by Kyoto one of the most chemically govn. important steps to produced cobalt To encourage Modernize. oxide, for use in education and underglaze promote industry. Mikiyama Denchi, painting. succeeded in the first Wagener builds Western drawing trial of Western Western-style kiln techniques summation and at Arita. introduced in art in Kyo yaki. German trading schools. house H. Ahrens Kozan moves from Kyoto establishes Ahrens Cobalt monoxide a to Ota, Yokohama – with Shokai in Tsukiji, French war wife, Hanzan and 4 Tokyo. product will be apprentices. imported.

First kilns built in Kayama,Miyagawa and Yokohama. Kawade Shibataro opens his cloisonne factory in Nagoya. Meiji 4 1871 Kinkozan Sobei VI, Tadaharu A confluence office Abolition of han Awarded copper tile at Fukagawa will be set up in feudal domains; the the 1st Kyoto Expo. (1871/1934) Kyoto, where country divided into physics and prefectures. Kozan, Yokohama-based chemistry will be manufacturer – Makuzu taught; various Engineering Kiln – produces Satsuma will be Dormitory is Style porcelains for applied to the established. export. Trains local manufacture of people to become pottery porcelain painters.

Namikawa Yasuyuki starts to make cloisonne in Kyoto. A cloisonne company is established by Okaya Sosuke and others in Nagoya. (Nagoya Cloisonne Company/Nagoya Shippo Kaisha)

A Setomono trading company established in Seto.

Meiji 5 1872 Kinkozan Sobei VI Itaya Namiyama Tyoko National praised for production (1872/1963) "Recommendations Museum begins and export of satsuma for learning" for operation. style pottery for foreign young people in countries. It was full-scale export. Tokyo Kingama commended by Kyoto 1872/73, London (Tokyo Muffle Prefecture as "Japanese “Modern” Intl. Kiln Company, a ceramics, lacquer ware, Exposition. porcelain metalwork, and solar Japanese factory affiliated with calendar adopters of 2 cloisonne the operations". exhibited. secretariat of the Vienna At the 2nd Kyoto Expo, Seifu Yohei III International the first museum in Kyoto (1872/1880) used exposition is was opened by the art name Shinkai established by the American Torremhoe in Seizan on Chinese group the Yushima Basilica. celadon and blue- headed by Hattori and-white Kyoho. Kozan expands Makuzu porcelains. workshop - hires several dozen additional apprentices. Meiji 6 1873 Vienna World Fair. From around this Christopher Dresser 1873/74 (Vienna time, in founds Weltaustellung) Official accordance with Londos & Co. for delegation lead by Sano the success of importing Tsunetami, Wagener, exports, Shimizu . Kawahara Noritatsu, Gojozaka becames Notomi Kaijiro and the first The 3rd Kyoto Expo Tanzan Rokuro sent to government official Meiji 6 Vienna and other to participate in the (1873). European centers to project. (Sano Kiryu Commerce and study Western poduction Jomin) Industry techniques. Kozan wins Company begins gold medal. The base of operation. Shimono-ta-yaki Sobei VI succeeded in the begins to be Copper body vase by development of baked. Nagoya Nobukaba, which was the Cloisonne Co. wins a clan kiln of Shimadzu Around this time, a prize. Clan Tanoura Minami. British ceramics The theory "Minami" that manufacturer, has been described in Royal Worcester, detail regarding the produced a piece production of pottery in that had been Kyoto. confirmed to have been fired. Potters Notomi Kaijiro, Kawahara Chujiro, and Tanzan Rokuro travel to Vienna, as part of delegation, to bring back information about plaster of Paris moulds, western glaze pigments and kiln technology.

Hyochien ceramic decoration workshop founded in Fukagawa, Tokyo by Kawahara Noritatsu . Meiji 7 1874 Kiritsu Kosho Kaisha Kaisha establishes The First manufacturing(cloisonne) a store party, Impressionist and trading company Patriotic Public Exhibition is held. established in Tokyo. A Party, in the foreign 4th. Kyoto Exhibition start-up company was product hall. is organized established by Kosuke Kato Tomotaro and with a Western-style Matsuo and others for Kawamoto jury system the purpose of exporting Tomitaro teach crafts. techniques for London – Special Takito Manjiro making plaster Loan Exhibition establishes an porcelain molds to Potters of Enamels on painting and trading including Kato Metal, South company in Seto. Gosuke and Kensington. (James Karamoto L. Bowes Masukichi. Collection)

Meiji 8 1875 Koransha porcelain Kazuchika Okura is Tanzan Rikuro Paris: Samual Bing export company born introduces plaster opens a established by (12/11/1875) moulds and gallery for the sale of EizaemonFukagawa and Died 1955. painting with Japanese others in Arita. suikin(liquid gold art. Around this time, Imura Shimizu Rokubei V mixture), having Founding of Ahrens Hikojiro establishes a (1875/1959) secured the Co. in Tokyo. porcelain shopin mixture overseas. Yokohama. Use of moulds Victorian Nagoya Cloisonne Co. widely adopted. Intercolonial gathers cloisonne from Exhibition artists in Nagoya and Melbourne, exhibits Toshima monthly to sell by Kiritsu in either Kobe or Kosho Company and Yokohama. Cloisonne Kyoto Industrial Fair, Company. Namikawa Yasuyuki wins his first award, a medal of merit for a vase.

Meiji 9 1876 Philadephia – American Sugiura Non-water Kobu Bijutsu Dresser visits Japan Centennial Exhibition, at (1876/1965) Gakko (Technical and which porcelain with Art School) donates items of cloisonne enamel founded in Tokyo English decoration (tojitai shippo) with Italian porcelain to the is exhibited for the first instructors for museum in time. Kozan wins Bronze painting and Tyoko. metal. . Ueno Park, Tokyo Kozan begins Around this time opens. experimenting with the Onchi Pictorial Bell invents the Cloisonne wares. Record (Catalogue) telephone. is compiled by the The Japanese March, Philadelphia Finance Ministry's IchizasmonMorimura and International Commerce his younger brother Exposition office Department Yutaka (more commonly showing craft establishes an office called Toyo) founded designs for the of product designs Morimura- gumi in exposition and and Morimura Clothes Sewing export. drawings. Shop in Ginza, Tokyo. Cloisonne exhibited, Namikawa In September,Magobei Yasuyuki won a Okura, brother-in-law of medal. Morimura, who owned picture/paper shop in Nihonbashi, Tokyo joins Morimura group. Early Meiji Tanzan Seikai (1813- Kiyomizu kilns Temples and shrines era 1836), Hozan Bunzo X unify with Gojozaki fall into decline. (1820-1889), Kinkozan kilns. Sobei VI (1824-1884), Staple of Kiyomizu Taizan Yohei (?-1878), ware – sencha tea Taizan Yohei IX (1856- ware. 1922) turn to foreign markets. Kumeno opens his cloisonne factory in Nagoya. Meiji 10 1877 First National Industrial In August, the First Exhibition held at Domestic marks end Ueno,Tokyo. Exposition will be of samurai class. Kozan receives Ryumon held (followed by Edward S. Morse Imperial Award for his Fairs 1877, 1881, visits Japan. exhibits. Receives order 1890 and 1895) (returns in 1878 and from Kiritsu Kosho Okura Magobei 1882-3). Kaisha. publishes Drawings Notomi Kaijiro, Shiota and Pictures of The University of Makato, Yutaro Kato and Japanese Products Tokyo is others establish to coincide with established EdogawaCeramics Japan's first Factory and begin national industrial producing export exhibition porcelains. (illustrated by In Kagoshima,the HiroshigeIII). government will establish the Tamakoyama Factory. Chinjukan XII establishes the Gyokukozan Factory and begins producing exoort Satsuma ware. Meiji 11 1878 Paris Exposition Gottfried Wagener Sevres Pottery Universelle starts in May. invited to the Office Museum, kings of Kozan receives gold of Notification in the Kingdom of God. medal. Samuel Bing Kyoto. Wagener opens his first shop for reforms dyeing and Ernest Fenollosa Japanese art. arrives in Tokyo techniques; to teach philosophy Morimura Pottery maintains close at Imperial Painting Factory contact with University. established four plants in potters. A branch Cloisonne - One case Yokohama (a large-scale office was of early factory with more than established in and middle period 200 artists). Paris, a standing wears, many ToyoMorimura trading company. modern on establishes Hinode Norida lost the porcelain only with ShokaiMorimura Brothers Faculty of backgrounds of at 238 6th Ave. New York Literature to The bright turquoise as retail business. University of Tokyo. or other colour Marunaka Magobei Onchizuroku 3rd instead of the establishes Marunaka edition published. green seen on Shokai. (Onchi Catalogue) earlier wears. Namikawa Yasuyuki Namikawa Sosuke exhibited succeeds in producing his work and won a wired cloisonne. medal. Takeuchi Chubei invents cloisonne on glass. Meiji 12 1879 Kinkozan Sobei VI Around this time, Gimme Art Museum exhibited at the Sydney the second started. International Exposition, generation of Sheju won the bronze medal. Jukan's technique Hayashi Tadamasa Kozan wins silver medal. of delicate red goes to Paris. Senju (2nd generation, shadows in Shunju's younger brother) calcination. March, the opens the Tokyo branch TatsuikeSociety is of Shenju Kiln. Sano Jomin, established. Shioda Makoto, et Porcelain companies Seiji al, establish Around this time, Kaisha (Tezuka Ryuchikai Art Ahrens Kamenosuke, Tsuji Society (Dragon’s Company closes. Katsuzo, Fukaumi Pond Association). Suminosuke from Will become Japan Koransha et al) and Art Society in Kutani Toji Kaisha 1887. (Asukai Kiyoshi et al) founded in Arita and Kutani. Fukagawa Eizaemon establishes Koran Gomei Gaisha.

“Transparent” black enamel invented by Namikawa Yasuyuki.

Meiji 13 1880 Melbourne Intl. Kyoto. Awata ware Bing visits Japan, Exposition; Kozan wins extremely opens two First Prize. successful export. more shops in Paris Osaka. Yabu Meizan A member of on his opens his workshop. Crockery and Glass return. Journal, an Around this time, Dono's American tea April, the 1st producer of Satsuma business Antiquities and Art ware, Shigehira Mada, magazine, In the Society will be held was sold by Mr. Shiju, article about the under the Shirojutsu, to Imperial Household auspices of the "Shiratsusa. Agency, the Museum Bureau of Matsumure Kyusuke painting of ware is the Ministry of establishes a painting being done in Interior. From the factory in Nagoya. recent years at second time on, it Around this time, Ando Kojijima, Osaka, will be Company founded in Tokyo. sponsored by Nagoya. Erased cloisonne Ryuikekai. (shosen-jippo) invented by Namikawa Sosuki, Rockwood Kiln Transparentscarlet In July, Kyoto established enamel (akasuke) Prefectural School in USA. invented by OtaJinnoel. of Painting will Tea-Goldstone (chakin- open. seki) invented by Honda Yosaburo. Meiji 14 1881 Second National Sawada Sozan, Okura Magobei Tokyo Vocational Industrial Exposition, given name publishes the 3- School established. Ueno, Tokyo. Kozan Seiichuro volume One SetoKosha as well. receives bronze medal. (1881/1962) Hundred Bird Exhibits ceramics with Paintings by Bairei. cloisonne enamels. Kawamoto Hideo and Kawamoto Masukichi establish the Jikosha company in Tokyo, later an affiliate “Seto Jikosha” in Seto. Kato Tomotaro establishes Yugykuen in Shin’ogawa, Tokyo. Meiji 15 1882 Kyoto: Kiyomizu Rokubei Tyoko. Wagener World Trade Slump – III dies. Kitaoji Rosanjin constructs a Japanese born. Western-style kiln ceramics industry Toyo requested at Geological faces Morimura-gumi to Research Institute. problems. manufacture coffee bowl I n October, the First which is expected to be a Japan great demand in USA. It Painting Festival will will be completed in be held 1883 by by the Ministry of KiyoshiKamamoto, a Agriculture. potter in Seto,with assistance of Magobei Okura. Morimura-gumi begins wholesale distribution operations and begin doing business directly with kilns in Seto (December). Meiji 16 1883 Amsterdam Intl. Kaji Tsunekichi Wagener begins Tokoname Art Exposition – Kozan dies. developing Research Center receives silver medal. ware (becomes founded. Kaji family won a medal Asahi ware in Nagoya Porcelain for cloisonne. 1889). Painters Kato Tomotaro opens Union is formed. Yugyokuen Kiln and builds Western-style kiln, in Ushigome with Wagener’s guidance. Takito Manjiro establishes an overglazing factory in Nagoya. Meiji 17 1884 Kyoto: Kinkozan Sobei Kinkozan Sobei VI Cincinnati. Tokyo Vocational VII takes over leadership dies. (1824-1884). Rockwood Pottery and Technical of firm. develops sprayed School establishes slip technique Ceramic Morimura Brothers, (refined barbotine). Rusting Technology. which had converted its New Orleans World’s business into a wholesale Wagner begins Industrial business the previous production of and Cotton year started accepting Azuma-yaki, later Centennial orders for imports. named Asahi-yaki. Exposition EdogawaCeramicsFactory Okura Magobei (1884/85). closes. publishes the 3- London Sanitary Takashima Hokkai travels volumn One Exposition. to Europe, meets Art Hundred Bird St. Petersburg Nouveau mover and Paintings by Bairei, Horticultural glass artist Emile Galle in Continuation. Expo. Nancy. Edinburgh Silver Expo. Meiji 18 1885 Competitive Exhibition of December. A Silk Textiles, Ceramics drawing and Lacquer, Tokyo. interrogation Kozan wins silver medal. process will be set up in the Ministry of Nuremberg Intl.Exhibition Education. of Works in Precious Other fairs: London Metals and Alloys – Intl. Exposition of Cloisonne -medal won by the Kaji family, Inventions,Barcelona Namikawa Yasuyuki World’s andHayashi Kodenji, for Fair. his card tray. Meiji 19 1886 Marunaka Shokai file for Atsushi Hino Fenollosa and Yokohama Porcelain bankruptcy. (1886/1947) Tenshin Okakura Traders H.A. Seger invents the visits Europe and Union Formed. “Seger cone.” America as art intermediary committee members.

Meiji 20 1887 Around this time Kyoto Kanazawa Kanazawa Ward Porcelain Company Porcelain Institute Technical formed. founded. School established Inaba ompany founded in March Tokyo in July. Kyoto. Prefectural Crafts In October, name of Nagoya Cloisonne Promotion Meeting drawing Company ceases held. survey changed to production. Tokyo School of Art. Meiji 21 1888 Seto. Copper Samuel Bing Barcelona Intl. Exhibition stencil technique publishes – Kozan receives silver revived. “Le Japon medal. Tashiro Shotan Artistique”. (Art of Hanzan takes over advances into Japan) in French, running of Makuzu Nagoya. German and workshop. Kozan begins English (ran until to exhibit annually in 1891). He Nihon Bijutsu Kyokai also holds sales exhibitions. exhibitions in New York, setting First Arts and Crafts 1334 pieces Exhibition held in London of Japanese art. Meiji 22 1889 Paris Exposition Opening of Tokyo In Koyoto, Society for Universelle features Bijutsu Gakko Ceramics Rockwood Pottery’s (Tokyo School of Appreciation wares with coloured Fine Arts). founded by sprayed slip decoration February,Design Rokubei IV, Seifu and Royal Copenhagen’s Department set up Yohei III and items with coloured at Tokyo Academy others. underglaze designs. of Fine Arts 4 (metal and Miyagawa Kozan’s lacquerware) transmutational grazes all well received. Kozan receives gold medal. Morimura Ichizaemon and Toyo visit Expo then go to observe Boulanger Porcelain Factory. Arita Seiji Kaisha ceases activity. First wireless cloisonne (musen-jippo) made by Namikawa Sosuke. Meiji 23 1890 Third National Industrial Kanzan Denshichi Kyoto Bijutsu Beginning of a Exhibition held in Tyoko. dies. Kyokai (Kyoto Art decrease in Kozan awarded second Assoc.) founded. production of prize for technical porcelain with excellence for Harisu Rika Gakko cloisonne enamel transmutation glaze (Harris Science decoration. wares. School) established The Shippo Co. dissolves. at Doshisha October Japan University, Kyoto. Lacquer Industry Association established. Meiji 24 1891 Kiryu Commerce & Keiji Ichinoki Ito Tozan contructs Kyoto Fine Arts Industry Co. dissolves, (1891/1969) a new type of kiln School opens. around this time as does for overglaze firing. Okura Magobei Kutani Porcelain Dai Nihon Yogyo publishes Company. Kyokai (Assoc. of the 3-volumn 100 the Japan Ceramic Chrysanthemems by Industry) founded. Bairsei. Meiji 25 1892 Morimura-gumi opened Wagener dies. Gottfried Wagener The Boston Museum store in Tonjiya-cho, introduces seger of Art Nagoya City due to cones to Japan. purchase is about increased transactions 5000 pieces with Morimoto in Seto. of Japanese porcelain collected in Japan by Edward Morse. The Kiln Association is reorganized as the Greater Japan KilnIndustries Association. Meiji 26 1893 Seifu Yohei III (1851- Nagoya and Seto. Kyoto recognized as 1914) becomes first Morimura-gumi center of assigned Imperial takes over several Japanese ceramic Household Artist as a workshops. art. potter. Followed by: Morimura, who Ito Tozan (1846-1920), visited Expo, Hanzan attends Suwa Sozan I (1852- impressed by exhibition as 1922). Miyagawa Kozan I colours and look of representative of (1842-1916) . Around European Kanagawa this time, polychrome ceramics. Later prefecture. fukie (spray) painting is changed focus to Denmark exhibits used in producing Mino western style. Copenhagen Nishiura wares. imitations of Makuzu wares. World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago). Japanese painting, sculpture, decorative art displayed as Fine Arts. Kozan receives gold medal. Fukagawa Tadashi establishes Fukagawa Magnetism (Porcelain Company) in AritaCity.

Meiji 27 1894 San Francisco Intl. Kawamoto Tei Morimura-gumi Outbreak of Sino- Exposition. Kozan (1894/1975) relocated store to Japanese War. receives gold medal. Nagoya City Higgins and Seiter Magobei Okura’s eldest Goncho as the advised son Kazuchika joins company gradually Morimura Brothers Morimura group. becomes based in to focus on Suzuki-Honda cloisonne Nagoya. tableware sales. factory opens in Nagoya. Meiji 28 1895 Fourth National Industrial Seto Ceramic Japan wins Sino- Exhibition – Kyoto. School and Arita Japanese War Kozan awarded first merit Apprentice School prize and second prize established. First Venice Biennale for technical excellence. held. Nishiura Enji V Kono Bairei dies. establishes Tajimi Trading Ltd. Basse-taille first made in Japan. Meiji 29 1896 Kyoto City Ceramic Kato Shigeju II Elite ceramic Programs to nuture Research Center dies. engineers, such as potters established by Shofu Kawai Kanjiro continue. Kajo (1870-1928) and (1890-1966) Kozan is designated Kinkozan Sobei VII researched raw Imperial (1868-1927) to increase materials, glazes, Household artist. competitive edge of high-pressure Kyoto ware. insulators and Paris. Samuel Bing dental porcelains. opens the Galerie de l’Art Nouveau on Provence Street. Ina Hatsunojo et al found Tokoname Trading Company. Meiji 30 1897 Hayashi named Takahashi Dohachi Askukai Kotaro Elizabeth Scidmore commissioner for the IV dies. develops yellow visits 1900 Exposition du glaze at Seto Toki Makuzu kiln. Siecle in Paris. Gakko. Kozan et al found Venice Intl. Exhibition – L’Art Nouveau - La Yokohama Makuzu wares exhibited Maison being hosts Tog Kyokai by Kozan and Matsuo an exhibition of (Yokohama Ceramic Gisuke. woodblock prints Painting Assoc.) – by Hokusai. aim Kawasaki Cloisonne to improve form and Company founded in Moramuri-gumi decorative Kobe. dispatches Asukai designs of ceramics. Kotaro to Europe to study ways to Porcelain make pure white Study Centre porcelain in established. February. Meiji 31 1898 Morimura-gumi Okakura Tenshin completes its established consolidation of painting Japan Art Academy, factories in Nagoya. Kozan a member. Meiji 32 1899 1899 Morimura-gumi In July,Toyo Morimura South Kensington completes a coal burning Morimura amalgamates his Museum kiln in Nagoya. dies.(07/30/1899) etsuke workshops renamed Victoria Morimura-gumi hires Inoue Ryosai I dies. in Tyoko, Kyoto and and Albert American Charles Kaiser Nagoya. Museum. as a salesman who will become important Engineering Design Revision of “unequal person in charge of Department set up treaties” planning and by Tokyo Institute leads to abolition of commercializing Noritake of Technology. extraterritoriality art deco products. National Design clause. and Crafts Expo in Kyoto. Meiji 33 1900 Paris: Exposition du Kajime Kato Moe Suwa Sozan moves In September, Siecle. Japanese art (1900/1963) from Kanazawa to industrial testing exhibits poorly received, the Kinkozan of Agriculture and but Kozan receives grand workshop. Commerce prize. in Tokyo.

Hanzan attends as representative of Kanagawa prefecture, also visits Sevres, Trent, UK and Rookwood, USA. Meiji 34 1901 Morimura-gumi Tokyo Toga Kykai Dai Nihon Zuan experiments with coal- (Tokyo Ceramic Kyokai (Japan fuelled kilns for overglaze Painting Assoc.) Design-Pattern decorations at its Nagoya founded. Okura Assoc.) and branch. Magobei, Nihon Zuankai representing (Japan Moramuri-gumi, Design-Pattern becomes a silent Society) founded. partner in establishing the SetoClay Materials Storage Facility to promote improvements and distribution of porcelain clays. Meiji 35 1902 Matsumura Hachijiro Kyoto Koto Kogyo Anglo-Japanese perfects hard-paste Gakko (Kyoto High Alliance porcelain and a coal fired School for the kiln. Industrial Arts) About this time, first founded by tsuiki-jippo made by Ando Nakazawa Iwata, Company. Asai Chu, et al. Meiji 36 1903 Kyoto: Asai Chu, Fujie Kato Shubei II dies. Idaka Kizan I starts Okura Magobei and Eiko, Kiyomizu Rokubei working for Kozan. Okura IV, Ito Tozan, et al, found Kazuchika and the Yutoen Assoc.(Circle ItayaHazan then others travel to of Playing Ceramics) as a opens a pottery Europe and visit to means of controlling the studio in Tabata, Victoria quality of ceramic design Tokyo. Porcelain Factory. and painting. Nakazawa Iwata as president. Fifth National Industrial Exposition, Osaka – Kinkozan Sobei VII exhibits Art Nouveau-style works. Morimura-gumi achieves perfectly white porcelain (as Nippon Toki). Kinei-kumi is established as Morimura-gumi’s proprietary painting factory. Moriage invented by Hattori and/or Kawade Shibataro and Ando Jubei. Meiji 37 1904 Louisiana Purchase Morimura-gumi Russo-Japanese War Exposition, St. Louis – renamed Noritake begins. Kozan receives honorary Company Ltd. Did grand prize.Japanese not replace cloisonne exhibited. (Nippon Toki Gomei Morimura-gumiopened a Kaisha)- Japan factory with exclusive Ceramics paintingson the site of Partnership Japanese Pottery Company. (See Company (Nippon Toki note 1908.) Kaisha). With Peak employment KazuchikaOkura as at Shippo-mura for representative officer, manufacture of Nippon Ceramics Co.Ltd. cheap cloisonne. established in village of Takaba, Aichi-gun, AichiPerfecture Later establishes Nishikigama Gallery through Shintogama. Red monochrome enamel improved by Ota Jinnoel of Nagoya.

Meiji 38 1905 Liege Exposition Inoue Ryosai II and Japanese victory in Internationale et Kato Gosuke IV Russo-Japanese Universelle – Kozan die. War. exhibits ceramics, Kawamoto wooden screens, bronze Hansuke VI dies. Frank Lloyd Wright work, lacquerware and arrives in ivory. Japanese Japan. colisonne exhibited. Lewis and Clark Centennial Kozan establishes Exposition, Portland, branch kiln, Mikasa- Oregon. gama – Itaka Kizan runs. Japanese cloisonne Japan Pottery begins full- exhibited. scale coal firing of porcelain base. Meiji 39 1906 In January Kyoto Chinjukan XII dies. Ceramics GourdPond Garden established by Kawahara Noritatsu. (Kyoto Hyochien) Around this time (1904/10), Plique-a-jour copied by Kawade Shibataro and Ando Jubei. Meiji 40 1907 Manufacturing of Kawamoto In October, the grinding for Masukichi I dies. First Ministry of bottoming ceramics Education Art begins to support Exhibition held. Noritake’s main product lines.

Meiji 41 1908 Division of responsibilities established at Nippon Pottery and Morimura- gumi. Morimura-gumi will be responsible for manufacturing base materials. Export of the Japanese ceramics will be handled by Japan Pottery. Japan Hard Paste Porcelain Company established. Meiji 42 1909 Alaska-Yukon Exposition, Nagoya Porcelain Bernard Leach visits Seattle, Japanese Traders Commerce Japan. cloisonne exhibited. and Industry Assoc. Coal kilns built in Set formed. under direction of Kitamura Yaichiro. Morimura-gumi establishes Nishikigama- gumi as a painting factory.

Hyochien (Gourd Pond Garden) is integrated into Japan CeramicsPartnership Company. (Morimura- gumi). Meiji 43 1910 Japan-British Exhibition, Namikawa Sosuke This year, Kotaro Brussels Exposition Shepherd’s Bush, dies. Hitorii, who has Internationale London. Hanzan attends been instrumental Held. as rep of Kanagawa in the research and Prefecture; visits development of at Worcester, white ceramics Doulton, Limoges, since 1896, leaves Sevres, Dresden, the company. Meissen, St. Carolus (Austria), Liege and Turin. Morimura Gumi Japanese cloisonne entrusts this exhibited. research and development to Morimura Gumi will Magoemon Ezoe. exhibit vase and tea utensils at the Japan- British Exposition and receive the honorary grand prize.

Meiji 44 1911 Nishiura Enji closes his Matsumura Nippon Toki Braue Reiter (Writer) factory. Kyusuke dies. (Japanese ceramic) formed in Teikoku (Imperial) products will be Munich. Ceramics Factory adopted by established by Asukai, Imperial Household which will become the Agency Nagoya Ceramics DaizenDormitory. Factory.

Meiji 1912 Japanese Ceramics Kozan retires – Death of Emperor 45/Taisho factory set up Sanitary business handed Mutsuhito. 1 Ware Manufacturing over to Hanzan. Coronation of Ceramics Research Emperor Taisho. Centre.

Kazuchika Okura and Somemon Ezo (who moved to Europe) received the guidance of Dr. Kramer at the Research Institute for Clay Engineering in Berlin. Taisho 2 1913 Prototype of hard paste Haruna Shigeharu white porcelain dinner dies. plates developed. Taisho 3 1914 Nippon Toki (Japan Seifu Yohei III and Seto Design Study Outbreak of WWI – Ceramics) completed 1st Nishiura Danji V Assoc. founded by Japan declares war dinnerware set“Sedan” in die. Hino Atsushi, Kato on Germany. Japan. An order for Hajme, and others. “Azalea” received from Larkin Corporation in the USA. (1914/15) Itaya Hazan perfects techniques for mate glazed porcelain. Taisho 4 1915 Panama-Pacific Intl. Takahashi Dohachi Exposition, San Francisco V and Kato Gosuke – Kozan exhibits. die. Japanese cloisonne Takeshi Inoue exhibited. born. Shimizu Rokubei V develops technique for taireiji porcelains. Taisho 5 1916 Tanaka Transfer Painting Miyagawa Kozan I Hanzan becomes Company established in dies at Dangozake, Kozan II next year. Nagoya. Tokyo (aged 74). Kato Tomotaro dies.

Taisho 6 1917 In May, Nippon Toki Suwa Sozan I and separates the sanitary Ito Tozan I named ware division of the Imperial House Kitakyushu Ogura Factory Artists. and establishes Toyo Toki Co., Ltd., which will later become Toto Co., Ltd.

In July of the same year, a Japanese pottery company with Kazuchika Okura as the first director was established in the form of absorbing the Japan Pottery General Partnership Company.(Nippon Toki Co.Ltd.) Taisho 7 1918 A transfer printing factory Notomi Kaijiro, Seto Design Books will be set up to Tomoda Yasukiyo, published domestically produced Kato Zenji III, and by Seto Design Study transfer paper (had been Kawamoto Assoc. dependent upon Masukichi II die. Walter Gropius imports). founds the German Bauhaus, Toyo Toki begins aiming to bring producing porcelain together form and tableware. function in design which will eventually lead to the beginning of the Art Deco movement.

Taisho 8 1919 May 15, Magobei Okura Morimura The Nagoya Potters The Kyoto Ceramic and Kazuchika establish Ichizemon dies. and Painters Test Institute Okura Toen. (09/17/1919) Association is operations are established. nationalized and In September British recognized as the designer, Cyril W. Leigh Imperial joined Morimura Brothers Ceramic to design art deco Experimental products. Institute.

Nippon Toki succeeds in producing liquid gold. Taisho 9 1920 Art Deco products Ito Tozan I and Exhibition of The Constructive designed by Cyril Leigh Shimizu Rokubei IV Makuzu wares at General launched. die. Osaka Mitsukoshi Exhibition held in The first Dressler type dept. store. Moscow. continuous kiln is built.

Taisho 10 1921 OchiaiChemical Company December 17th. Tokyo Fine Arts Country of origin (now Nippon Kineki MagobeiOkura School established. changed from Co.Ltd.) begins producing dies. Nippon to Japan. and marketing liquid gold. Toyo Toki begins producing and marketing hard paste porcelain tableware. Taisho 11 1922 Kato Shubei closes his The impact of this Great Kanto factory. discovery on the Daishinsai Okura Toen makes a world of art and Earthquake in 1923. white porcelain thin design was In the Valley of ground Phoenix engraved colossal, and Kings, Luxor, Egypt cake bowl in its first Egyptainesque Howard Carter operating kiln. themes became Discovers the tomb one of the major Of Pharoah Tutankh- motifs of the Art Amen. Deco period. Taisho 14 1925 April. Paris Universal JapanCeramics Co. In October, Ministry Decorative Arts and Ltd. installs first of Crafts held (Art Deco IBM computers in Agriculture Expo) Japan Commerce and Industry Exhibition held. In May, Tokyo Prefectoral Measures of Art Operations.

Taisho 15 1926 Toyo Pottery and The SetoCeramic Porcelain start Industrial production of Japanese Association is style tablewares. established. The Tokoname Ceramic Industrial Association is established. Showa 2 1927 Naniwa Kin-Eki begins Kinkozan Sobei VII producing liquid gold. dies. (1868/1927)

Showa 3 1928 Teiokou Imperial Seito is recognized as Nagoya Seito.

Okura Toen succeeds in perfecting rose patterns on twice-fired glost-fired sometsuke blue-white porcelain. Showa 5 1930 Japan Ceramics, which June. Magazine has changed its sales “Crafts News” strategy from fancy wear developed by the to dinnerware, will also Crafts discontinue ArtDeco Training Centre, products. begins publication. Okura Toen succeeds in perfecting coloured ground and blue glaze. Showa 7 1932 March Japanese Bauhaus closed. Ceramics first firm in Japan to manufacture bone china. Sango Toki Co. Ltd. Is established.

Showa 9 1934 Nippon Toki becomes Yabu Meizanand Itaya Hazan operating its first Watano Kichiji die. becomes an continuous bisque kiln. Imperial house artist. Showa 10 1935 Kinkozan Sobei Shotan closes. Showa 12 1937 April. Japan Ceramics set in June, the Imperial up Japan Academy CeramicsMuseum at the of Art was Pan Pacific Peace Expo in established. Nagoya. Showa 13 1938 Nagoya Seito builds its Narumi factory and begins production. Showa 16 1940 Hanzan’ son, Hanzan dies (aged Kuzunosuke, takes over 81); family headship and becomes Kozan III. Showa 17 1941 Morimura Bros. closes Outbreak of WWII – down. War in the Pacific. Showa 19 1943 Nippon Toki discontines production of porcelain (August). Nippon Toki designated as a company to preserve bone china technologies and continues with the production of bone china. (December). Showa 20 1945 Makuzu kiln and showroom destroyed in bombing raid on Yokohame; Kuzunosuke, aged 64, killed along with family and employees. Tomonosuke, younger brother of Kuzunosuke, revives kiln in late 1940’s and firm remains in business until death of Tomonosuke July 27, 1959. Nippon Toki resumes production and painting of porcelain.