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Arzneimittelrückstände in Der Umwelt

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Arzneimittelrückstände in Der Umwelt Arzneimittelrückstände in der Umwelt ARZNEIMITTELRÜCKSTÄNDE IN DER UMWELT Christina Hartmann REPORT REP-0573 Wien 2016 Projektleitung Sigrid Scharf AutorInnen Christina Hartmann Mitarbeit Manfred Clara Sigrid Scharf Monika Denner Übersetzung Brigitte Read Lektorat Maria Deweis Satz/Layout Manuela Kaitna Umschlagphoto © gunnar3000 – Fotolia.com Weitere Informationen zu Umweltbundesamt-Publikationen unter: http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ Impressum Medieninhaber und Herausgeber: Umweltbundesamt GmbH Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien/Österreich Eigenvervielfältigung Das Umweltbundesamt druckt seine Publikationen auf klimafreundlichem Papier. © Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Wien, 2016 Alle Rechte vorbehalten ISBN 978-3-99004-386-8 Arzneimittelrückstände in der Umwelt – Inhalt INHALT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .......................................................................... 7 SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 8 1 EINLEITUNG ........................................................................................... 9 2 DURCHFÜHRUNG ............................................................................... 10 3 HUMANARZNEIMITTEL ...................................................................... 11 3.1 Begriffsbestimmungen lt. Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG) ...................... 11 3.2 ATC-Klassifizierung ............................................................................ 11 3.3 Pharmakokinetik ................................................................................. 12 3.4 Arzneimittel in Österreich .................................................................. 13 3.5 Arzneimitteleinträge in die Umwelt ................................................... 14 3.5.1 Verursacher von Arzneimitteleinträgen ................................................. 15 3.6 Umweltauswirkungen ......................................................................... 16 4 HUMANARZNEIMITTELVERBRAUCH IN ÖSTERREICH .................. 18 4.1 Analgetika, Antiphlogistika und Antirheumatika ............................. 20 4.1.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 20 4.1.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 21 4.1.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 22 4.1.4 Verbrauchsstärkste Wirkstoffe .............................................................. 23 4.1.5 Weitere ausgewählte Wirkstoffe............................................................ 24 4.1.6 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 25 4.1.7 Weitere wichtige Antiphlogistika............................................................ 26 4.2 Antibiotika zur systemischen Anwendung ....................................... 27 4.2.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 27 4.2.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 28 4.2.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 30 4.2.4 Verbrauchsstärkste Wirkstoffe .............................................................. 31 4.2.5 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 33 4.3 Kontrastmittel (Diagnostika für bildgebende Verfahren) ................ 35 4.3.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 35 4.3.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 36 4.3.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 37 4.3.4 Verbrauchsstärkste Wirkstoffe .............................................................. 37 4.3.5 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 38 4.4 Bronchodilatoren und β2-Sympathomimetika ................................. 38 4.4.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 38 4.4.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 39 4.4.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 40 4.4.4 Verbrauchsstärkster Wirkstoff ............................................................... 41 4.4.5 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 41 Umweltbundesamt REP-0573, Wien 2016 3 Arzneimittelrückstände in der Umwelt – Inhalt 4.5 Sexualhormone und Analoga ............................................................ 41 4.5.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 41 4.5.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 42 4.5.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 43 4.5.4 Verbrauchsstärkster Wirkstoff ............................................................... 44 4.5.5 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 44 4.6 Zytostatika und zytostatisch wirksame Hormone ........................... 46 4.6.1 Überblick ............................................................................................... 46 4.6.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 46 4.6.3 Verbrauchsstärkster Wirkstoff ............................................................... 47 4.6.4 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 47 4.7 Lipidsenker .......................................................................................... 48 4.7.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 48 4.7.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 49 4.7.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 50 4.7.4 Verbrauchsstärkste Wirkstoffe .............................................................. 51 4.7.5 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 51 4.8 Psychopharmaka, Antiepileptika und Nootropika ........................... 52 4.8.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 52 4.8.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 54 4.8.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 55 4.8.4 Verbrauchsstärkste Wirkstoffe .............................................................. 56 4.8.5 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 57 4.9 Antazida ............................................................................................... 59 4.9.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 59 4.9.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 59 4.9.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 60 4.9.4 Verbrauchsstärkste Wirkstoffe .............................................................. 60 4.9.5 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 60 4.10 Antidiabetika ........................................................................................ 61 4.10.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 61 4.10.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 61 4.10.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 62 4.10.4 Verbrauchsstärkster Wirkstoff ............................................................... 62 4.10.5 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 62 4.11 Antitussiva und Expektoranzien ........................................................ 62 4.11.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 62 4.11.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 63 4.11.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 64 4.11.4 Verbrauchsstärkste Wirkstoffe .............................................................. 64 4.11.5 Vorkommen in österreichischen Umweltmedien ................................... 65 4 Umweltbundesamt REP-0573, Wien 2016 Arzneimittelrückstände in der Umwelt – Inhalt 4.12 Diuretika ............................................................................................... 65 4.12.1 Übersicht ............................................................................................... 65 4.12.2 Aktueller Verbrauch ............................................................................... 66 4.12.3 Verbrauch im Zeitverlauf ....................................................................... 66 4.12.4 Verbrauchsstärkste Wirkstoffe .............................................................. 67 4.12.5 Vorkommen
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