A Study to Evaluate the Field Efficacy of Ivermectin, Fenbendazole And
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Article — Artikel A study to evaluate the field efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and pyrantel pamoate, with preliminary observations on the efficacy of doramectin, as anthelmintics in horses J A Daviesa* and L M J Schwalbachb tance has indicated the need for alterna- ABSTRACT tive or complementary methods of The efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate and doramectin was evaluated parasite control and additional effective under field conditions at 2 sites in the Free State Province of South Africa. The study in- drugs. An example of the more recently volved 25 horses at each site, divided into 5 groups of equal size. Ivermectin, fenbendazole developed drugs is doramectin, an and pyrantel pamoate were administered orally at doses of 0.2, 10 and 19 mg/kg respec- avermectin currently registered for use in tively. Doramectin was administered by intramuscular injection at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg. sheep, cattle and swine in South Africa Treatment efficacy was based on the mean faecal egg count reduction 14 days post treat- (Dectomax, Pfizer). Although not regis- ment. At site A a faecal egg count reduction of 100 % was found after treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole and doramectin. A 96.1 % reduction was found after treatment tered for use in horses, doramectin is cur- with pyrantel pamoate. At site B ivermectin and doramectin produced a 100 % reduction in rently used by many horse owners who faecal egg counts, fenbendazole produced an 80.8 % reduction and pyrantel pamoate a are claiming excellent results and no 94.1 % reduction. Doramectin produced a 100 % reduction in faecal egg counts at both sites, adverse side-effects. despite not being registered for use in horses. In addition, the results indicated reduced The aim of this study was to investigate efficacy of fenbendazole at site B, which suggested benzimidazole resistance. Larval cul- the efficacy of the main groups of anthel- tures showed that cyathostomes accounted for between 86 and 96 % of pre-treatment para- mintics in South Africa, where limited site burdens at both sites. Other helminths identified in the faecal samples were Strongylus studies have been conducted to date, and spp. and Trichostrongylus axei. to assess the efficacy of doramectin as an Key words: anthelmintic, cyathostomes, doramectin, equine, fenbendazole, horse, anthelmintic for horses. ivermectin, pyrantel, resistance. Davies J A, Schwalbach L M J A study to evaluate the field efficacy of ivermectin, MATERIALS AND METHODS fenbendazole and pyrantel pamoate, with preliminary observations on the efficacy of This study involved 50 horses, 25 at each doramectin, as anthelmintics in horses. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association of 2 sites (sites A and B) in the eastern Free 71(3): 144–147 (En.). Equine Veterinary Practice, PO Box 1075, Shelbyville, KY 40066, USA. State Province. The trial was conducted between December and January, when day temperatures averaged 28 °C and there had been no rain for approximately INTRODUCTION to be restricted to the cyathostomes and 4 months. All horses included had not Intestinal parasites are important fac- most commonly involves the benzimi- received anthelmintic treatment for at tors in the aetiology of gastrointestinal dazole anthelmintics, although resistance least 3 months and had at least 100 eggs disease and are also of economic impor- to pyrantel has also been detected2,3,5,7,9,13. per gram (EPG) at the beginning of the tance in horses throughout the world. It is Anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomes trial. The horses were predominantly not yet certain to what extent immunity is of horses has become widely documented Arabians, part-bred Arabians, Appaloosas acquired either with age or exposure16,17,29, over the last 3 decades and has been and Basutho ponies. and as a result, for many years, the control reported in most countries of the world1. Site A: horses were aged from 2 to 22 of equine parasites has depended largely In South Africa only a single study in years. All horses were kept on grass on the administration of anthelmintics, to which benzimidazole resistance was although some received supplementary remove adult parasites and prevent egg reported has been documented34. concentrates. Only 4 of these horses production with a subsequent reduction Cyathostomes commonly produce received regular treatment (every 6 in infective larvae on pastures. 75–100 % of eggs passed in the faeces of months) with ivermectin (Ivomec liquid, Intensive anthelmintic usage appears to naturally infected, adult, grazing horses4. Logos Agvet), the last treatment having select for those nematodes that can In contrast to previously held beliefs, it been administered approximately 6 survive treatment. The reproduction of has now been established that cyatho- months before the study. No other these individuals and the further treat- stomes can be highly pathogenic or even method of parasite control was imple- ment of their progeny with the same type fatal10,24. Their clinical effects range from mented. The pastures were grazed only of anthelmintic progressively selects for poor performance and colic to fatal enter- by horses. resistance26. Resistance in horses appears itis5,18. They are also responsible for the Site B: horses were aged from 3 months potentially fatal larval cyathostomiasis to 33 years. Two horses were stabled at aEquine Veterinary Practice, PO Box 1075, Shelbyville, KY 40066, USA. caused by mass emergence of hypobiotic night, receiving supplementary hay and bUniversity of the Orange Free State, Department of larvae usually seen in spring. These ob- concentrates. Of the others, which were Animal Science, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa. servations illustrate the need for effective kept on grass, some also received supple- *Author for correspondence. cyathostome control. mentary hay and/or concentrates. The Received: December 1999. Accepted: June 2000. The development of anthelmintic resis- horses received anthelmintics at fixed 144 0038-2809 Tydskr.S.Afr.vet.Ver. (2000) 71(3): 144–147 Table 1: Mean faecal egg counts (± standard deviations) and reductions for each group at sites A and B. Site A Site B Group Arithmetic mean Arithmetic mean Mean Arithmetic mean Arithmetic mean Mean (Day 0) (Day 14) % reduction (Day 0) (Day 14) % reduction IVM 2210 ± 1166 0** 100 1650 ± 823 0** 100 DRM 2220 ± 1324 0** 100 1580 ± 974 0** 100 FBZ 2200 ± 1226 0** 100 1510 ± 917 290* ± 139 80.8 PYR 2290 ± 1088 90** ± 49 96.1 1530 ± 884 90** ± 58 94.1 Control 2140 ± 1466 1670 ± 1105 22 1720 ± 820 1400 ± 683 18.6 *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. 3-monthly intervals. The drugs used Statistical methods 0.01) were found between mean faecal included fenbendazole (Panacur liquid, The effects of the different anthel- egg counts on day 0 and day 14 for all Hoechst), ivermectin (Ivomec liquid, mintics were estimated using the faecal treated groups except the fenbendazole- Logos Agvet) and doramectin (Dectomax egg count reduction test. Arithmetic treated group at site B, which showed a liquid, Pfizer). No particular rotation was means of the day 0 and day 14 egg counts less significant reduction (P < 0.05). At site used. Fenbendazole (Panacur liquid, were calculated to determine the mean A, significant differences (P < 0.01) were Hoechst) was the most recent treatment percentage reductions within each found between the mean EPGs of the con- administered, having been given approx- group. Two-way analysis of variance was trol and all the treatment groups on day imately 3 months before the study. No performed to evaluate the effect of day of 14. At site B the mean EPG of the control other management practices were em- sampling and treatment administered on and the treated groups were also signifi- ployed as methods of parasite control. mean faecal egg counts. Multiple compar- cantly different on day 14 (P < 0.01, for Mixed grazing with cattle and sheep isons were then made using the ivermectin, doramectin and pyrantel occurred periodically. Tukey-HSD interval. Analysis was carried pamoate and P<0.05, for the fenben- out on logarithmic transformed data dazole-treated group). It was not appro- Design of study (log10 faecal egg count + 1), as the sample priate to pool the results from the 2 sites Faecal samples were collected from all size was small and the data could not be for statistical analysis, as it was apparent horses and analysed the same day using a assumed to be normally distributed. that there were between-site variations in modified McMaster technique with a sen- the faecal egg count reductions in the sitivity of 50 EPG. Horses were allocated RESULTS fenbendazole-treated groups (P < 0.01). to 1 of 5 equal-sized groups according to the EPG and, where possible, sex and age. Faecal egg count reductions Larval identification Anthelmintic treatment was carried out The results of the day 0 and day 14 mean The pre-treatment larval cultures the following day. On Day 14 post treat- EPG values from both sites are presented yielded 86 % cyathostomes and 14 % ment, faecal samples were again collected in Table 1, together with the mean faecal Strongylus spp. at site A and 96 % cyatho- from each horse and faecal egg counts egg count reductions. Ivermectin and stomes, 3 % Strongylus spp. and 1 % Tri- performed. Post-treatment samples were doramectin produced 100 % reductions at chostrongylus axei at site B. processed blind so that there was no both sites. Pyrantel pamoate showed Third-stage larvae from the pyrantel knowledge of the treatment group. Be- 96.1 % efficacy at site A and 94.1 % at site pamoate-treated group at site A were fore and after treatment, bulk faecal sam- B. Fenbendazole was 100 % effective at 98 % cyathostomes and 2 % Strongylus ples from each site were kept at room site A and 80.8 % effective at site B. spp. From site B, 98 % were cyathostomes, temperature (approx.