Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Managed and Old-Growth Forests in Southeastern Ontario, Canada
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123 Sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in managed and old-growth forests in southeastern Ontario, Canada Rebecca M. Zeran Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9 Robert S. Anderson Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4 Terry A. Wheeler1 Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9 Zeran137 et al. Abstract—Nitidulid beetles were sampled from old-growth and mature managed hemlock– hardwood forest stands in southeastern Ontario, Canada. Large-area flight-intercept traps and trunk-window traps were operated for 22 weeks in 2003 and yielded 2129 nitidulid beetles repre- senting 30 species. Species richness was similar in both forest types but relative abundance was higher in managed stands. Other diversity measures (rarefaction-estimated species richness, Fisher’s α, Simpson’s index) were all higher in old-growth stands, and managed stands were sep- arated from old-growth stands in cluster analyses based on overall species diversity. These results were strongly influenced by the dominance of Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) in two man- aged stands; removal of that species from analyses resulted in higher species diversity in man- aged stands and no distinct separation of forest types in cluster analyses. Indicator species analysis showed that G. quadrisignatus and Pallodes pallidus (Palisot de Beauvois) were strongly associated with managed stands. Glischrochilus sanguinolentus (Olivier) was collected more fre- quently in trunk-window traps than in flight-intercept traps and data suggested a possible associ- ation of this beetle with old-growth stands. Pallodes pallidus and Cychramus adustus Erichson, both known to feed on fleshy white fungi, displayed a clear division in seasonal abundance peaks, suggesting that resource partitioning may be occurring. Résumé—Nous avons échantillonné les coléoptères nitudilidés dans des sites forestiers de bois durs et de pruches, les uns naturels et anciens, les autres aménagés et matures, dans le sud-est de l’Ontario, Canada. Nous avons installé des pièges d’interception de vol de grande surface et des pièges fenêtres sur tronc pendant 22 semaines en 2003 qui ont récolté 2129 coléoptères nitudili- dés représentant 30 espèces. La richesse spécifique est semblable dans les deux types de forêt, mais l’abondance relative est plus élevée dans les sites aménagés. Les autres mesures de la diver- sité (richesse spécifique estimée par raréfaction, α de Fisher, indice de Simpson) sont toutes plus grandes dans les sites anciens; les sites aménagés se séparent d’ailleurs tous des sites anciens dans les analyses de regroupement basées sur la diversité spécifique globale. Ces résultats sont fortement influencés par la dominance de Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) dans deux des si- tes aménagés; le retrait de cette espèce des analyses donne une diversité spécifique plus élevée dans les sites aménagés et il supprime la séparation des types forestiers dans les analyses de groupement. Une analyse des espèces indicatrices montre que G. quadrisignatus et Pallodes pal- lidus (Palisot de Beauvois) sont fortement associés aux sites aménagés. Glischrochilus sanguino- lentus (Olivier) se récolte plus fréquemment dans les pièges fenêtres sur tronc que dans les pièges à interception et les données indiquent une association possible de ce coléoptère avec les forêts anciennes. Pallodes pallidus et Cychramus adustus Erichson, qui sont tous deux connus pour se nourrir de champignons charnus blancs, possèdent des pics d’abondance saisonnière net- tement distincts, ce qui laisse croire qu’il y a peut-être là une partition des ressources. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Received 29 December 2004. Accepted 6 March 2006. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). Can. Entomol. 138: 123–137 (2006) © 2006 Entomological Society of Canada Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Athens, on 30 Sep 2021 at 21:11:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.4039/n04-112 124 Can. Entomol. Vol. 138, 2006 Introduction especially in the east (but see Chandler 1991; Chandler and Peck 1992; Werner and Raffa Anthropogenic disturbances such as logging, 2000). There is little published information agriculture, fire suppression, and urban devel- about the effects of forest management on bee- opment are responsible for loss and fragmenta- tle diversity in the mixed northern hardwood tion of forests globally. In the temperate mixed- forests of the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence re- wood forests of the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence gion (Werner and Raffa 2000). Zeran et al. (un- region in eastern Ontario, disturbances stem- published data) studied the impact of forest ming from human settlement between the mid management in this region on 11 families of 1700s and the early 1900s destroyed much of fungivorous Coleoptera other than sap beetles the original forest (Suffling et al. 2003). Forests (Nitidulidae). Although sap beetles are broadly in this region are highly fragmented, with little defined as fungivores, most feed on microfungi connectivity between forest stands and little and thus are found on a broad range of sub- core habitat in remaining stands. The region is strates including sap, flowers, fruits, heavily populated and natural areas have been macrofungi, carrion, and decaying plant matter greatly modified by agriculture and urbaniza- (Habeck 2002a). While the family as a whole is tion, making conservation of the area’s remain- not considered saproxylic, many species are de- ing old-growth forests an urgent priority. pendent on forest habitats during at least some Comparative biodiversity studies have re- part of their life cycle. Some species are con- ceived considerable attention in recent years sidered minor agricultural pests, including and much has been published on the diversity Carpophilus lugubris Murray, 1864 and of various taxa in managed and unmanaged for- Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say, 1835) on ests. Coleoptera have been a focal taxon in corn and Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825) on studies of forest diversity and management be- strawberries and raspberries (Dowd and Nelsen cause several factors make them particularly 1994; Blackmer and Phelan 1995). useful for biodiversity and environmental as- Glischrochilus quadrisignatus is also a primary sessment work: the taxonomy and distribution vector of the oak wilt pathogen, Ceratocystis of many families are well known in some geo- fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt (Ceratocystidaceae) graphic regions; they are easy to preserve, store, (Cease and Juzwik 2001). Nitidulid beetles and prepare for later identification (Hammond make up a small but interesting component of 1997); and they are one of the most ecologi- the forest arthropod community, but there have cally diverse insect orders (Grove 2002). been few studies of their ecology outside of ag- Old-growth forests host several rare and (or) ricultural landscapes. specialist beetle species (Berg et al. 1994; The objectives of this study were to docu- Siitonen and Martikainen 1994) and the effects ment the diversity, distribution, and phenology of forest management on saproxylic beetle of nitidulid beetles in selected forest ecosys- fauna have been widely studied (e.g., Chandler tems of southeastern Ontario and to compare and Peck 1992; Martikainen et al. 2000). Most the diversity of nitidulids between managed and of these studies have linked the diversity and old-growth stands. Because old-growth forests abundance of saproxylic beetles to variables usually support a more diverse array of such as the volume of dead wood present in the microhabitats than do managed forests, it was forest (Schiegg 2000; Similä et al. 2003), the predicted that species diversity of nitidulid bee- diversity (species, size, and decay class) of tles would be higher in old-growth stands. dead wood (Økland et al. 1996), the abundance and diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi (Kaila et al. 1994; Komonen 2003), and the degree of Materials and methods forest disturbance (Väisänen et al. 1993; Siitonen and Martikainen 1994). Some species Study sites (e.g., bark beetles) benefit from forest manage- Six forest stands were selected in section L.2 ment and freshly dead wood (Hammond et al. of the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest region 2001); others, however, are thought to be se- (Rowe 1972) in southeastern Ontario (Fig. 1; verely affected by forest disturbance. Appendix A). All stands were small forest frag- The majority of forest arthropod research has ments (5.9 to 13.8 ha) with similar elevation, taken place in northern Europe, and fewer stud- topography, soil, and climate and were domi- ies have been conducted in North America, nated by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis © 2006 Entomological Society of Canada Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Athens, on 30 Sep 2021 at 21:11:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.4039/n04-112 Zeran et al. 125 Fig. 1. Location of study sites in southeastern Ontario, Canada. ᭡, managed forest stands; ᭹, old-growth stands. (L.) Carr. (Pinaceae)) with some sugar maple and Davies 1980) consisted of a 1.25 m high × (Acer saccharum Marsh. (Aceraceae)), Ameri- 1.85 m long vertical black mesh panel sus- can beech (Fagus grandifolia