Assessment of Surface Water Quality of Mahoba Lakes Using Multivariate Statistical Tools

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Assessment Of Surface Water Quality Of Mahoba Lakes Using Multivariate Statistical Tools

Swati Gupta, Poonam Mehrotra

Abstract: The present study was centred on selected historical ponds in Mahoba district to monitor the surface water quality. For two to thirty years, the different types of effluent coming from household in adding to farming runoff have had a harmful impact on surface water quality. This work was carried out from January 2016 to December 2016 to study physico-chemical characteristics, viz. temperature, pH, EC, TDS, TH, Cl–, Ca++, Mg++, Na+, DO and BOD to evaluate the surface water quality and the parameters’ statistical correlations. The values of WQI (Water Quality Index) were 36.43, 36.07 and 35.60 at Keerat Kalaya and Madan Sagar, respectively and it was compared with Indian Standard Drinking Water (IS 10500: 2012). The assessment of the surface water quality of Mahoba district are in the scale of polluted (BAD), which is not acceptable in respect to potable water with no proper treatment of polluted water, however it is acceptable meant for agricultural and other household purposes. This paper presents an overview of the status of WQI of Mahoba district using multivariate statistical techniques. These baseline statistics can help out non-governmental and governmental organizations in the management of water pollution.

Index Terms: Surface water, Physico-chemical parameters, WQI, Statistical analysis, Bundelkhand ——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION The world’s oldest book, Rig Veda, described the importance a number of researches have been already done to of water and it has been said that ‘water is nectar and water is understand the physico-chemical properties of fresh water life’ [1] .Now a days, water pollution is urgent issue all over the bodies including lakes, ponds and reservoirs earth. Similar to most of developing countries, water pollution [9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14][15][16].However, no studies have in India is reaching a disturbing circumstances caused by investigated the quality of water of the Mahoba Ponds by absence of right management strategy. Therefore, the multivariate statistical techniques. qualitatively and quantatively of available exploitable pond or lake water is decreasing, which eventually outcome into a 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS water crisis [2].Pond habitats are very important for human civilization because they are the source of water for domestic, 2.1 STUDY AREA agricultural and industrial use, as well as food [3]. However, in Mahoba is located at 25°17′ to 25.28°N latitude and 79°52′ to India, rivers are known as mother and the best shelter for 79.87°E longitude (fig-1). The Mahoba district cover total humans, but ponds are not taken as a priority habitat, which geographical area is 2884 sq. km. and 864 mm is the average makes them a vulnerable ecosystem [4]. They become more annual rainfall. Concerning the annual rainfall is 87% received vulnerable due to excessive pollution load and their small size, from south-west monsoon. The hottest month is May by which limits their buffering capacity compared with large lakes means of temperature recorded up to 47.50C. With the or rivers [5].The value of surface water (Pond/Lake/River) is advance of monsoon by about mid June, temperature starts mostly pretentious by anthropogenic activities (municipal and decreasing.January is usually the coldest month with the industrial wastewater discharge) as well as natural processes temperature going upto 8.30C.The comparative highest (weathering and soil erosion).The anthropogenic discharge humidity is through south-west monsoon ranging between represents a constant polluting cause; but surface overflow is 80% to 85% among its lowest approximately 30% for the a seasonal phenomenon, mostly affected by climatic duration of peak summer months of April and May. Monthly conditions [6].The health condition of pond water depends on water sampling of each study area have been collected from 5 its physical, chemical and biological properties [7]. The different points of three ponds (Kalian Sagar, Madan Sagar physico-chemical and biological quality of surface water and Keerat Sagar). bodies also affect the species composition, abundance, productivity and physiological conditions of aquatic organisms[8].

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 Swati Gupta, Ph.D.in Environmental Science in BundelkhandUniversity, India, E-mail: swatienviron [email protected] Poonam Mehrotra, A. Professor, Bundelkhand University, India. Fig:1-Map of the study area presenting the Sampling location points

2.1.1.Selection of Site is directly related and affected to all physico-chemical Three aquatic bodies of three distinct zone of this region properties. Temperature is as well one of the vital limnological namely Keert Sagar, Madan Sagar and Kalyan Sagar has parameters that play a significant role in regulating the water been selected for present study (Fig. 1). Samples were quality as well as the productivity of the water ecology [20], collected monthly from these water bodies during the period of 2015). In the here study, highest temperature was rerecorded January 2016 to December 2016, and each water bodies have at Madan Sagar (23.78±1.70C) in summer season and been divided into five distinct sampling sites. minimum temperature was recorded at Kalayan Sagar 2.2 Analytical design (23.44±1.750C) during winter season similar trend was Physico- chemical properties of water of three ponds have recorded by [21],[16] . been done according to standard methods [17] and Hi-Media (WT 023) kit. pH 2.2 .1 Water Quality Index (WQI) Ellis (1937) have been evaluated to range of a pH vary The proposed method for comparing the water quality of between be of 6.7 to 8.4 is favorable for the development of various water sources is based upon eight water quality aquatic biota. The pH of water is a determine the water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved is how much acidic or basic in nature, on a scale of 0 to 14 oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphates, among 7 being neutral. The pH was alkaline values ranges nitrates and total solids [18]. The water quality data are from 7.3 to 8.8. The pH of water is also affected the almost all recorded and transferred to a weighting curve chart, where a of chemical and bio-chemical reactions. [22].In our study the numerical value of Qi is obtained. The data was calculated by ranges of pH contain be recorded between 7.71±0.11 to online NSF WQI software. The mathematical expression for 7.56±0.2. In general, for good fish culture pH range has been NSF WQI is given as considered between 7 to 8. WQI = Electrical Conductivity (EC) Where, Qi= sub-index for ith water quality parameter; Electrical conductivity (EC) is a determine of how well a Wi = weight associated with ith water quality parameter; solution conducts electricity and is correlated with salt content. n = number of water quality parameters. The units of conductivity are reported as a mSiemens/cm For this NSFWQI method, the ratings of water quality have (microsiemens per centimetre). The conductivity chiefly been presented in Table-1 depends on dissolved inorganic substance or ionic Table 1: National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality concentration. Electrical conductivity (EC) also can be used to Index (NSFWQI) provide a uneven estimation of the total quantity of dissolved

solid (TDS) in water. In the present study, conductivity was WQI Value Rating of Water Quality 91-100 Excellent water quality recorded lowest (657.6±33.5 μscm-1) at Madan Sagar and 71-90 Good water quality maximum (842.28±32.5 μscm-1) at Keerat Sagar. 51-70 Medium water quality 26-50 Bad water quality Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 0-25 Very bad water quality In natural water dissolved solids are consists of dissolved

materials, minute amount of organic substance and inorganic 2.2 .1 Pearson’s Correlation salts. Dissolved solids are largely because of phosphates, Pearson correlation coefficient is commonly used to measure nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, carbonates, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, and establish the strength of a linear relationship between two Mn, etc. In the present investigation result shows, TDS was variables or two sets of data. It is a simplified statistical tool to recorded minimum at Madan Sagar (285.47±14.3 mgl-1) and show the degree of dependency of one variable to the other TDS was recorded maximum at Kaliyan Sagar (454.35±12.76 [19].The correlation co-efficient ‘r’ was calculated using the mgl-1). equation given below.

Total Hardness (TH) The hardness of the water determining by the two main cations Ca (Calcium) and Mg (magnesium) and they play important role in a hardness of any water. The uses of the detergents and soaps for washing of cloths on the boundaries Where, xi and yi represents two different parameters. of the water body precipitated as calcium carbonate causes n= Number of total observations. hardness of water. During the present investigation shows minimum total hardness was recorded (190.40±13.7 mgl-1) at Keerat Sagar and maximum at Kalayan sagar (220.05±11.11 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION mgl-1). Physico-chemical characteristics provide an appropriate view of quality of water in any water body. The results of the Nitrate physico-chemical and statistical data analysis of surface water Nitrate is comparatively non-hazardous to fish health but it is quality of Mahoba has been summarized in the Table:2 and present in high concentration (above 90 mg/l NO3-N) danger discussed below. for fish health. Sewage dischargement and agricultural runoff are the main sources for the increasing the concentration of Temperature nitrate in fresh water bodies. Such increase may be due to Temperature is one of the significant physical parameter which rapid decomposition of organic matter [23]. In the present work 4738 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

result shows at the Keerat Sagar (11.92±1.1mgl-1) containing Table:2- Physico-chemical properties of selected Pond maximum nitrate and minimum at Madan Sagar water Quality of Mahoba district (10.29±0.1mgl-1).

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) DO (Dissolved oxygen) be a very vital for every fresh water ecosystems because it regulates several metabolic functions of aquatic organism and in addition the architecture of community while an entire. Diffusion of oxygen from photosynthesis reaction taking place in water and air are the major sources of dissolved oxygen in water. The diffusion of oxygen from air largely dependent on water movements, total dissolved salinity, salt and temperature etc. [13]. In the present investigation, the DO (Dissolved Oxygen) varies from 6.83±0.27 mgl-1 to 6.62±0.3 mg/l and Kaliyan Sagar noticed for maximum DO and Keerat Sagar noticed for minimum DO.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) determined the quantity of oxygen needed for biological oxidation of organic matter by means of the microbial activities. Fokmare and Musaddiq, 2002 was observed that Purna river in Maharashtra is highly polluted due to load by organic enrichment, decomposition of animal and plant matter in the river causes maximum value of BOD was recorded (20 mg/l). In the present observation, maximum and minimum BOD was recorded 4.47±0.4 mgl-1 and 3.41±0.2 mgl-1 respectively at Madan sagar and Keerat Sagar.

Chloride Chloride (Cl-) together among sodium (Na) formation of common salt (sodium chloride).Chloride ought to not be confounded with the gas, chlorine (Cl2). Chlorine is a Calcium extremely reactive compound and is used up as a purifier. Calcium is a one of most essential nutrient for all aquatic, Chloride is the identical component in the form of a salt. living being and it is generally take place in every water bodies Chloride and chlorine has spectacularly dissimilar chemical .In the present investigation shows, the calcium concentration properties. Chloride is a general element of nearly all water range from 0 to 8.16 ppm. The calcium absorption through bodies and is advantageous toward fish in maintain their living organisms in water bodies may be cause of reducing its osmotic balance. Chloride is harmful for irrigate perceptive amount. The present study was observed that maximum in land based crops when its concentration is very high Madan Sagar 61.25 ± 8.7 mgl-1 and minimum in Keerat Sagar approximately above 100mg/l. During the present investigation 55.09±2.2mgl-1. shown maximum chloride 57.90±3.2 mgl-1 in Madan sagar and minimum 52.88±2.1mgl-1 in Keerat Sagar. Correlation and Cluster Analysis Correlation between different physico-chemical parameters of Sodium Keerat, Kalaya and Madan sagar has been summarized in Sodium is one of the significant cation taking place natural Table-3-5. The cluster analysis was employed to identify form. Sodium concentration in irrigation soil and water is of groups of similar months in which pollution levels were the large attention because high sodium content makes soil solid same shows in fig: 2-4. to plough and inappropriate used for seedling emergence [14]. The present study was observed that maximum in Madan Sagar 79.90 ± 8.7 mgl-1 and minimum in Keerat Sagar 38.84±6.8mgl-1.

Magnesium Magnesium is frequently linked among calcium within every type of water body, but in compression to calcium its concentration remains usually low. The population phytoplankton are directly related to the level of Mg because their population decreasing with its concentration. The present study was observed that maximum in Keerat Sagar 33.33 ± 1.6 mgl-1 and minimum in Kalyan Sagar 30.26± 1.33mgl-1.

Table-3: Correlation between different parameters of Keerat Sagar

Fig: 2- Cluster analysis of of Madan Sagar

Table-4: Correlation between different parameters of Kalayan Sagar

Fig -3: Cluster analysis of Kalayan Sagar

Table-5: Correlation between different parameters of Madan Sagar

Fig -4: Cluster analysis of Keerat Sagar

4. CONCLUSION In our study, it has been revealed that in all three historical ponds of Mahoba district, the quality of water of Keerat Sagar, Kaliyan Sagar and Madan Sagar is polluted (BAD). The present study indicated that the three ponds of Mahoba district were polluted from agricultural, bathing and laundering runoff from the catchment areas. The ponds are also small water resources for production and the habitat of various aquatic flora and fauna including zooplankton, benthos, fishes and macrophytes. These aquatic organisms also play an important 4740 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

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